CN115777474A - Small red bean high-yield cultivation method suitable for tender plain - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a small red bean high-yield cultivation method suitable for mechanized harvesting, which can obviously improve the yield of the small red beans after being planted and ensure that the harvested small red beans have high quality; the purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the method comprises the following steps: selecting varieties; step two: selecting land and preparing land; step three: fertilizing; step four: sowing; step five: managing the field; step six: pest control; step seven: harvesting and storing.

Description

Small red bean high-yield cultivation method suitable for tender plain

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a small red bean high-yield cultivation method suitable for tender plain.

Background

The small red beans are also called red beans, red beans and small red beans. Small red beans are rich in starch and are also called "rice beans". The small red bean protein has high lysine content, is suitable to be mixed with cereal food to be eaten as bean rice or bean porridge, is generally made into bean paste or used as a cake raw material, but the existing small red bean planting technology has some defects, the yield of the planted small red beans is not very high, the quality is also poor, and therefore, the small red bean planting cultivation is improved.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a small red bean high-yield cultivation method suitable for tender plains, which can obviously improve the yield of the small red beans after being planted and ensure that the harvested small red beans have high quality.

The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

the method comprises the following steps: selecting varieties;

(1) Selecting a small red bean variety which is early in due period, high in yield, high in quality, disease-resistant and high in adaptability and popularized by national identification;

step two: selecting land and preparing land;

(1) Selecting sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage; crops such as wheat, corn, sorghum, millet and the like are preferably used as previous crops;

(2) The land is prepared in autumn, and the land can be prepared in spring when the land can not be prepared in autumn;

step three: fertilizing;

(1) Base fertilizer: applying decomposed farmyard manure once in combination with soil preparation;

(2) Seed fertilizer: commercial organic fertilizer is used as seed fertilizer to be applied at one time;

(3) Topdressing: in the field, whether topdressing is carried out or not can be determined according to the growth vigor and the needs of the small red beans;

step four: sowing;

(1) Seed treatment: selecting seeds with full seeds and uniform grain size;

(2) Sowing time: under the condition of proper water content, sowing is carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm on the surface layer of the general soil stably passes 12 ℃, and the sowing can be carried out at the right time and late time according to the conventional habit of the local planting;

(3) A sowing mode: carrying out precision dibbling planting on ridges after mechanical flat soil preparation;

(4) Planting density and seeding rate: planting different densities according to different lands, wherein the seeding amount is based on the principle of protecting the number of seedlings and the basis of the weight of hundred grains, the germination rate and the cleaning rate of the variety;

step five: managing the field;

(1) Field searching and seedling supplementing: checking the field in time after the seedlings emerge, and supplementing seeds to the seedling-lacking plots in time;

(2) Thinning and final singling: thinning is carried out when the first compound leaf is unfolded; when the second compound leaf is unfolded, fixing seedlings, wherein single plants are required to be left during fixing seedlings, and double plants and cluster seedlings cannot be left;

(3) Cultivating: intertillage is carried out for 3 times before blooming and ridge sealing;

(4) Spraying a plant growth regulator: applying exogenous abscisic acid for 1-2 times during the period from trefoil stage to flowering stage of the small beans;

(5) Irrigation: according to the soil moisture content, when the soil water content in the initial flowering period and the flowering pod period is lower than 13%, irrigating 450 t-525 t per hectare;

step six: pest control;

(1) Agricultural control: selecting disease-resistant and pest-resistant varieties, selecting and reserving disease-free plants for seeding in a proper period, and avoiding a high-incidence period of disease, pest and weed damage;

(2) Physical control: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting methods such as sugar-vinegar liquid, black light lamps, yellow boards or mercury lamps and the like to trap and kill adults of pests such as aphids, leguminous borers and the like;

(3) Biological control: natural enemies are protected and utilized, and plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated; when the pesticide is used, the treatment with a non-chemical agent, the use of a plant-derived bactericide, an insecticide, the limited use of a live microbial pesticide, and the limited use of an agricultural antibiotic are permitted;

step seven: harvesting and storing;

(1) Manual harvesting: the small-area planting is carried out as needed according to the maturity condition;

(2) Mechanical harvesting: one-time harvest is usually needed under the condition of large-area planting, and when 2/3 of pods of plants in the whole field turn black and seeds have the color of the seeds, the harvest is carried out;

(3) And (3) storage: drying in the sun, threshing and drying in the sun after harvesting; and (5) warehousing and storing the seeds when the water content of the seeds is below 13%.

The invention is suitable for the small red bean high-yield cultivation method of the tender plain, and has the beneficial effects that: the yield of the red beans after being planted can be obviously improved, and the quality of the harvested red beans is high.

Detailed Description

The present invention is described in further detail below.

The first embodiment is as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: selecting varieties;

(1) Selecting red bean varieties which are early in due period, high in yield, high in quality, disease-resistant and strong in adaptability and are popularized through national identification, and specifically selecting Baoqing red, longnao No. 4, longnao No. 5 and the like;

step two: selecting land and preparing land;

(3) Selecting sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage; continuous cropping and stubble-cutting are avoided, and crop stubble-cutting planting of leguminous or sunflower and the like is avoided; crops such as wheat, corn, sorghum, millet and the like are preferably used as previous crops, and land parcels without using the long-acting herbicide harmful to the small red beans in the previous crops are selected;

(4) The land is prepared in autumn, and the land can be prepared in spring when the land can not be prepared in autumn; preparing land in autumn, generally finishing the land in 10 months and 1 day before sealing and freezing, and performing autumn ploughing after harvesting the previous crops, wherein the autumn ploughing is generally deep, and the ploughing depth is 25cm optimally, or performing shallow ploughing and stubble raking on the upper layer, deeply loosening the bottom layer, and the deeply loosening depth is 30 cm-35 cm; the spring land preparation is generally finished in 4-5-4-15 days, the spring cultivation should be carried out early, the 'spring minutes' cultivation is generally carried out, namely, the cultivation layer is defrosted by more than 10cm, the spring cultivation should be shallow, preferably 9-12 cm, and the land should be raked along with the cultivation, the spring cultivation is not needed after autumn cultivation, but the land must be raked in time after the defrosting to help to preserve soil moisture;

(5) In autumn ridging, pointed ridges are used as the main components, the ridge width is 65-70 cm, the ridge height is more than 15-20 cm, deep fertilization is carried out while ridging is carried out, soil is compacted when 3-5 cm of soil is thawed in spring of the next year, and soil moisture is preserved for sowing; in spring, ridging is carried out at the beginning of 5 months, slurry is pushed up to form ridges, the ridge width is 65-70 cm, deep fertilization is carried out while the ridges are formed, and the seeds are ready to be sowed after being pressed; combining with local specific ridging, sowing and fertilizing instruments;

step three: fertilizing;

(3) Base fertilizer: applying the decomposed farmyard manure once in combination with soil preparation, wherein the decomposed farmyard manure is applied for 30 t-45 t per hectare in general;

(4) Seed fertilizer: in order to obtain high yield, the seed quantity used per hectare can be mixed with the corresponding rhizobium fertilizer or coated; meanwhile, the total fertilization amount is determined by using a soil testing formula fertilization technology, and a commercial organic fertilizer is used as a seed fertilizer to be applied at one time; 1 800kg-2 550kg of commercial organic fertilizer or biological organic fertilizer can be applied to the land parcel with medium fertility per hectare;

(3) Topdressing: in the field, whether topdressing is carried out or not can be determined according to the growth vigor and the needs of the small red beans; generally, 750kg to 900kg of commercial organic fertilizer or biological organic fertilizer can be additionally applied to each hectare according to the requirement;

step four: sowing;

(5) Seed treatment: selecting seeds with full seeds and uniform grain sizes, and removing impurities such as diseased spots, worm-eaten seeds and damaged seeds, sclerotium and the like; before sowing, seeds need to be sunned for 1-2 days, and are turned over once every 3-4 hours;

(6) Sowing time: under the condition of proper moisture, sowing seeds when the ground temperature of the surface layer of the soil is 5cm and the soil passes 12 ℃ stably; according to the conventional habit of the local planting, the seeds can be sowed at the right time and late, preferably for 5.24-5.31 days, and not more than 6 months and 3 days at the latest, so that the autumn harvest and the yield are not influenced;

(7) A sowing mode: carrying out precision dibbling planting on ridges after mechanical flat soil preparation, wherein the sowing is not too deep, seeds are sowed to a wet soil layer, pressing is needed in time after sowing, and the sowing depth is controlled to be 2-3 cm after pressing; when the water content of the plough layer soil is lower than 12%, sowing in water;

(8) Planting density and seeding rate: generally in high-fertilizer water land, the seedling is protected by 15 ten thousand plants/hm ² 22.5 ten thousand plants/hm ² (seeding rate 15 kg/hm) ² ～25kg/hm ² ) And the seedlings are protected by 22.5 ten thousand plants/hm in medium and rich water land ² About 30 thousand plants/hm ² (seeding rate 22.5 kg/hm) ² ～35kg/hm ² ) In low-fertilizer water land, 30 thousands of seedlings per hm are kept ² 35 ten thousand plants/hm ² (seeding rate 30 kg/hm) ² ～40kg/hm ² ) (ii) a The seeding amount is calculated on the basis of the weight of hundred grains, the germination rate and the cleaning rate of the variety by taking the seedling number as a principle;

step five: managing the field;

(1) Field searching and seedling supplementing: checking the field in time after the emergence of the seedlings, and replanting the seedling-lacking land parcels in time;

(2) Thinning and final singling: thinning is carried out when the first compound leaf is unfolded; when the second compound leaf is unfolded, fixing seedlings, wherein single plants are required to be left during fixing seedlings, and double plants and cluster seedlings cannot be left;

(3) Cultivating: cultivating for 3 times before blooming and ridge sealing; during the first intertillage, when the seedlings of the small red beans emerge and are developed, furrow deep scarification is carried out by combining thinning seedlings, and the deep scarification depth is more than 25 cm; the second cultivation is carried out in the flowering pod period, the cultivation depth is 15 cm-20 cm, and the effects of soil crushing and weed killing are achieved; the third cultivation is carried out before ridge sealing, and the ridging operation is carried out, so that the effects of loosening soil, killing weeds and promoting root growth are achieved;

(4) Spraying a plant growth regulator: during the period from three leaves to flowering of the small beans, exogenous abscisic acid can be sprayed for 1-2 times, so that the plant height can be well controlled, the effects of controlling height and thickening can be achieved, the standing of crops can be facilitated, and a good foundation is laid for mechanized harvesting;

(5) Irrigation: according to the soil moisture content, when the soil water content in the initial flowering period and the flowering pod period is lower than 13%, irrigating 450 t-525 t per hectare; in areas without irrigation conditions, the sowing period can be properly adjusted to enable the flowering pod period to be driven to the rainy season;

step six: pest control;

(1) The prevention principle is as follows: insist on the comprehensive prevention concept of taking prevention as the main, scientific, safe and effective; starting from the whole ecological system of crops, plant diseases and insect pests and the like, a plurality of comprehensive control measures (such as agricultural control, biological control and physical control) are applied to create environmental conditions which are not beneficial to plant diseases and weeds and breeding and are beneficial to the propagation of various natural enemies, fields are cleaned, the balance and biological diversification of the agricultural ecological system are maintained, and further the occurrence of various plant diseases and weeds is reduced;

(2) Agricultural control: selecting disease-resistant and pest-resistant varieties and selecting disease-free plants for breeding; reasonable layout, and reasonable rotation with non-leguminous crops such as gramineae and the like; strengthening field management, timely shoveling, ploughing and weeding, timely pulling out diseased plants, cleaning the field, and timely ploughing the land to eliminate overwintering larvae or ova; sowing in a proper period, and avoiding a high-incidence period of diseases, insect pests and weeds;

(3) Physical control: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting methods such as sugar-vinegar liquid, black light lamps, yellow plates or mercury lamps and the like to trap and kill adults of pests such as aphids, leguminous borers and the like; and field disease residues can be pulled out, and the disease is prevented and transmitted again:

(4) Biological control: natural enemies are protected and utilized, and plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated; the beneficial insects such as coccinella septempunctata and the like are protected to kill pests such as aphids and the like; the trichogramma can be released to control the cardiophagemid, and the predatory mites can be released to control the red spider;

it is worth noting that when pesticides must be used, non-chemical agents are allowed to be used for treatment; allowing the use of plant-derived bactericides (for example, 80% ethylicin emulsifiable solution 2 000-3 000 times can be selected for preventing fungal diseases, 50% copper succinate wettable powder 800-1000 times can be selected for preventing bacterial diseases (limited use)), and insecticides (for example, matrine aqua); allowing limited use of live microbial pesticides, such as the fungal preparation Beauveria bassiana or the like; agricultural antibiotics are allowed to be used in a limited way (for example, 2% ningnanmycin water can be selected for preventing and treating viral diseases);

step seven: harvesting and storing;

(1) Manual harvesting: the small-area planting needs to be harvested at any time according to the maturity condition; picking is started after 60% -70% of pods on plants are ripe, and then picking is carried out once every 7-10 d;

(2) Mechanical harvesting: one-time harvest is usually needed under the condition of large-area planting, and when 2/3 of pods of plants in the whole field turn black and seeds have the color of the seeds, the harvest is carried out;

(3) And (3) storage: drying in the sun, threshing and drying in the sun after harvesting; when the water content of the seeds reaches below 13 percent, the seeds can be put in storage; during storage, attention should be paid to pest control, and the pests can be fumigated and killed by using agents such as chloropicrin, methyl bromide, aluminum phosphide and the like.

Claims (1)

1. The small red bean high-yield cultivation method suitable for the tender plain is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

the method comprises the following steps: selecting varieties;

(1) Selecting a small red bean variety which is early in due period, high in yield, high in quality, disease-resistant and high in adaptability and popularized by national identification;

step two: selecting land and preparing land;

(1) Selecting sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage; crops such as wheat, corn, sorghum, millet and the like are preferably used as previous crops;

(2) The land is prepared in autumn, and the land can be prepared in spring when the land can not be prepared in autumn;

step three: fertilizing;

(1) Base fertilizer: applying decomposed farmyard manure once in combination with soil preparation;

(2) Seed fertilizer: commercial organic fertilizer is used as seed fertilizer to be applied at one time;

(3) Topdressing: in the field, whether topdressing is carried out or not can be determined according to the growth vigor and the needs of the small red beans;

step four: sowing;

(1) Seed treatment: selecting seeds with plump seeds and uniform grain size;

(2) Sowing time: under the condition of proper water content, sowing seeds when the ground temperature of 5cm on the surface layer of the general soil stably passes 12 ℃, and sowing the seeds later at proper time according to the conventional habit of the planting place, preferably 5.24-5.31 days, and not more than 6 months and 3 days at the latest;

(3) A sowing mode: carrying out precision dibbling planting on ridges after mechanical flat soil preparation;

(4) Planting density and seeding rate: planting different densities according to different lands, wherein the seeding quantity is based on the principle of seedling protection plant number, and the basis is the weight of the seeds per hundred, the germination rate and the cleaning rate of the variety;

step five: managing the field;

(1) Field searching and seedling supplementing: checking the field in time after the seedlings emerge, and supplementing seeds to the seedling-lacking plots in time;

(2) Thinning and final singling: thinning is carried out when the first compound leaf is unfolded; when the second compound leaf is unfolded, fixing seedlings, wherein single plants are required to be left during fixing seedlings, and double plants and cluster seedlings cannot be left;

(3) Cultivating: cultivating for 3 times before blooming and ridge sealing;

(4) Spraying a plant growth regulator: applying exogenous abscisic acid for 1-2 times during the period from trefoil stage to flowering stage of the small beans;

(5) Irrigation: according to the soil moisture content, when the soil water content in the initial flowering period and the flowering pod period is lower than 13%, irrigating 450 t-525 t per hectare;

step six: pest control;

(1) Agricultural control: selecting disease-resistant and pest-resistant varieties, selecting and reserving disease-free plants for seeding in a proper period, and avoiding a high-incidence period of disease, pest and weed damage;

(2) Physical control: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting methods such as sugar-vinegar liquid, black light lamps, yellow boards or mercury lamps and the like to trap and kill adults of pests such as aphids, leguminous borers and the like;

(3) Biological control: natural enemies are protected and utilized, and plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated; when the pesticide is used, the treatment with a non-chemical agent, the use of a plant-derived bactericide, an insecticide, the limited use of a live microbial pesticide, and the limited use of an agricultural antibiotic are permitted;

step seven: harvesting and storing;

(1) Manual harvesting: the small-area planting needs to be harvested at any time according to the maturity condition;

(2) Mechanical harvesting: one-time harvest is usually needed under the condition of large-area planting, and when 2/3 of pods of plants in the whole field turn black and seeds have the color of the seeds, the harvest is carried out;

(3) And (3) storage: drying in the sun, threshing and drying in the sun after harvesting; and (5) warehousing and storing the seeds when the water content of the seeds is below 13%.