RU2262825C2 - Process for cultivation of ecologically pure soya - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, growing of soya in the South of Russia.

SUBSTANCE: before sowing procedure, subjecting seeds to air-thermal treatment or to treatment with biological preparations; prolonging sowing of early and average maturity short day sorts to 30-60 days as compared to conventional procedure, preferably during July, during which concrete sowing time is set depending on availability moisture and weeds, pests, diseases, with physiology being taken into consideration; using time interval before sowing procedure for additional provoking of late heat-loving weed seeds and killing of perennial weeds by additional treatments. Method allows usage of pesticides to be avoided during soya growing process.

EFFECT: stabilized yield of ecologically pure soya grains and reduced process costs.

1 dwg, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and may find application in the cultivation of soybeans in the southern regions of the country.

Known technology for growing soybeans in the main crops (traditional technology). It provides for the selection of the best predecessors for soybean sowing, summer-autumn autumn plowing, a set of tillage in the spring in order to control weeds and level the soil surface before soybean sowing, preparation of soybean seeds with mandatory pickling with fungicides.

Sowing soybeans is recommended as soon as the soil warms up at a depth of 5-6 cm to 12-14 ° C. This is the end of April - the beginning of May. A whole set of expensive herbicides is used to protect soybean crops from weeds, and the use of appropriate chemical insecticides and fungicides is provided for from pests and diseases. Sowing is recommended mainly wide-row with the use of inter-row cultivations. Soybean harvesting is recommended during full ripening, sometimes using defoliants and desiccants to dry weeds ("Soya, Intensive Technology" USSR State Agro-Industrial Committee VASKHNIIL. Moscow: VO "Agropromizdat", 1988, pp. 10-16; 33-42) .

The disadvantages of the known technology are.

The time interval between the beginning of spring field work and soybean sowing does not allow to get rid of the bulk of the stock of weed seeds in the soil mechanically, because before that, only the earliest weeds, germinating at low temperatures, have time to germinate. Middle and late weeds emerge when the soil warms up to higher values and is already harmful in soybean crops. This leads to the need for repeated use of expensive selective herbicides, which are able to some extent inhibit soy itself. Their effectiveness is incomplete and, over time, their action fades, after which a new wave of late weeds emerges, and herbicides that kill dicotyledonous perennial weeds do not exist in soybean crops.

To completely get rid of annual and perennial weeds, they resort to the use of transgenic soybean that is resistant to continuous herbicides (glyphosates). 33.3 million hectares of genetically modified, glyphosate-resistant soybeans are already grown in the world (“Crops of transgenic crops continue to expand.” Journal of Plant Protection and Quarantine, 2002, No. 4).

Soybean sown in late April - early May can be damaged by many pests. There are more than 100 species. Most of them multiply rapidly and feed in May. Therefore, the use of chemical insecticides is recommended.

The optimum temperature for germination and growth of soybeans is 22-25 ° C. Sowing soybeans in insufficiently heated soil leads to prolongation of seedlings. Long stay of seeds in cold soil leads to rotting or to disease of seedlings. Therefore, mandatory seed treatment with fungicides is recommended. Thus, the grain obtained by traditional soybean cultivation cannot be environmentally friendly, suitable for use on food.

As can be seen in the attached graph, compiled on the basis of observations by the Georgievsky weather station of the Stavropol Territory, every decade on average over 10 years, July is characterized by the smallest rainfall, the highest temperatures and low relative humidity, this is observed throughout the South of Russia. The overlap of the soybean development phases shows that under these extreme conditions, the phase of flowering and the formation of beans occurs if soybean is sown in early May and mid-May. This phase is considered critical for water consumption. Soy during this period of development does not tolerate ballast temperatures, low relative humidity, moisture deficiency in the soil and often experiences stress. At the same time, against the background of a long July day, flowers dry up, and the ovaries of beans stop growth and fall off. This leads to a significant decrease in yield. Early soybean crops irrationally use moisture reserves (table 1).

The dynamics of the height in cm of plants in connection with the timing of soybean sowing in 2001 Sowing date July 6th July, 12 July 18th July 23 July 30th August 6th 5 May 48 55 75 85 88 92 May 14 33 37 55 66 71 75 June 4th 17 28 42.6 44 58 72 June 14th 10 eighteen 23.7 29th 42 54 27th of June 5 8 10.3 fifteen 22 32

Table 1, which reflects the height of plants, shows that plants sown in early May in July have the highest plants that consume a large amount of moisture under extreme conditions of July, which often is not enough for transpiration to form a grain crop. In case of stress of soybeans in July, the growing season increases, and it ripens later than soybeans sown even at the end of June.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to obtain stably high yields of environmentally friendly soybean grain with a significant reduction in its cost.

The problem is solved by postponing the sowing dates in June. This takes into account climatic conditions, moisture reserves in the soil, the physiology of weeds, pests, diseases and soybean itself. The time interval between the beginning of spring field work and sowing of soybeans in comparison with traditional technology increases for a period from 30 to 60 days. This time is used for additional provocation of seeds of late heat-loving weeds, as well as the destruction of perennial weeds, with additional mechanical treatments. At the same time, there is no need to use expensive herbicides.

The postponement of sowing dates 30-60 days later than the traditional one violates the biological chain of the development of diseases and pests of soy, as a result, plant protection is minimized, sometimes the use of biological preparations. This eliminates the need for chemical insecticides.

Soybean sowing in June coincides with the period when the main amount of summer precipitation falls, as can be seen on the graph. This ensures the emergence of friendly seedlings, sowing in June in well-warmed soil contributes to the emergence of seedlings after 4-5 days against 9-20 days with traditional technology. Thus, the pathogenic principles do not have time to have a detrimental effect on soybean seeds. In this case, you can refuse to seed treatment with chemical fungicides or limit yourself to the use of biological agents.

As a result, it is possible to abandon the use of chemical pesticides and obtain environmentally friendly soybeans when cultivating soybeans using new technology.

When sowing at the recommended times stipulated by the new technology, the mode of using the accumulated moisture changes. If, under traditional sowing dates, moisture consumption begins in May, then in this case the moisture reserve is stored and accumulated until the end of June, and by the hot dry period of July there is a reliable supply of moisture. Therefore, the June crops are not oppressed by the adverse July conditions. At the same time, the plants themselves are not yet large and are in the phase of low moisture consumption (see table 1).

As you can see in the attached chart, delaying the sowing dates by June allows shifting the most vulnerable critical periods of soybean development - flowering, setting beans and their growth - in more favorable conditions, when the day gets shorter, the temperature drops, the relative humidity rises and precipitation falls . In this case, the plants do not get stress.

Execution example

After harvesting the predecessor (preferably winter wheat, winter and spring barley, oats), the field is loosened to a depth of about 10 cm in order to preserve soil moisture, create conditions for provoking weed seeds and destroy the aerial parts of perennial weeds (peeling). In the future, before plowing, as weeds appear, their destruction (peeling, cultivation, harrowing).

Plowing is carried out in the summer-autumn period with a combined unit (a plow with a skimmer, harrows, rollers). After plowing before the onset of cold weather, weeds are mechanically controlled and the field surface is leveled to a fin-ridged state by winter (cultivation, harrowing).

In the spring, the field is harrowed with the aim of closing moisture and leveling the surface of the field. The first cultivation is carried out after mass germination of the weeds to a depth of about 10 cm. Further, as the weeds germinate, cultivations are carried out regularly until the stock of weed seeds is most provoked to a depth of 9-10 cm, and perennial weeds are destroyed or weakened to the point of death . This is achieved in June. The cultivation depth decreases to 6-7 cm. By sowing, the field surface should be well leveled. Presowing cultivation is carried out on the day of sowing to the depth of seed placement. As can be seen in the graph, the main amount of precipitation in the spring and summer falls on June. Thus, this month conditions are being created for friendly shoots. For sowing, short-ripening and mid-ripening varieties are used, shortening the growing season in short-day conditions by 30-40 days compared with crops in late April - early May.

Before sowing, the seeds are subjected to air-heat treatment or biological preparations such as planris, pseudobacterin and inoculation with nodule bacteria (nitragin or rhizotorfin)

Chemical fungicides for seed dressing are not used. Sowing is carried out mainly in an ordinary way. Wide-row crops with row spacings of 45 or 70 cm can also be used. Seeding rates can vary from 300 thousand to 800-900 thousand germinating seeds per hectare. Seeding depth 3-6 cm.

Crop care consists in harrowing with light and medium harrows in the phase of 2-3 x triplet soybean leaves. In order to destroy weed seedlings and destroy the soil crust, it can be double. In the case of wide-row crops, inter-row treatments are used. These treatments occur in late June and early July and complete the one-year period of mechanical action on the soil and weeds.

Since during the growing season of June soybean crops, many pests enter the diopause period, stopping the harmfulness, chemical insecticides are not used, and when there is a risk of significant damage by lepidopteran pests: acacia moth, cotton scoop, meadow moth and others - biological products such as bitoxibacillin can be used, lepidocide and others

June crops ripen in late September - in the first half of October. This period is characterized by low rainfall and low relative humidity (see graph). These weather conditions allow to produce high-quality threshing and get dry soybean grain. Harvesting is carried out by direct combine harvesting, conventional grain harvesters at a low cut. At the same time, continuous row seeding has advantages in that the attachment of lower beans is higher than when sowing in a wide-row way.

The new technology has organizational advantages, as sowing and harvesting take place during the period of decline in tension in these works. It does not require the use of special machines.

The list of costs in comparison with traditional technology is shown in table 2.

table 2 A comparative list of the main operations in the cultivation of soy according to traditional and new technology and the costs of their implementation Technological operations in sequence Traditional technology New technology Costs per 1 ha, rub. Costs per 1 ha, rub. 1. Disk stubble peeling 60 60 2. Fertilizing 70 - 3. Plowing 220 220 4. Soil planning 40 - 5. Autumn cultivation 84 84 6. Early spring harrowing twenty twenty 7. Cultivation 64 64 8. Presowing cultivation 64 - 9. 2nd cultivation - 64 10. Seed dressing with foundationazole 10 - 11. Seed treatment with biological products - 10 12. Seed Treatment with Nitragin 120 120 13. Presowing application of the herbicide 80 - 14. Sowing 70 - 15. Soil harrowing - twenty 16. 3rd soil cultivation - 64 17. Application of herbicides to vegetative plants thirty - 18. Germination harrowing thirty - 19. Cultivation between rows 2 times 156 - 20. Presowing cultivation - 64 21. Sowing with the simultaneous application of fertilizers - 80 22. Harrowing before germination thirty thirty 23. The first seed harrow - thirty 24. Second seedling harrow - thirty 25. Treatment of crops against pests with insecticides thirty - 26. Processing plants with biologics 2 times - 94 27. Fertilizing soybean crops with nitrogen 70 - 28. Desiccation of crops 47 - 29. Harvesting 250 250 30. The cost of the herbicide 1560 - 31. The cost of insecticides 312 - 32. The cost of biological products - 108 33. Ammophos cost 100 kg 620 - 34. Ammophos price 80 kg - 496 35. The cost of ammonium nitrate is 100 kg 330 - 36. The cost of foundation 78 - 37. The cost of seeds 1200 1950 Total 5645 3858

From table 2 it can be seen that the new technology excludes a number of measures provided by traditional technology:

1. Fertilizing before plowing is excluded and replaced by phosphoric fertilizer in rows during sowing.

2. Soil planning is excluded because this leads to excessive soil compaction, and soil leveling is achieved by additional cultivations before summer sowing.

3. Seed dressing with chemical fungicides is excluded; instead, seeds are treated with biological products.

4. Excludes the processing of crops with insecticides and is replaced by the processing of crops with biological products

5. Excluded fertilizing with nitrogen and desiccation of crops.

The prices of fertilizers, pesticides and biological products are accepted according to the tariffs at the beginning of 2002. The cost of purchased seeds 15 thousand rubles is included in the calculation. per ton. If you use your seeds, then the cost will be significantly reduced. Thus, the cost per hectare of soybean crops by new technology is reduced by 1787 rubles. The possibility of abandoning expensive means of chemical protection of soybean crops can significantly reduce costs per hectare of crops. The opportunity arises to produce environmentally friendly soybeans suitable for food use; transgenic soybean varieties are not needed in the new technology.

The use of the new technology allows to obtain significant increases in soybean yield compared to traditional technology with a significant reduction in production costs, especially in dry years, for example, in 2000 (Table 3).

Table 3.
Harvest soybeans depending on the technology and its cost. Harvest c / ha 2000 year 2001 year average cost price 1 c / rub. Traditional technology 6.5 18.7 12.6 448 Proposed technology 15.8 23,2 19.5 197

Claims (1)

Ecologically clean soybean cultivation technology, including the selection of precursors, soil cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, crop care and harvesting, characterized in that during soybean cultivation in the South of Russia, the seeds are subjected to air-heat treatment or biological treatment before sowing, sowing early and mid-ripening varieties of a short day are delayed by 30-60 days compared to traditional technology, mainly for the period of June, during which a specific sowing time is set depending on imosti on the presence of moisture and weeds, pests, diseases based on their physiology, the amount of time prior to seeding is used to seed additional provocation later thermophilic destruction of weeds and perennial weeds additional machining, eliminating the need for application of pesticides.

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