CN115746378A - 超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体及其制备方法、应用 - Google Patents

超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体及其制备方法、应用 Download PDF

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CN115746378A
CN115746378A CN202211190254.5A CN202211190254A CN115746378A CN 115746378 A CN115746378 A CN 115746378A CN 202211190254 A CN202211190254 A CN 202211190254A CN 115746378 A CN115746378 A CN 115746378A
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朱美芳
余严
胡泽旭
徐成建
相恒学
周家良
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Abstract

一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,包括:将0.5‑5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维按照比例分散到羟甲基纤维素水溶液中,得到聚苯硫醚超细纤维分散液,其中纤维长度为0.5‑1mm、1‑2mm和2‑5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数分别为0‑30%、50‑100%和0‑30%;将含有疏水基团的有机硅氧烷与含酸水溶液混合水解,然后再与聚苯硫醚超细纤维水分散液混合,搅拌,冷冻,真空冷冻干燥,干燥后脱水缩聚处理得到气凝胶弹性体。本发明的制备过程简单方便,无需使用有机溶剂,适合大规模生产,对聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶进行调控,提高了气凝胶的柔性和回弹性,制得的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,具有优异的回弹性、柔性,高孔隙率,低热导率,热稳定及阻燃性好。

Description

超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体及其制备方法、应用
技术领域
本发明涉及纤维制造技术领域,具体涉及一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体及其制备方法、应用。
背景技术
气凝胶作为一种三维多孔网络结构的固体材料,其低密度、高孔隙率和大比表面积的特点使其可能应用于阻燃隔热、过滤吸附、减震、吸音等领域。为了满足气凝胶在国防、航天、民用领域的需求,气凝胶不仅需要优异的综合性能、热稳定性和低导热率,还应追求如柔性、高弹性、简单方便的制备方法、可大规模化生产等。传统的无机气凝胶由于力学强度差、脆性大、受力易破碎,极大的限制了其在高性能柔性领域的应用。而有机气凝胶(聚氨酯、聚脲、壳聚糖气凝胶)存在热稳定性差的缺点。因而设计出一种机械性能优异、热稳定好、低热导率、柔性好和回弹性能佳的新型气凝胶仍是该领域具有挑战性的问题。
聚苯硫醚(PPS)是主链上含有对亚苯基硫醚重复结构单元的聚合物,是一种新型功能性工程塑料,具有良好的耐热性、优异的耐化学腐蚀性和阻燃性,可广泛应用于高温过滤,特殊防护服,保温材料,电池隔膜等领域。目前还未有报道聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶,其主要原因是聚苯硫醚纤维制作的气凝胶不易成型,或者成型后,热导率高,以及回弹性及柔性性能差,导致应用受限,无法满足应用需求。
发明内容
基于此,本发明提供了一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体及其制备方法、应用,以解决现有技术不能很好地将聚苯硫醚材料制作微/纳纤维并用作气凝胶的技术问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
S1、将0.5-5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维按照比例分散到羟甲基纤维素水溶液中,得到聚苯硫醚超细纤维分散液,其中,长度为0.5-1mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为0-30%,长度为1-2mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为50-100%,长度为2-5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为0-30%;
S2、将含有疏水基团的有机硅氧烷与含酸水溶液混合水解,然后再与聚苯硫醚超细纤维水分散液混合,搅拌,冷冻,真空冷冻干燥,干燥后脱水缩聚处理得到超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体。
作为本发明的进一步优选技术方案,步骤S1中所述的聚苯硫醚超细纤维以聚苯硫醚和碱溶性聚酯的混合料为原料,通过海岛熔融纺丝后牵伸热定型,再经碱解、切断得到。
作为本发明的进一步优选技术方案,步骤S1中制得的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的直径为0.5-1.5μm,其纤维为圆形。
作为本发明的进一步优选技术方案,步骤S2中含有疏水基团的有机硅氧烷为甲基三甲氧基硅烷、乙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、丙基三甲氧基硅烷中的至少一种;含酸水溶液为浓度0.01~6mmol/L的醋酸、草酸或盐酸。
作为本发明的进一步优选技术方案,步骤S2中,水解时间为15~30min;搅拌时间为1~3h;冷冻是在液氮中冷冻;真空冷冻干燥的工艺条件为:在真空度低于30Pa的真空环境下冷冻干燥聚合2~3天;干燥脱水缩聚处的理温度为40~90℃,时间为8~48h。
作为本发明的进一步优选技术方案,步骤S2在加入聚苯硫醚超细纤维水分散液后的混合物中:聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为35%-90%,有机聚硅氧烷的质量分数为9%-64%,羟甲基纤维素的质量分数为0.1%-1%。
根据本发明的另一方面,本发明还提供了一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,由超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法制备得到,该超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体为以聚苯硫醚超细纤维为基材,并以有机聚硅氧烷纳米层为涂覆层的有机无机杂化纤维。
根据本发明的又一方面,本发明还提供了一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的应用,所述超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体应用于保温隔热材料、隔音材料、振动吸收材料、催化材料、吸油材料、柔性功能材料三维骨架、压力传感材料或磁响应材料。
本发明的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体及其制备方法、应用,通过采用上述技术方案,可以达到如下有益效果:
1)本发明利用了聚苯硫醚(PPS)所具有的良好的耐热性、优异的耐化学腐蚀性和阻燃性,通过熔融海岛复合纺丝后经碱解、分散和与有机硅氧烷充分搅拌,最后经冷冻、冷冻干燥制得的海岛型聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶,具有优良的回弹性、柔性、热稳定性、化学稳定性等性能,而且本发明的制备过程简单方便,无需使用有机溶剂,适合大规模生产;
2)本发明通过海岛熔融复合纺丝可制备直径为0.5-1.5um的聚苯硫醚超细纤维,将有机硅氧烷与聚苯硫醚超细纤维通过杂化作用提高聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶的柔性及回弹性;
3)本发明的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,具有优异的回弹性、柔性、高孔隙率、低热导率等性能,同时具有优异的热稳定性和阻燃性,可满足气凝胶在各种环境下的使用需求,相比现有技术的气凝胶弹性体,具有更好的柔性性能,可反复折叠,而不会不断裂或开裂,使得适用范围更广,能应用到更多的领域。
综上所述,本发明提供的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,制备过程简单方便,无需使用有机溶剂,适合大规模生产,对聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶进行调控,提高了气凝胶的柔性和回弹性,制得的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,具有优异的回弹性、柔性、高孔隙率、低热导率、热稳定及阻燃性等。
此外,本发明的制备方法所制备得到的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,适用于隔热、吸音、吸油、保暖等领域。
附图说明
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
图1为本发明实施例1制备的海岛型聚苯硫醚超细纤维的扫描电镜图;
图2为本发明实施例1制备的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的扫描电镜图;
图3为本发明实施例1制备的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的实物及柔性性能测试图;
图4为本发明实施例1制备的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的弹性形变曲线;
图5为本发明实施例1制备的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的接触角;
图6本发明实施例制备的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体质量随温度的变化曲线。
本发明目的实现、功能特点及优点将结合实施例,参照附图做进一步说明。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图以及具体实施方式,对本发明做进一步描述。较佳实施例中所引用的如“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“中间”及“一”等用语,仅为便于叙述的明了,而非用以限定本发明可实施的范围,其相对关系的改变或调整,在无实质变更技术内容下,当亦视为本发明可实施的范畴。
实施例1-6
实施例1-6分别为超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,制备过程中的工艺参数如表1所示,具体制备过程包括以下步骤:
S1、聚苯硫醚超细纤维的制备:
首先、将聚苯硫醚颗粒/粉末(PPS)和熔融指数为10-50g/10min的碱溶性聚酯(PET),先进行干燥,干燥温度为80-160℃,干燥时间为12-24h,再以质量比为2:8-8:2的比例混合,经过海岛熔融纺丝得到直径为0.5-1.5μm,圆形的聚苯硫醚超细纤维长丝;熔融纺丝过程中螺杆挤出温度为315-325℃,螺杆熔压为60-120bar,纺丝箱体温度为315-325℃,纺丝组件压力为小于60kgf/cm2,纺丝速度为600-1000m/min,牵伸倍数为3.6-4.3倍;
然后,将聚苯硫醚超细纤维长丝在氢氧化钠溶液中溶解去除PET成分,溶解浓度为5-15%,时间为60-300min,温度为60-90℃,再经切短,得到纤维长度为0.5-5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维;
S2、聚苯硫醚超细纤维分散液的制备:
将切短至0.5-5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维,按照不同长度的分布比例分散到羟甲基纤维素水溶液中,得到聚苯硫醚超细纤维分散液,其中聚苯硫醚超细纤维固含量为0.2-0.6%,羟甲基纤维素分散剂浓度为0.1-1%。
S3、超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶的制备:
将含有疏水基团的有机硅氧烷与浓度为0.01~6mmol/L的含酸水溶液混合水解,然后与聚苯硫醚超细纤维水分散液混合,其中聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为35%-90%,有机聚硅氧烷的质量分数为9%-64%,羟甲基纤维素的质量分数为0.1%-1%,然后搅拌,冷冻,冷冻干燥,脱水缩聚处理即得超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体。
表1.实施例1-6超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体制备中的工艺参数
Figure BDA0003869014280000041
由上述制备方法制得的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,具体性能指标参见表2。
表2.实施例1-6制得的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的性能指标
Figure BDA0003869014280000051
由表2可知,实施例1-6制得的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的孔隙率为90-95%,接触角为140-164°,热导率低于0.032W/(m·K),回复弹性形变86-96%,热稳定性大于320℃。该气凝胶高的孔隙率有利于应用于隔热、吸音、保暖等领域,超疏水则有利于气凝胶吸油。此外,聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶可反复折叠,表明具有优异的柔韧性。
聚苯硫醚超细纤维作为气凝胶骨架材料,其表面包覆了有机聚硅氧烷纳米无机层,由聚苯硫醚超细纤维的高长径比赋予气凝胶良好的柔性,无机杂化层和表面包覆赋予气凝胶优异的耐热性能,这样可大幅提高气凝胶的阻燃性能。
以实施例1的产物为例分别进行了以下测试:
实施例1制得的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的扫描电镜图如图1所示,测得其中的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的直径在0.5-1.5μm之间。图2为实施例1中的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体扫描电镜图,其结构为;有机硅氧烷形成片层,纤维被包覆或者穿插其中,这样有利于提高聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶的回弹性;图3为实施例1的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的实物图,由图3可以看出,将(a)中各种形状的气凝胶弹性体按(b)的方法进行反复折叠,可以看出,聚苯硫醚气凝胶弹性体可以完全折叠,不会断裂,表明聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体具有很好的柔性;图4为实施例1的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体弹性形变曲线,其可以看出聚苯硫醚气凝胶被压缩30%,60%,80%后仍然能够完全回复,表明具有优异的回弹性;图5为实施例1的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的接触角,其接触角大于150°,表明具有超疏水性质;图6为实施例1的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体质量随温度的变化曲线,由图6可以看出,超过500℃之后,超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的质量才开始明显下降,显示出优异的热稳定性。
为了进一步研究本发明超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的特性,按与实施例1相同的制备方法及工艺参数提出实施例7-10,仅聚苯硫醚超细纤维长度的分布不同(即不同长度的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的含量不同),具体工艺参数及对应的产物性能指标见表3。
根据纤维长度的不同,当纤维长度100%分布在0.5-1mm范围内时,如实施例7,纤维分散良好,容易成型,但是由于纤维之间的缠结力不佳,气凝胶的柔性差,回弹性效果也不佳;当纤维长度100%分布在1-2mm范围内时,如实施例8,纤维之间的缠结力增强,回弹性和柔性变好,且热导率降低;当纤维长度100%分布在2-5mm时,如实施例9,纤维之间缠结严重,在分散液中不能均匀分散,而且不能成型制备气凝胶,最终得不到气凝胶弹性体;当纤维的分布为0.5-1mm(25%),1-2mm(50%),2-5mm(25%)时,如实施例10,短的纤维有利于分散,长的纤维有利于其缠结,中间长度纤维作为气凝胶的骨架,回弹性和柔性更好,热导率进一步降低(越小隔热效果热好),表明,其结构更合理,所制备的气凝胶的各种性能优异。此外,还进行了如下测试,当纤维长度100%分布在0.5mm以下,制备的气凝胶体现不出柔性及回弹性效果;而纤维长度100%分布在5mm以上,则不能成型制备气凝胶。
表3实施例7-9超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体制备中的工艺参数
Figure BDA0003869014280000061
由此可以看出,不同长度的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的含量分布情况主要影响回弹性,柔性,热导率,且三种混配所制备的气凝胶效果优于单组分长度纤维。将不同长度的聚苯硫醚超细纤维混合制备的气凝胶弹性体回弹性更好,热导率更高,其原因在于过多的长纤维分散性差,成型差,导致性能不佳;过多的短纤维虽然分散性好,但是其缠结能力不佳,导致其回弹性变差。通过多次实验得出,最佳的选择是将三种长度类型的聚苯硫醚超细纤维混合配对。
为了探究有机聚硅氧烷的组分含量对产物性能的影响,按与实施例1相同的制备方法及工艺参数提出实施例10-12,仅改变聚苯硫醚超细纤维和有机聚硅氧烷的组分的含量,具体工艺参数及对应的产物性能指标见表4。
表4实施例10-12超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体制备中的工艺参数
Figure BDA0003869014280000071
由此可知,有机硅氧烷浓度对气凝胶结构的稳定至关重要,其浓度减小,其回弹性变差,结构坍塌,且热导率升高(隔热效果变差)。
本发明还提供了一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,其由上述任一实施例所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法制备得到,该超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体为以聚苯硫醚超细纤维为基材,并以有机聚硅氧烷纳米层为涂覆层的有机无机杂化纤维,所述聚苯硫醚超细纤维与有机聚硅氧烷之间通过氢键相互作用和化学键合连接。
本发明还提供了一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的应用,所述超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体应用于保温隔热材料、隔音材料、振动吸收材料、催化材料、吸油材料、柔性功能材料三维骨架、压力传感材料或磁响应材料。
虽然以上描述了本发明的具体实施方式,但是本领域熟练技术人员应当理解,这些仅是举例说明,可以对本实施方式做出多种变更或修改,而不背离本发明的原理和实质,本发明的保护范围仅由所附权利要求书限定。

Claims (8)

1.一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、将0.5-5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维按照比例分散到羟甲基纤维素水溶液中,得到聚苯硫醚超细纤维分散液,其中,长度为0.5-1mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为0-30%,长度为1-2mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为50-100%,长度为2-5mm的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为0-30%;
S2、将含有疏水基团的有机硅氧烷与含酸水溶液混合水解,然后再与聚苯硫醚超细纤维水分散液混合,搅拌,冷冻,真空冷冻干燥,干燥后脱水缩聚处理得到超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中所述的聚苯硫醚超细纤维以聚苯硫醚和碱溶性聚酯的混合料为原料,通过海岛熔融纺丝后牵伸热定型,再经碱解、切短得到。
3.根据权利要求1所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中制得的聚苯硫醚超细纤维的直径为0.5-1.5μm,其纤维为圆形。
4.根据权利要求1所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中含有疏水基团的有机硅氧烷为甲基三甲氧基硅烷、乙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、丙基三甲氧基硅烷中的至少一种;含酸水溶液为浓度0.01~6mmol/L的醋酸、草酸或盐酸。
5.根据权利要求1所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,水解时间为15~30min;搅拌时间为1~3h;冷冻是在液氮中冷冻;真空冷冻干燥的工艺条件为:在真空度低于30Pa的真空环境下冷冻干燥聚合2~3天;干燥脱水缩聚处的理温度为40~90℃,时间为8~48h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2在加入聚苯硫醚超细纤维水分散液后的混合物中:聚苯硫醚超细纤维的质量分数为35%-90%,有机聚硅氧烷的质量分数为9%-64%,羟甲基纤维素的质量分数为0.1%-1%。
7.一种超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体,其特征在于,由权利要求1-6任一项所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的制备方法制备得到,该超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体为以聚苯硫醚超细纤维为基材,并以有机聚硅氧烷纳米层为涂覆层的有机无机杂化纤维。
8.一种权利要求7所述的超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体的应用,其特征在于,所述超柔性聚苯硫醚纤维气凝胶弹性体应用于保温隔热材料、隔音材料、振动吸收材料、催化材料、吸油材料、柔性功能材料三维骨架、压力传感材料或磁响应材料。
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