CN115536818A - 一类基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一类基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115536818A CN115536818A CN202211213528.8A CN202211213528A CN115536818A CN 115536818 A CN115536818 A CN 115536818A CN 202211213528 A CN202211213528 A CN 202211213528A CN 115536818 A CN115536818 A CN 115536818A
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- ADLVDYMTBOSDFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-chloro-6-nitroisoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C([N+](=O)[O-])=CC2=C1C(=O)NC2=O ADLVDYMTBOSDFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PWRBCZZQRRPXAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloropyridine Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CN=C1 PWRBCZZQRRPXAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FCYRSDMGOLYDHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCl FCYRSDMGOLYDHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005603 alternating copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- IRXRGVFLQOSHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;oxalate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O IRXRGVFLQOSHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002490 anilino group Chemical class [H]N(*)C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims 2
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Natural products CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- -1 fullerene small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
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- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001448 anilines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
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- ANRLQPOSGUHAOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-$l^{1}-azanylpyrene Chemical compound C1=C2C([N])=CC=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC=CC2=C1 ANRLQPOSGUHAOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical class [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L caesium carbonate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C([O-])=O FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000024 caesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940125782 compound 2 Drugs 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- MGEYGGFCOLUVTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-2-propan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(N)C(C(C)C)=C1 MGEYGGFCOLUVTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150003085 Pdcl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- JKCATVQPENLMQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrene-4,5-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(=O)C3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C34 JKCATVQPENLMQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QILSFLSDHQAZET-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethanol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QILSFLSDHQAZET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
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- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/006—Palladium compounds
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- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
- C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
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- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
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- C08G2261/324—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain condensed
- C08G2261/3243—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. benzothiophene
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种新型基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂,其结构式如下:
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光电材料催化剂技术领域,具体涉及一种基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂及其制备方法和在光电合成中的应用。
背景技术
能源问题,及其所衍生的环境、战争等种种难题,已成为当前人类生存面临的巨大挑战。太阳能技术是解决能源短缺和环境污染有效途径之一。与传统硅基太阳能电池相比,有机光伏(OPV)电池提供了通过溶液处理制造柔性和大规模模块的巨大可能性。其中非富勒烯有机太阳能电池因其非富勒烯受体材料的结构差异大,带隙可调节空间大,在光谱吸收、能级调控以及光化学稳定性等方面均表现出巨大的优势而展现出巨大的商业应用价值。
近年来非富勒烯小分子迅速崛起,与之相匹配的聚合物给体材料设计空间得到极大的拓展。通过对给受单元结构优化实现聚合物带隙、能级以及形貌的有效调控,电池器件的光电转换效率(PCE)已突破18%,为实现低碳能源提供了更有希望的途径。在现有的光伏技术中,昂贵的制作成本是制约其大规模商业化应用的关键。然而,在有机太阳能电池的实验室研发中,尽管一些聚合物给体材料展现出较高的光电转换效率,但较低的聚合产率阻碍了其商业化应用前景。因此,优化聚合反应条件,降低聚合成本是加快有机太阳能电池走出实验室重要发展方向。
目前,以磷配体为主的钯催化传统缩聚反应(Still或Suzuki)尽管在获得高性能D-A交替共聚物中功不可没,但这些聚合反应不可避免的需要对底物进行预官能化,使得底物稳定性变差,增加制备成本,并伴随有剧毒产物的生成以及使用有毒的磷配体,影响有机光电器件商业可行性。因此,开发具有经济吸引力和生态友好的替代反应成为有机太阳能电池走出实验室重要的发展方向。直接芳基化缩聚反应(DArP)是在过渡金属催化体系下,使用活化质子芳烃单体(C-H)和含卤原子芳烃单体(C-X)进行的交叉缩合反应,因底物不涉及有机金属试剂,具有良好的原子经济和环境友好性,在π-共轭聚合物的高效合成和实际应用领域拥有巨大潜力,引起人们广泛的关注。
现有报道聚合物材料制备中,不论是传统聚合还是DArP绿色聚合,常用的高效催化剂如,Pd2(dba)3、Pd(PPh3)4、Pd(OAc)2等,虽在常规聚合反应中展现出较高的催化活性,但在DArP聚合反应中的优势并不明显,主要是由于这类催化剂不能有效抑制聚合物的结构缺陷。进一步探索和开发可有效抑制聚合物结构缺陷,进而制备出高度规整的聚合物给体材料是实现有机太阳能商业化的一种重要途径。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的在于针对现有催化剂的不足,提供一类基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂,该催化剂以N-杂环卡宾为中心,同时采用芘基、烷基、杂原子(包括氧、氮、卤素原子)等修饰,具有体积较大、合成简单、给电子能力强,易于修饰且催化剂热稳定性和催化效率高、催化计量小等诸多优点,能够有效调节催化剂的电子和位阻效应,进而有效活化C-H键并促进消除聚合反应中氧化加成和还原等问题;可将其用于高性能聚合物给体材料PM6等,实现分子量和收率的协同调节,达到改善电池器件光伏性能目的。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一类基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂,以基于芘基的N-杂环卡宾为中心,其结构式见式I;
式中,R为甲基或苯基;R1为氯原子、氟原子、烷基或烷氧基(C的个数为1~3,下文以甲基或甲氧基为例)。
进一步的,所述基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂可选自如下具体结构:
上述方案中,所述基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂为钯-NHC络合物,其中采用的NHC配体前体的结构式见式II:
式中,R为甲基或苯基;R1为氯原子、氟原子、烷基或烷氧基。
上述一种新型芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在反应容器中加入NHC配体前体、二氯化钯、3-氯吡啶、碱金属碳酸盐,混合均匀后,在80-90℃和保护气氛下,搅拌反应10~15h。
上述方案中,所述保护气氛可用氮气或氩气等气氛。
上述方案中,所述碱金属碳酸盐可选用碳酸钾或碳酸铯等。
上述方案中,所述NHC配体前体、二氯化钯、3-氯吡啶的摩尔比为1:(1~1.2):(1~1.5)。
上述方案中,所述NHC配体前体的制备方法包括如下步骤:在双颈圆底烧瓶中加入芘-4,5-二酮、苯胺衍生物和氯化锌,加入醋酸溶剂,100~120℃下搅拌5~12h,冷却至室温后,过滤出固体,将其溶于二氯甲烷,加入草酸钾和水,室温搅拌12-24h;二氯甲烷萃取,二氯甲烷和醋酸重结晶;所得产物(α-二亚胺化合物)和氯甲基乙基醚加入反应容器,在保护气氛下加热到90~120℃反应12~24h;即得所述NHC配体前体。
上述方案中,所述苯胺衍生物的结构式见式III;
式中,R为甲基或苯基;R1为氯原子、氟原子、烷基或烷氧基。
上述方案中,所述芘-4,5-二酮、苯胺衍生物、氯化锌的摩尔比为1:(2~2.5):(2~2.5)。
上述方案中,所述α-二亚胺化合物、氯甲基乙基醚的用量比为1mmol:3-8ml。
上述方案所述基于新型芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂作为D-A聚合物催化剂的应用。
进一步地,所述D-A聚合物催化剂为聚合物PM6等,具体制备步骤包括如下:将D单元单体、A单元单体、新型芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂、膦配体、碱金属碳酸盐、TMEDA、t-BuCO2H加入有机溶剂中混合均匀,然后在110~150℃和保护气氛下,反应24~72h;其中D单元单体、A单元单体和催化剂的摩尔比为1:1:(0.02~0.05)。
上述方案中,所述有机溶剂为甲苯、氯苯或邻二甲苯。
上述方案中,所述膦配体可选用P(o-OMePh)3、P(o-tol)3或PPh3等;碱金属碳酸钾可选用碳酸钾或碳酸铯等。
根据上述方案构建出的给体材料的催化体系,获得收率较高,分子量和分散度可控的D-A交替共聚物,用作活性层的给体材料或电子传输材料。
本发明通过合成具有不同基团取代的N-苯环的芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂,通过基团优化催化剂分子空间结构;进一步通过调节聚合反应速率,达到调节聚合物品质目的,进一步实现器件效率的提升。从而制备出高规整度、高分子量、产率高达90%的PM6给体聚合物,基于PM6为给体的有机太阳能电池性能超过17%。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:
1)从绿色、经济角度出发,针对现有高效的磷配体催化剂普遍存在的制备过程复杂、有毒、不适合在大规模生产等问题;本发明制备的催化剂相较于膦配体具有更大的体积和更强的供电子能力,提高了催化剂还原消去的能力和增加了聚合时活性链端的稳定性,从而可以制备更高分子量的聚合物。
2)该钯催化剂生产成本低,生产效率高,能够广泛用于有机催化、药物合成及光电材料的制备,具有良好的商业应用前景。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1
一种新型芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂,其合成路线见式IV;
具体制备步骤如下:
1-1)在烧瓶中依次加入4-甲氧基-2-异丙基苯胺(4.91g,17.00mmol)、二苯甲醇(3.44g,19.00mmol)、氯化锌(0.54g,4.00mmol)和盐酸(0.49g,13.60mmol),搅拌反应4h,点板监测反应;反应结束后,蒸馏水猝灭后,用饱和氯化钠和二氯甲烷萃取,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥后,除去溶剂;用硅胶柱色谱分离提纯,洗脱剂为乙酸乙酯/石油醚,得到化合物1(4.56g,59%);
1-2)在氮气氛围下,将化合物1(455.60mg,1.00mmol),芘-4,5-二酮(116.12mg,0.50mmol),230.28mg氯化锌的四氢呋喃溶液(氯化锌质量为170.37mg,1.25mmol)加入双颈烧瓶中,加入5mL的醋酸为溶剂,120℃下搅拌5h;冷却至室温后,过滤出固体,将其溶于二氯甲烷,加入草酸钾和水,室温搅拌12h;二氯甲烷萃取,二氯甲烷和醋酸重结晶,得到化合物2(0.88g,80%);
1-3)在氮气气氛下,将化合物2(1.10g,1.00mmol)和氯甲基乙基醚(4mL)加入反应容器,加热到100℃,反应过夜;反应结束后,冷却至室温,反应混合物用Et2O处理并搅拌1h,过滤后的固体用Et2O洗涤3次得到化合物3(0.75g,67%);
1-4)将3-氯吡啶的(0.41g,3.6mmol)加入含PdCl2(0.53mg,3.00mmol)、化合物3(1.73g,3.00mmol)、K2CO3(2.07g,15.00mmol)的Schlenk试管中;反应混合物加热到80℃,剧烈搅拌反应15h,在反应混合物冷却至室温后,蒸馏水猝灭后,用饱和氯化钠和二氯甲烷萃取,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥后,除去溶剂;用硅胶柱色谱分离提纯,洗脱剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯得到最终产物化合物4(3.20g,76%)。
应用例1
一种PM6的聚合工艺,分别采用Still聚合反应和DArP聚合反应,其聚合路线见式V;
Still聚合反应:在氮气保护下,依次加入A单元单体(0.15g,0.20mmol)和D单元单体(0.19g,0.20mmol),催化剂Pd(PPh3)4(0.01g,0.01mmol)和5mL无水甲苯,110℃反应48h;粗产物用甲醇沉降,随后依次用丙酮、正己烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷进行抽提;旋蒸三氯甲烷,加入甲醇沉降,抽滤得最终宽带隙聚合物产物PM6-1。
DArP聚合:D单元单体(0.19g,0.20mmol)、A单元单体(0.15g,0.20mmol)、新型芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂(141.30mg,0.01mmol)、P(o-OMePh)3(4.32mg,0.01mmol)、Cs2CO3(0.16g,0.50mmol)、TMEDA(0.06g,0.5mmol)、t-BuCO2H(1.03mg,0.01mmol)和5mL无水甲苯,110℃反应48h;粗产物用甲醇沉降,随后依次用丙酮、正己烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷进行抽提;旋蒸三氯甲烷,加入甲醇沉降,抽滤得最终宽带隙聚合物产物PM6-2。
表1使用Still和DArP方法聚合的聚合物分子量和分散性指数对比
聚合方法 | Mn(聚合物数均分子量) | PDI(聚合物分散性指数) | Yield(%) |
Still | 193768 | 2.05 | 81% |
DArP | 263452 | 1.62 | 90% |
上述结果表明,使用芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂进行合成后聚合物分子量得到了提升,PDI指数下降,分子量分布更均匀,产率也同时得到一定程度的提升。
本发明通过构建具有不同基团取代的N-苯环的芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂,通过基团优化催化剂分子空间结构,筛选出最高效芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂。同时进一步通过调节聚合反应速率,制备出高规整度、高分子量、产率高达90%的PM6给体聚合物,基于PM6为给体的有机太阳能电池性能超过17%。
上述实施例仅是为了清楚地说明所做的实例,而并非对实施方式的限制。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其他不同形式的变化或者变动,这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举,因此所引申的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
4.权利要求1~3任一项所述氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:在反应容器中加入NHC配体前体、二氯化钯、3-氯吡啶和碱金属碳酸盐,混合均匀后,在80~90℃和保护气氛下,回流反应10~24h。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述NHC配体前体的制备方法包括:在反应容器中加入芘-4,5-二酮、苯胺衍生物和氯化锌,加入醋酸溶剂,100~120℃下搅拌5~12h,冷却至室温后,过滤出固体,将其溶于二氯甲烷,加入草酸钾和水,室温搅拌12-24h;二氯甲烷萃取,二氯甲烷和醋酸重结晶;所得产物和氯甲基乙基醚加入反应容器,在保护气氛下加热到90~120℃反应12~24h;即得所述NHC配体前体。
7.权利要求1-3任一项所述氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂或权利要求4~6任一项制备方法制备的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂在制备D-A交替聚合物领域中的应用,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:将D单元单体、A单元单体、基于芘基的氮杂环卡宾金属钯催化剂、膦配体、碱金属碳酸盐、TMEDA、t-BuCO2H加入有机溶剂中混合均匀,然后在110~150℃和保护气氛下,反应24~72h;其中D单元单体、A单元单体和催化剂的摩尔比为1:1:0.02~0.05。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所述膦配体为P(o-OMePh)3、P(o-tol)3或PPh3。
9.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所得D-A交替共聚物的分子量高达26Kda以上,分散性指数达1.65以下,产率达90%。
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