CN115462488B - Application of ellagic acid as feed additive, functional feed and preparation method - Google Patents

Application of ellagic acid as feed additive, functional feed and preparation method Download PDF

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CN115462488B
CN115462488B CN202211238526.4A CN202211238526A CN115462488B CN 115462488 B CN115462488 B CN 115462488B CN 202211238526 A CN202211238526 A CN 202211238526A CN 115462488 B CN115462488 B CN 115462488B
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feed
yellow river
ellagic acid
fish
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CN115462488A (en
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卢荣华
余维鹏
陈梦迪
姬梦梦
杨露露
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Henan Normal University
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A23K20/121—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen or sulfur as hetero atom
    • A23K20/126—Lactones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
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    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/174—Vitamins
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    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/10—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by agglomeration; by granulation, e.g. making powders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Abstract

The invention discloses an application of ellagic acid as a feed additive, a functional feed and a preparation method, wherein the ellagic acid can be used as a fish culture functional feed additive, in particular to a functional feed additive for raising yellow river carps, and the feed containing ellagic acid can reduce liver tissue lipid accumulation caused by feeding high-fat feed; the method has the advantages that the crude fat content of the whole carp of the yellow river is effectively reduced, the crude protein content of muscles is improved, the content of serum and liver tissue MDA can be obviously reduced by adding ellagic acid into the feed, and the GSH content of the liver pancreas of the yellow river carp can be effectively improved by containing 1-3wt% of ellagic acid in the feed, so that the antioxidant capacity of the liver pancreas is enhanced.

Description

Application of ellagic acid as feed additive, functional feed and preparation method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fish culture feed additives and fish culture functional feeds, and particularly relates to application of ellagic acid as a fish culture functional feed additive, a functional feed and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Yellow river carp (Cyprinus carpio) Jin Linchi is delicious in meat quality, and is the most abundant culture foundation and the most durable culture history of a plurality of cultured carp varieties. The method has important cultivation status in provinces of yellow river drainage basins such as Henan, ningxia, shandong and the like. China is the largest carps-raising country and consumption country, the 2021 annual output reaches 283.18 ten thousand tons, the fourth year in the ranking list of domestic freshwater fish (China fishery statistics annual survey, 2022), and the carps are more China 'national fishes'. The feed protein level of the carp is high, so that the feed cost is one of the important input products for the carp culture. It has been found that increasing the fat content in the feed is effective in promoting the growth performance and feed utilization of fish, which is the protein-sparing effect of lipids (Wang J t.2005). Driven by the protein-saving effect of lipids, high-fat feeds have been widely used as a new product in economic fish farming to save feed protein and reduce farming costs (jingy.2015). However, many studies have found that high fat feed feeding can have a series of adverse effects on farmed fish, such as slow growth rate, immunosuppression, inflammation, fatty liver, and reduced nutritional value of fish.
Ellagic Acid (EA) is a widely occurring natural polyphenol substance with the molecular formula C 14 H 6 O 8 Is widely found in pomegranates, grapes, apples, grass venom, ballast and walnuts. EA has good biological activities such as lipid lowering, antioxidation and the like, reports that EA can improve the muscle quality of piglets and has the potential of being used as a green feed additive. Therefore, the invention aims to add a proper amount of EA into the compound feed meeting the specific nutritional requirements of the yellow river carp, prepare special feed, improve the antioxidation and lipid metabolism capability of the yellow river carp, improve the oxidative stress and lipid deposition caused by feeding the high-fat feed, and further improve the muscle quality of the yellow river carp, and has important research significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the technical problem of providing application of ellagic acid as a fish culture functional feed additive, a functional feed and a preparation method thereof.
The invention adopts the following technical proposal to solve the technical problems, and the ellagic acid is used as the functional feed additive for fish culture.
Further limited, the application of the ellagic acid as the functional feed additive for breeding the yellow river carps, and the ellagic acid and the feed composition thereof are used as functional components, so that the muscle quality of the yellow river carps is improved by improving the lipid metabolism capability of the yellow river carps, reducing the fat deposition of the whole fish of the yellow river carps and further improving the muscle nutritive value of the yellow river carps.
Further defined, the ellagic acid is present in the functional feed in an amount of less than 3wt%.
The fish culture functional feed containing ellagic acid is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 13% of soybean meal, 10% of fish meal, 22% of cottonseed meal, 22% of rapeseed meal, 8% of wheat flour, 5% of meat and bone meal, 9.8% of soybean oil, 3% of whole soybean and Ca (H) 2 PO 4 ) 2 2 percent of premix, 2 percent of ellagic acid, 1 to 3 percent of ellagic acid and the balance of microcrystalline cellulose.
Further defined, the premix is a premix containing multiple vitamins and minerals.
Further limited, the fish culture functional feed is used as a functional feed for culturing the yellow river carps, and the functional feed can improve the lipid metabolism capability of the yellow river carps, reduce the fat deposition of whole fishes of the yellow river carps, and further improve the muscle nutritive value of the yellow river carps, so that the muscle quality of the yellow river carps is improved.
A preparation method of a fish culture functional feed containing ellagic acid is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
s1: premixing small materials: accurate weighing of Ca (H) 2 PO 4 ) 2 Mixing premix, microcrystalline cellulose and ellagic acid thoroughly;
s2: premixing the large materials: sequentially adding full-fat soybean, meat and bone meal, fish meal, wheat flour, bean pulp, rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal step by step into the uniformly mixed small-material mixture, and fully and uniformly mixing;
s3: oiling raw materials: pouring the mixed mixture of the big material and the small material into a stirrer, adding grease soybean oil at a constant speed, and pouring into a stirring basin for fully and uniformly rubbing;
s4: adding water: the fully and evenly rubbed feed raw materials are put into a stirrer to be stirred, purified water accounting for 10 weight percent of the feed raw materials is added at a constant speed, the feed raw materials are poured into a granulating basin to be rubbed by hands again after being evenly mixed, and the mixed feed is stirred until the color is kept consistent, so that the feed raw materials are prevented from forming blocks;
s5: pressing: selecting a die with the diameter of 2.0mm, loading the die on a feed machine, adjusting the rotating speed of a rotating shaft to obtain strip feed, and polishing and granulating;
s6: and (3) air-drying and storing feed: and (3) drying the prepared pellet feed in a ventilated and shady place at room temperature, airing and refrigerating at the temperature of-20 ℃ for standby.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the EA-containing feed can reduce liver tissue lipid accumulation caused by feeding high-fat feed; effectively reduces the crude fat content of the whole carp of the yellow river and improves the crude protein content of the muscle. The EA is added into the feed to obviously reduce the content of serum and hepatic tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA), and the EA content in the feed is 1-3wt% to effectively improve the content of yellow river carp liver pancreas reduced Glutathione (GSH) and enhance the antioxidant capacity of liver pancreas.
2. According to the invention, through adding EA into the feed, the content of the PUFA in the liver and pancreas can be increased, and the fatty acid composition is improved; and the feed contains 1-3wt% of EA, so that the content of the proline in the muscle can be increased, the shearing force of the muscle can be increased, and the quality of the muscle can be improved.
3. The EA-containing feed provided by the invention has no adverse effect on the growth of yellow river carps.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is the effect of EA on the content of GSH (A) and MDA (B) in the liver and pancreas of yellow river carp, notes that: the superscript differences represent significant differences (P < 0.05), and the data are mean ± standard deviation (n=9).
FIG. 2 is the effect of EA on the TG content of the liver and pancreas of yellow river carp.
FIG. 3 is the effect of EA on crude protein content in yellow river carp muscle tissue.
Detailed Description
The above-described matters of the present invention will be described in further detail by way of examples, but it should not be construed that the scope of the above-described subject matter of the present invention is limited to the following examples, and all techniques realized based on the above-described matters of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.
Examples
1 materials and methods
1.1 feed formulation
The experiment was carried out to prepare 5 groups of feeds containing nitrogen (32 wt% of crude protein) as shown in Table 1, which are respectively a basic feed group C (7 wt% of crude fat) and a high fat group HF (12 wt% of crude fat), and EA1 group, EA1.5 group and EA3 group (namely, 1wt%, 1.5wt% and 3wt% of EA were added to the high fat feeds). The purity of EA used as raw material is 90wt%, and the feed is prepared at the aquaculture training base of Henan university. Pulverizing the above materials, sieving with 40 mesh sieve, mixing, making into pellet feed with average particle diameter of 2mm with feed machine, naturally air drying at ventilation drying place, and refrigerating in-20deg.C refrigerator. The feed formulation and the nutritional composition are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 test feed formulation and nutrientNutrient components (dry weight, g kg) -1 )
The premix is a premix (conventional commercial product) containing multiple vitamins and minerals, and the proportion of each component is 2wt% required by basic nutrition.
1.2 preparation of feed
S1: premixing small materials: ca (H) was accurately weighed using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.001g 2 PO 4 ) 2 Mixing premix, microcrystalline cellulose and EA;
s2: premixing the large materials: sequentially adding full-fat soybean, meat and bone meal, fish meal, wheat flour, bean pulp, rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal step by step into the uniformly mixed small-material mixture, and fully and uniformly mixing;
s3: oiling raw materials: pouring the mixed materials of the big materials and the small materials into a stirrer, adding grease soybean oil at a constant speed, and pouring into a stirring basin to be fully and uniformly rubbed;
s4: adding water: the fully and evenly rubbed feed raw materials are put into a stirrer to be stirred, purified water accounting for 10 weight percent of the feed raw materials is added at a constant speed, the feed raw materials are poured into a granulating basin to be rubbed by hands again after being evenly mixed, and the mixed feed is stirred until the color is kept consistent, so that the feed raw materials are prevented from forming blocks;
s5: pressing: selecting a die with the diameter of 2.0mm, loading the die on a feed machine, adjusting the rotating speed of a rotating shaft to obtain strip feed, and polishing and granulating;
s6: and (3) air-drying and storing feed: and (3) drying the prepared pellet feed in a ventilated and shady place at room temperature, airing and refrigerating at the temperature of-20 ℃ for standby.
1.3 test fish and feeding management
The test fish is purchased in a Henan Wei Hui fish farm, and healthy yellow river carp after temporary 2w cultivation is selected17.5±1.49 g) 450 fish, randomly divided into 5 groups of 3 replicates each, and 30 fish each replicate were cultured in a1.5 x 1.5m cage. Feed was fed at 08:30, 12:30 and 16:30 daily at a feed rate of 3% (ratio of feed weight fed daily to body weight of yellow river carp). The water quality parameters are as follows: the water temperature is about 25 ℃, and the dissolved oxygen is 5-7mg L -1 The pH value is 6.5-8.0, ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.05mg/L, the water quality meets the fishery standard, and dead fish is not present during the cultivation.
1.4 sample collection
After 56d of test fish culture, the fish is fasted for 24 hours, and after MS-222 anesthesia, each fish is called the fish body mass and the fish body length. 3 fish are randomly taken from each net cage, quickly frozen by liquid nitrogen and stored at the temperature of minus 20 ℃ and used as a whole fish sample; randomly taking 6 tail veins of fish from each net cage, and separating serum; 6 fish are randomly taken from each net cage to carry out muscle texture measurement; dissecting other fish, taking muscle, and storing at-20deg.C.
1.4.1 determination of calculation formulas for each index of growth:
weight Gain Ratio (WGR) = (average end Weight-average initial Weight)/average initial Weight x 100%.
Specific growth rate (Specific growth rate, SGR,%/d) = [ ln (average final weight) -ln (average initial weight) ]/cultivation time x 100%.
Condition factor (CF, g/cm) 3 ) =fish body end mass/(average end length) 3 ×100％。
Dirty body ratio (Viscerosomatic index, VSI,%) =visceral weight/average terminal weight x 100%.
Liver volume ratio (Hepatosomatic index, HSI,%) =liver pancreas weight/average powder weight x 100%.
1.4.2 serum Biochemical index detection
And detecting the common physiological and biochemical index change condition in the serum of the yellow river carps of each group by using an ELISA plate method (96T) of each index detection kit of the serum of the Nanjing build. The detection indexes are as follows:
triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol in serum (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Malondialdehyde (MDA).
1.4.3 liver and pancreas fatty acid analysis
Taking out the hepatopancreas material preserved at-20deg.C, freeze drying for 24 hr, weighing 0.1g sample, grinding thoroughly, pouring into 15mL centrifuge tube I, adding 10mL chloroform-methanol solution (2:1, v/v), dissolving, shaking, and mixing. Centrifuge at 4℃at 5000rpm/min for 15min, place 6mL of supernatant in centrifuge tube II on ice. 2mL of CaCl 1.6wt% was added to centrifuge tube II 2 The solution (separating chloroform and methanol) was thoroughly mixed by shaking, centrifuged for 10min at 3000rpm at 4℃and 3mL of the lower solution was placed in a centrifuge tube III (glass tube) and dried with nitrogen. Into centrifuge tube III was added 300. Mu.L of chloroform, followed by 1mL of H at a concentration of 2.5wt% 2 SO 4 Methanol solution, filling nitrogen, covering with a cover, placing in a 70 ℃ water bath, taking out after 1h (overnight), standing and cooling for 15min. 200 mu L of n-hexane is added, 1.5mL of ultrapure water is added, the mixture is stirred and mixed uniformly, the mixture is centrifuged for 2min at the temperature of 4 ℃ at 3000rpm, the supernatant is sucked (sucked by a 1mL syringe and is not sucked to the lower water phase, the chromatographic column is easy to damage), a filter membrane with the thickness of 2 layers of 0.22 mu m is penetrated, the mixture is poured into a sample loading bottle (containing a lining pipe), and the sample loading and the detection can be carried out by covering a cover.
1.4.4 routine component analysis
The conventional components of the feed and fish bodies (muscle and whole fish) were determined according to the national standard method. Drying the sample at 105 ℃ to constant weight, and determining the moisture by a weight reduction method; the crude protein is measured by a Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method; crude fat is measured by Soxhlet extraction; ash determination was calculated from the residual weight of the sample after burning in a muffle furnace at 550 ℃ to constant weight.
1.4.5 analysis of muscle texture
Fresh muscles were cut into blocks of uniform size, and the texture index was measured using a texture analyzer and a shear force tester from the academy of food science and technology, henan: hardness (Hardness), resilience (adhesive), mastication (mastication), cohesiveness (Chewire), cohesiveness (Cohesives), and Shear force (Shear force).
1.4.6 muscle amino acid detection
Adding 0.1g of freeze-dried sample into an acidolysis tube, adding 10mL of 6mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid, acidolysis for 24 hours in a baking oven at 110 ℃, filtering by a funnel after cooling, transferring into a volumetric flask to constant volume of 50mL, taking 1mL of the sample to dry in a deacidification instrument, adding 2mL of sample diluent, filtering for 2 times by a 0.22 mu m filter membrane, adding a sample injection bottle, and detecting by an amino acid automatic analyzer (S-433D, sykam, germany), wherein the sample injection amount is 20 mu L.
1.4.7 data analysis
Adopting SPSS 22.0 statistical software to perform single-factor analysis of variance, comparing by using Duncan multiple comparison method, and finally analyzing the difference between groups; results are all expressed as Mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD), when P <0.05, the difference is considered significant.
2 application results
2.1 influence of EA on growth and biological indicators of yellow river carp
The growth index of each group of yellow river carp is shown in table 2-1, and compared with the group C, the HF group FBW, HSI, VSI is obviously increased (P < 0.05). Both EA1 group FBW, WGR, SGR, VSI and HSI were significantly lower than HF group (P < 0.05), with no significant difference between VSI and HSI and group C (P > 0.05). FBW and HSI were significantly lower in EA3 group than in HF group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference from group C (P > 0.05).
TABLE 2-1 EA influence on the growth index of yellow river carp
Note that: statistical analysis results are expressed as Mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD), the number of samples n=30, the superscript letters differ significantly (P < 0.05), the same applies below.
2.2 Effect of EA on Biochemical indicators common in yellow river carp serum
Serum biochemical markers are shown in Table 2-2, with no statistical differences (P > 0.05) between groups TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and AST. The TG content of HF group was higher than that of group C (P > 0.05), and TG values were lower in EA groups added at different ratios than in HF group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). HF group MDA was significantly higher than group C (P < 0.05), MDA added with different proportions of EA was significantly lower than HF group (P < 0.05), no significant difference from group C (P > 0.05).
2.3 Effect of EA on conventional components of yellow river carp
The conventional composition of the yellow river carp is shown in tables 2-3, compared with the group C, the crude fat of the whole fish in the group HF is obviously increased (P < 0.05), and the crude protein and the crude ash of the whole fish are obviously reduced (P < 0.05). Compared with the HF group, the EA1, EA1.5 and EA3 groups have significantly reduced crude fat content (P < 0.05), and no significant difference in crude protein and ash (P > 0.05) of the whole fish.
TABLE 2-2 EA influence on serum Biochemical index of yellow river carp
Note that: the superscript differences represent significant differences (P < 0.05), data are Mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD), (n=9).
TABLE 2-3 influence of EA on conventional Components of Cyprinus Carpio
2.4 Effect of EA on antioxidant enzyme Activity of liver and pancreas of yellow river carp
As shown in fig. 1A-B, HF group GSH was significantly lower than group C (P < 0.05), and MDA was not significantly different from group C (P > 0.05). The EA1 and EA3 groups GSH were significantly higher than the HF group (P < 0.05). The MDA was significantly lower in EA1, EA1.5 and EA3 groups than in HF and C groups (P < 0.05).
2.5 Effect of EA on liver and pancreas fat content and fatty acid composition of yellow river carp
Tables 2-4 show the fatty acid composition of the feeds of the groups of yellow river carp, and the results show that the fatty acid composition of the high-fat feeds is not greatly different from that of the feeds of the groups of yellow river carp, and the content of linoleic acid is obviously increased compared with that of the feeds of the groups C.
As shown in fig. 2, the TG content of yellow river carp liver pancreas was significantly higher than that of group C (P < 0.05), but the TG content of HF group was not significantly reduced (P > 0.05) after EA addition.
The fatty acid composition of the liver and pancreas of the yellow river carp is shown in Table 2-5, the content of the fatty acid of the liver and pancreas of the yellow river carp is obviously lower than that of the fatty acid of the group C (P < 0.05), but the content of the myristic acid (C14: 0), the linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) and the alpha-linoleic acid (C18: 3 n-3) is obviously higher than that of the fatty acid of the group C (P < 0.05), wherein the fatty acid composition of the liver and pancreas of the yellow river carp is shown in Table 2-5, and the content of the fatty acid composition of the liver and pancreas of the yellow river carp is shown in the Table 2-5. Compared with the HF group, after EA is added, both Sigma SFA and Sigma MUFA in the hepatopancreatic fatty acid are obviously reduced (P < 0.05), sigma PUFA is obviously increased (P < 0.05), the EA3 group has the lowest Sigma SFA and Sigma MUFA content, the Sigma PUFA content is highest, and n-3PUFA/n-6PUFA is not different from the C group (P > 0.05).
Table 2-4 fatty acid Components in feeds
TABLE 2-5 influence of EA on fatty acids of the liver and pancreas of yellow river carp
2.6 influence of EA on muscle nutritional ingredients and muscle texture of yellow river carp
Crude protein content in muscle of yellow river carp as shown in figure 3, crude protein content of muscle of EA1, EA1.5 and EA3 groups was all significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with HF group.
The results of the muscle fatty acid component measurements are shown in tables 2-6, and compared with group C, the myristic acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), arachidonic acid (C20:1), DHA (C20:5 n-3) and n-3/n-6 PUFAs were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), stearic acid (C18:0), C18:2n-6 and sigma PUFAs were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The EA3 group alone had significantly reduced stearic acid (P < 0.05) compared to the HF group.
The amino acid composition of each group of muscle of yellow river carp is shown in tables 2-7. Overall results showed that the addition of EA had little effect on the muscle amino acid composition of yellow river carp. The EA3 group had a significantly higher proline than the HF group (P < 0.05) and the non-essential amino acid Gly was significantly lower than the HF group (P < 0.05).
The results of the muscle texture characteristics of the yellow river carp are shown in tables 2-8, and the hardness of the EA3 group is significantly higher than that of the C group (P < 0.05); the HF group muscle shear was significantly lower than the C group (P < 0.05), the EA1 and EA3 group shear were not significantly different from the C group (P > 0.05), and the EA3 group shear was significantly higher than the HF group (P < 0.05).
TABLE 2-6 EA influence on the muscle fatty acid composition of yellow river carp
TABLE 2-7 influence of EA on muscle amino acid composition of yellow river carp
TABLE 2-8 influence of EA on muscle texture Properties of yellow river carp
Combining the analysis of the results to obtain:
(1) The EA with the weight percent of 1-3 percent is added into the high-fat feed, so that the crude fat content of the whole fish of the yellow river carp can be effectively reduced, and the crude protein content of the muscle can be improved. The EA with the weight percent of 1-3 percent is added into the high-fat feed, so that the liver-body ratio of the yellow river carp under the high-fat feeding condition can be obviously reduced, and the liver-pancreas burden caused by high-fat feeding is lightened. The high-fat feed is added with 1-3wt% of EA, so that the serum and liver and pancreas tissue MDA content of the yellow river carp fed by high fat can be obviously reduced, and the GSH content and SOD enzyme activity of the yellow river carp liver and pancreas can be effectively improved by adding 1-3wt% of EA into the high-fat feed, so that the antioxidant capacity of the liver and pancreas is further enhanced.
(2) By adding 1-3wt% of EA, the composition of fatty acid of liver and pancreas of yellow river carp under high-fat feed can be improved, and the content of PUFA in the liver and pancreas can be obviously improved; the EA with the weight percent of 3 percent is added into the feed, so that the content of the proline in the muscle and the shearing force of the muscle can be effectively improved, and the muscle quality of the yellow river carp can be improved.
While the basic principles, principal features and advantages of the present invention have been described in the foregoing examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing examples, but is merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, and various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.

Claims (3)

1. The application of ellagic acid as a functional feed additive for breeding yellow river carp is characterized in that: the ellagic acid and the feed composition thereof are used as functional components for reducing fat deposition of whole fish of the yellow river carp by improving the fat metabolism capability of the yellow river carp, so as to improve the muscle nutritive value of the yellow river carp, thereby improving the muscle quality of the yellow river carp, wherein the content of the ellagic acid in the feed composition is 1-3 wt%; the ellagic acid and the feed composition thereof can obviously reduce the content of malondialdehyde in serum and liver tissues, effectively improve the content of reduced glutathione in the liver and pancreas of yellow river carps, and strengthen the antioxidant capacity of the liver and pancreas; meanwhile, the ellagic acid and the feed composition thereof can improve the content of PUFA in liver and pancreas, improve the composition of fatty acid, improve the content of proline in muscles, improve the shearing force of muscles and further improve the quality of muscles.
2. A functional feed for fish culture containing ellagic acid is characterized in that the fish culture functional feed comprises a feed body and a feed bodyThe functional feed for the quasi-culture consists of the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 13% of soybean meal, 10% of fish meal, 22% of cottonseed meal, 22% of rapeseed meal, 8% of wheat flour, 5% of meat and bone meal, 9.8% of soybean oil, 3% of whole soybean and Ca (H) 2 PO 4 ) 2 2 percent of premix, 2 percent of ellagic acid, 1 to 3 percent of ellagic acid and the balance of microcrystalline cellulose, wherein the premix is a premix containing multiple vitamins and minerals; the fish culture functional feed is used as a functional feed for culturing the yellow river carps, can improve the lipid metabolism capability of the yellow river carps, reduce the fat deposition of the whole fish of the yellow river carps, and further improve the muscle nutritive value of the yellow river carps, thereby improving the muscle quality of the yellow river carps.
3. A method for preparing the ellagic acid-containing fish culture functional feed as set forth in claim 2, which is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
s1: premixing small materials: accurate weighing of Ca (H) 2 PO 4 ) 2 Mixing premix, microcrystalline cellulose and ellagic acid thoroughly;
s2: premixing the large materials: sequentially adding full-fat soybean, meat and bone meal, fish meal, wheat flour, bean pulp, rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal step by step into the uniformly mixed small-material mixture, and fully and uniformly mixing;
s3: oiling raw materials: pouring the mixed mixture of the big material and the small material into a stirrer, adding grease soybean oil at a constant speed, and pouring into a stirring basin for fully and uniformly rubbing;
s4: adding water: the fully and evenly rubbed feed raw materials are put into a stirrer to be stirred, purified water with the concentration of 10 percent wt percent of the feed raw materials is added at a constant speed, the feed raw materials are poured into a material making basin to be rubbed by hands again after being evenly mixed, and the mixed feed is stirred until the color is kept consistent, so that the feed raw materials are prevented from forming blocks;
s5: pressing: selecting a die with the diameter of 2.0 and mm, loading the die on a feed machine, adjusting the rotating speed of a rotating shaft to obtain strip feed, and polishing and granulating;
s6: and (3) air-drying and storing feed: and (3) drying the prepared pellet feed at a cool and ventilated place at room temperature, airing and refrigerating at the temperature of-20 ℃ for standby.
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