CN115405017A - 一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙及其施工方法 - Google Patents

一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙及其施工方法 Download PDF

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CN115405017A
CN115405017A CN202211084876.XA CN202211084876A CN115405017A CN 115405017 A CN115405017 A CN 115405017A CN 202211084876 A CN202211084876 A CN 202211084876A CN 115405017 A CN115405017 A CN 115405017A
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integrated
cement
parts
building
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赵振波
郑娟荣
张林林
王迎
毕鹏鹏
栗海玉
吴二勇
张杨洋
郝长杰
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Zhengzhou Technology University High Technology Technology Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明属于建筑保温材料技术领域，尤其涉及一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙及其施工方法，所述一体化墙由多块具有卯榫结构的一体化砖拼接而成，所述一体化墙底部通过承托构件固定，一体化砖之间通过卯榫结构固定，一体化墙与建筑外墙之间通过水泥基灌浆料粘结，本发明用于超低能耗或零能耗新建建筑，也可用于既有建筑的节能改造，且不需要铲除既有建筑旧的装饰层（如瓷、砖等）。

Description

一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙及其施工方法
技术领域
本发明属于建筑保温材料技术领域，尤其涉及一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙及其施工方法。
背景技术
建筑外墙保温装饰一体化产品是国家大力推广的建筑节能新型产品。目前外墙保温装饰一体化板最为广泛的施工方法是以专用粘结砂浆将一体化板粘贴在墙上，且同时通过位于相邻两块一体化板之间的板缝中的锚固件进行锚固，即“粘贴+锚固”的双固定方式。该固定方式存在的主要问题：（1）专用粘结砂浆较粘稠，施工困难，一体化板很难达到要求的粘结面积；（2）目前锚固件种类多，锚固方式差异大，且锚固件的锚固宽度窄小，一旦粘结层发生问题，锚固件无法将一体化板固定在基层墙体上。
随着保温节能要求越来越高（如超低能耗和近零能耗建筑），保温层越来越厚（如超过200mm厚，超过100mm厚被称为砖，小于100mm厚被称为板），加上外装饰层导致一体化砖单体重量过重，因此“粘贴+锚固”的双固定方式存在较大的结构安全隐患。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙及其施工方法。
为达到上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案是：
一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，一体化墙由多块具有卯榫结构的一体化转拼接而成，所述一体化砖中的保温层为无机塑化微孔保温板、发泡玻璃、发泡陶瓷、匀质板中的一种，所述一体化墙底部通过承托构件固定，一体化砖之间通过卯榫结构固定，一体化墙与建筑外墙之间通过水泥基灌浆料粘结。
进一步的，所述一体化砖长L=600~1200mm，宽=300~600mm，厚d=100~240mm；榫头和榫槽位于一体化砖的两侧且的尺寸均为（d-40）/2mm并且距离一体化砖的上、下面各20mm，榫头和榫槽位于一体化砖的厚度方向、呈半园形。
进一步的，所述承托构件为铝合金构件和钢筋混凝土构件中的一种，所述承托构件与每层楼的钢筋混凝土楼面或梁面在同一平面上且与外墙垂直，所述铝合金承托构件通过塑料膨胀螺栓固定在外墙上，所述钢筋混凝土承托构件由钢筋混凝土楼板或梁面往外延伸而成；所述承托构件水平宽度（即距外墙面的垂直距离）为保温层的厚度，所述承托构件水平长度（即与外墙面的平行距离）为保温层的长度的整数倍，所述承托构件的厚度根据根据一体化砖的平均容重和砌筑高度确定。
进一步的，所述水泥基灌浆料厚度5~10mm，水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥185-340份、快硬水泥15~60份、粉煤灰50-100份、硅灰50-100份、悬浮剂1~5份、减水剂1~2份、高分子聚合物0.5~1.5份、砂石400-700份、水胶比为0.3~0.4，所述水胶比是水与胶凝材料的质量比。
优选的，水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥150-300份、快硬水泥20~50份、粉煤灰60-80份、硅灰60-80份、悬浮剂2~4份、减水剂1~2份、高分子聚合物1~2份、砂石500-600份、水胶比为0.32~0.38。
进一步的，所述粉煤灰为二级粉煤灰和一级粉煤灰中的一种；所述砂石由干净河砂和最大粒径≤5mm的石灰石破碎骨料组成；所述硅灰中二氧化硅含量≥85%；悬浮剂是无机凝胶、纳米二氧化硅、温轮胶、纤维素醚中的一种；所述减水剂为高性能聚羧酸减水剂，减水率35%以上；所述高分子聚合物是可再分散乳胶粉，冷水可溶的聚乙烯醇粉中的一种，水泥基灌浆料在搅拌均匀时具有自流平的流动度，但浇注2小时后初凝；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度（垂直板面的拉伸强度）≥0.12MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度≥0.20MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.01~0.05%。
一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙的施工方法，包括以下步骤：
S1清理外墙：将外墙清理干净、即铲除外墙上的浮灰和松动的表层；
S2安装铝合金承托构件或清理钢筋混凝土承托构件：将铝合金承托构件按照有关规范安装固定；如果是钢筋混凝土构件承托构件，清除其上面的沉土和杂物；
S3砌筑与灌浆：将具有榫卯结构的建筑外墙保温装饰一体化砖砌筑在承托构件上，一体化砖之间通过榫卯结构锁住，每块砖与外墙之间的距离为5~10mm；当砌筑完一层一体化砖，一体化砖与外墙的两端的垂直缝用半干性灌浆料堵住，在一体化砖与外墙之间的缝隙5~10mm浇注水泥基罐浆料；然后一层一层往上砌筑与灌浆，直到一层楼高，上、下层通过榫卯结构锁住；
S4养护：水泥基灌浆料在常温5~40℃、相对湿度大于60%条件下养护28天，各项性能指标达到要求，施工完成。
本发明具有的优点是：
1.本发明的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙的固定方式是“下托+侧粘+自锁”三重固定模式，可提高整个外墙保温装饰一体化墙系统的安全性，装饰面平整度更加容易控制；
2.本发明的建筑外墙保温装饰一体化墙的施工方法简单，在整个施工过程，水平方向和上、下层方向均是通过榫卯结构进行，容易控制一体化墙本身的平整度，同时对外墙的平整度要求也不高，因此施工简单，此外，本发明的无机保温装饰一体化墙的固定方式及施工方法可以用于超低能耗或零能耗新建建筑，也可用于既有建筑的节能改造，且不需要铲除既有建筑旧的装饰层（如瓷、砖等）；
3.本发明中水泥灌浆料的流动性好，使得保温层与外墙达到全粘结，以保证保温层被牢牢地粘结在外墙上。同时，由于水泥剂粘结材料与一体化砖均为无机材料，所以，本发明的无机保温装饰一体墙的固定体系具有很好的耐候性，将与建筑物同寿命。
附图说明
图1是本发明中一体化砖的结构示意图。
图2是本发明中一体化墙固定形式示意图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，由多块具有卯榫结构的一体化砖3拼接而成，所述一体化砖由装饰细石混凝土层32、和保温层31一体成型，具体制作方法包括：装饰细石混凝土混合：将水泥、重钙粉、颜料、防水剂、细石和水按比例放入搅拌设备中搅拌，得到干硬性装饰细石混凝土混合料；装饰细石混凝土压制成型：将得到的干硬性装饰细石混凝土混合料装入模具中，并进行压制处理，得到装饰层半成品；施胶：在装饰层半成品还没有终凝前，铺入水泥基粘结剂和一层耐碱网格布；复合成型：在水泥基粘结剂没有凝固前，将无机保温板放在水泥基粘结剂层上并压入2mm；养护：将上述复合成型的一体板在保温（5~40℃）保湿（相对湿度大于80%）条件下养护14天，再在自然条件下干燥7天后即得到保温装饰一体砖成品；所述一体化砖3中的保温层31为无机塑化微孔保温板、发泡玻璃、发泡陶瓷、匀质板中的一种，所述一体化墙1底部通过承托构件4固定，一体化砖之间通过卯榫结构固定，一体化墙1与建筑外墙之间通过水泥基灌浆料2粘结；一体化砖长L=800mm，宽=400mm，厚d=200mm；榫头（突出部分）和榫槽（凹进部分）的尺寸均为80mm并且距离保温板的上、下面各20mm、位于板的厚度方向、半园形，所述承托构件为铝合金承托构件；所述水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥250份、快硬水泥30份、粉煤灰50份、硅灰50份、悬浮剂3份、减水剂1.5份、高分子聚合物1.5份、砂石614份、水胶比为0.35；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度0.15MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度0.22MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.03%；
该建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙的施工方法包括以下步骤：
步骤S01清理外墙：将外墙清理干净、即铲除外墙上的浮灰和松动的表层；
步骤S02安装铝合金承托构件或清理钢筋混凝土承托构：将铝合金承托构件按照有关规范安装固定；
步骤S03砌筑与灌浆：将具有榫卯结构的建筑外墙保温装饰一体化砖砌筑在承托构件上，一体化砖之间通过榫卯结构锁住，每块砖与外墙之间的距离为5~10(mm)；当砌筑完一层一体化砖，一体化砖与外墙的两端的垂直缝用半干性灌浆料（即降低水胶比）堵住，在一体化砖与外墙之间的缝隙（5~10mm）浇注水泥基罐浆料；然后一层一层往上砌筑与灌浆，直到一层楼高（为一个单元），上、下层通过榫卯结构锁住；
步骤S04养护：水泥基灌浆料在常温（5~40℃）（相对湿度大于60%）条件下养护28天，各项性能指标达到要求，施工完成。
实施例2
实施例2与实施例1的不同之处在于：具有榫卯结构的一体化砖的长L=600mm，宽=300mm，厚d=240mm；榫头（突出部分）和榫槽（凹进部分）的尺寸均为100mm并且距离保温板的上、下面各20mm、位于板的厚度方向、半园形；水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥185份、快硬水泥60份、粉煤灰50份、硅灰50份、悬浮剂1份、减水剂1份、高分子聚合物1份、砂石652份、水胶比为0.33；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度0.12MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度0.20MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.05%。
实施例3
实施例3与实施例1的不同之处在于：具有榫卯结构的一体化砖的长L=1200mm，宽=600mm，厚d=100mm；榫头（突出部分）和榫槽（凹进部分）的尺寸均为30mm并且距离保温板的上、下面各20mm、位于板的厚度方向、半园形；承托构件为钢筋混凝土承托构件；水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥300份、快硬水泥50份、粉煤灰100份、硅灰50份、悬浮剂4.5份、减水剂2份、高分子聚合物1.5份、砂石492份、水胶比为0.32；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度0.15MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度0.25MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.02%。
实施例4
实施例4与实施例1的不同之处在于：具有榫卯结构的一体化砖的长L=800mm，宽=400mm，厚d=160mm；榫头（突出部分）和榫槽（凹进部分）的尺寸均为60mm并且距离保温板的上、下面各20mm、位于板的厚度方向、半园形；承托构件为钢筋混凝土承托构件；水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥300份、快硬水泥50份、粉煤灰50份、硅灰100份、悬浮剂4.5份、减水剂2份、高分子聚合物1.5份、砂石492份、水胶比为0.32；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度0.15MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度0.25MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.02%。
实施例5
实施例5与实施例1的不同之处在于：具有榫卯结构的一体化砖的长L=600mm，宽=300mm，厚d=240mm；榫头（突出部分）和榫槽（凹进部分）的尺寸均为100mm并且距离保温板的上、下面各20mm、位于板的厚度方向、半园形；承托构件为钢筋混凝土承托构件；水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥340份、快硬水泥60份、粉煤灰50份、硅灰50份、悬浮剂5份、减水剂2份、高分子聚合物2份、砂石491份、水胶比为0.32；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度0.15MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度0.25MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.02%。
实施例6
实施例6与实施例1的不同之处在于：具有榫卯结构的一体化砖的长L=1000mm，宽=500mm，厚d=120mm；榫头（突出部分）和榫槽（凹进部分）的尺寸均为40mm并且距离保温板的上、下面各20mm、位于板的厚度方向、半园形；水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥320份、快硬水泥30份、粉煤灰100份、硅灰100份、悬浮剂3份、减水剂1.5份、高分子聚合物1.5份、砂石444份、水胶比为0.32；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护7天后与保温板的粘结强度0.13MPa，与陶瓷釉面层的粘结强度0.23MPa；水泥基灌浆料在常温养护28天后的线膨胀率在0.01%。

Claims (6)

1.一种建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，其特征在于：所述一体化墙由多块具有卯榫结构的一体化砖拼接而成，所述一体化墙底部通过承托构件固定，一体化砖之间通过卯榫结构固定，一体化墙与建筑外墙之间通过水泥基灌浆料粘结。
2.如权利要求1所述的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，其特征在于：所述一体化砖长L=600~1200mm，宽=300~600mm，厚d=100~240mm；榫头和榫槽位于一体化砖的两侧且其尺寸均为（d-40）/2mm并且距离一体化砖的上、下面各20mm，榫头和榫槽位于一体化砖的厚度方向、呈半园形。
3.如权利要求1所述的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，其特征在于：所述承托构件为铝合金构件和钢筋混凝土构件中的一种，所述承托构件与每层楼的钢筋混凝土楼面或梁面在同一平面上且与外墙垂直，所述铝合金承托构件通过塑料膨胀螺栓固定在外墙上，所述钢筋混凝土承托构件由钢筋混凝土楼板或梁面往外延伸而成；所述承托构件水平宽度为一体化墙的厚度，所述承托构件水平长度为一体化砖的长度的整数倍。
4.如权利要求1所述的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，其特征在于：所述水泥基灌浆料厚度5~10mm，水泥基灌浆料的质量份组成为：普通水泥185-340份、快硬水泥15~60份、粉煤灰50-100份、硅灰50-100份、悬浮剂1~5份、减水剂1~2份、高分子聚合物0.5~1.5份、砂石400-700份、水胶比为0.3~0.4，所述水胶比是水与胶凝材料的质量比。
5.如权利要求4所述的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙，其特征在于：所述粉煤灰为二级粉煤灰和一级粉煤灰中的一种；所述砂石由干净河砂和最大粒径≤5mm的石灰石破碎骨料组成；所述硅灰中二氧化硅含量≥85%；悬浮剂是无机凝胶、纳米二氧化硅、温轮胶、纤维素醚中的一种；所述减水剂为高性能聚羧酸减水剂，减水率35%以上；所述高分子聚合物是可再分散乳胶粉，冷水可溶的聚乙烯醇粉中的一种。
6.如权利要求1-5任一所述的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化墙的施工方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1清理外墙：将外墙清理干净、即铲除外墙上的浮灰和松动的表层；
S2安装铝合金承托构件或清理钢筋混凝土承托构件：将铝合金承托构件按照有关规范安装固定；如果是钢筋混凝土构件承托构件，清除其上面的沉土和杂物；
S3砌筑与灌浆：将具有榫卯结构的建筑外墙无机保温装饰一体化砖砌筑在承托构件上，一体化砖之间通过榫卯结构锁住，每块砖与外墙之间的距离为5~10mm；当砌筑完一层一体化砖，一体化砖与外墙的两端的垂直缝用半干性灌浆料堵住，在一体化砖与外墙之间的缝隙5~10mm浇注水泥基罐浆料；然后一层一层往上砌筑与灌浆，直到一层楼高，上、下层通过榫卯结构锁住；
S4养护：水泥基灌浆料在常温5~40℃、相对湿度大于60%条件下养护28天，各项性能指标达到要求，施工完成。
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