CN115403500A - 一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法 - Google Patents
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- -1 sulfonyl compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- NHSSTOSZJANVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxybutanenitrile Chemical compound CCC(O)C#N NHSSTOSZJANVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- WYHCRWKRZDIRRT-ZETCQYMHSA-N (2s)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanenitrile Chemical compound CC[C@@H](C#N)N1CCCC1=O WYHCRWKRZDIRRT-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- MUALZKQMJKUWIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 4-methylbenzenesulfinate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 MUALZKQMJKUWIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- AMMBUJFMJOQABC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-carboxypropylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCC(N)C(O)=O AMMBUJFMJOQABC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 206010010904 Convulsion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
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- RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl chloroformate Chemical compound CCOC(Cl)=O RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002140 halogenating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AHAQQEGUPULIOZ-WCCKRBBISA-N methyl (2s)-2-aminobutanoate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC[C@H](N)C(=O)OC AHAQQEGUPULIOZ-WCCKRBBISA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
- C07D207/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/24—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
- C07D207/26—2-Pyrrolidones
- C07D207/263—2-Pyrrolidones with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/27—2-Pyrrolidones with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
- C07B2200/07—Optical isomers
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pyrrole Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,包括:(1)在有机溶剂中,以丙醛氰醇为原料,按一定比例加入磺酰基供体、脂肪酶,在一定的温度下进行动力学拆分反应,柱层析分离,结晶纯化,得到(R)‑丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物;(2)将步骤(1)获得的(R)‑丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物与2‑吡咯烷酮溶于有机溶剂中,进行SN2亲核取代反应,得构型翻转的单一构型的(S)‑2‑(2‑氧代吡咯烷‑1‑基)丁腈;将所述(S)‑2‑(2‑氧代吡咯烷‑1‑基)丁腈水解,得到左乙拉西坦。本发明以常见的丙醛氰醇为起始原料,反应路线短,工艺操作简单,反应收率较高,且反应条件温和,产品光学质量得到保证,具备工业前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物有机合成技术领域,具体涉及一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法。
背景技术
左乙拉西坦是比利时UCB制药公司研发的一种新型抗癫痫药物,化学名称为(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺,分子式为:C8H14N2O2,分子量为170.21,其化学结构式为:
左乙拉西坦在药代动力学上比其他抗癫痫药物更理想,口服易吸收,生物利用度高,具有治疗指数高,不与其他抗癫痫药物发生相互作用,副作用轻微且耐受性好的特点。左乙拉西坦也是目前唯一具有预防癫痫发作的独特性能的抗癫痫药物,具有广泛的市场前景。
目前,左乙拉西坦主要是采用化学拆分法、不对称氢化催化法或以氨基酸为原料合成。但是这些方法都存在一些对生产或产品质量不利的因素。如比利时UCB公司开发的一种采用化学拆分法合成左乙拉西坦的方法,以外消旋(R,S)-2-(2-氧代-1-吡咯烷)丁酸为起始原料,以R-(+)-α-甲基苄胺为拆分剂,在苯中拆分再用强碱处理,得到游离的(S)-2-(2-氧代-1-吡咯烷)丁酸。该酸与氯甲酸乙酯反应,再与氨气发生氨解反应得到左乙拉西坦。但是由于采用苯为拆分溶剂,苯被列为一类溶剂,应该避免使用,因此,该方法采用苯作为拆分溶剂,既有较大的危害性,又不符合原料药生产的要求。
美国专利US20050182262A1公开了一种以(S)-2-氨基丁酸盐酸盐为起始原料,与氯化亚砜和甲醇反应得到(S)-2-氨基丁酸甲酯盐酸盐,与氨水反应得到(S)-2-氨基丁酰胺盐酸,再与4-氯丁酰氯反应,然后环合得到左乙拉西坦。
其中使用了五氯化磷和草酰氯。五氯化磷属监控化学品,生产和进出口受到管制;草酰氯具有高毒性和腐蚀性,与水剧烈反应放出毒性气体一氧化碳,且总收率也较低,环合收率只在60~70%。
中国专利CN101550099A报道了一种以L-蛋氨酸为起始原料制备左乙拉西坦的合成工艺,L-蛋氨酸在碘甲烷和碱性试剂碳酸钠或碳酸钾的存在下反应,生成(S)-2-氨基-4-羟基丁酸(化合物II),化合物II在碱性试剂存在下与4-氯丁酰氯反应得到化合物III,化合物III在碱性条件下与甲基磺酰氯反应生成甲烷磺酰酯(化合物IV),化合物IV氨基后生成酰胺化合物,再在碱性条件下环化,还原生成左乙拉西坦。
该路线在(S)-2-氨基-4-羟基丁酸与4-氯丁酰氯反应中,在碱性条件下4-氯丁酰氯容易和化合物II中的羟基乙基羧基中的羟基发生反应,生成酯化副产物,导致产物纯度低,难以分离。后续反应难以进行,使得整条反应的收率非常低。
中国专利CN101550100A报道了一种以L-苏氨酸为起始原料制备左乙拉西坦的方法,以L-苏氨酸为原料,加入氯化亚砜和甲醇,经酯化反应得到化合物II,化合物II中加入卤代试剂,经卤代反应得到化合物III,化合物III在催化剂雷尼镍或钯碳或铑碳或氯化钯或氧化铂作用下还原得到化合物IV,化合物IV经氨解反应得到化合物V,即(S)-2-氨基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺盐酸盐,(S)-2-氨基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺盐酸盐在碱性条件下与4-氯丁酰氯经环合反应得到左乙拉西坦。
该制备工艺所用到的起始原料为天然氨基酸L-苏氨酸,原料来源广,价格低廉。但是在化合物III的合成中用到的催化剂属于稀有金属催化剂,价格昂贵。在卤化反应中用到的溶剂对环境不友好,在药物合成工艺中应该尽量避
以上现有技术公开的左乙拉西坦的合成方法存在原料来源不便,反应步骤较复杂,催化剂价格较高,不利于环保等缺点。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,该方法操作简便,收率较高。
本发明的一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,包括:
(1)在有机溶剂中,以丙醛氰醇为原料,按一定比例加入磺酰基供体、脂肪酶,在一定的温度下进行动力学拆分反应,柱层析分离,结晶纯化,得到(R)-丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物;
(2)将步骤(1)获得的(R)-丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物与2-吡咯烷酮溶于有机溶剂中,进行SN2亲核取代反应,得构型翻转的单一构型的(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈;将所述(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈水解,得到左乙拉西坦。
进一步的,步骤(1)中所述磺酰基供体为对甲苯亚磺酸苯酯,其加入量与丙醛氰醇的摩尔比为1:1~1.5。
进一步的,步骤(1)中所述的脂肪酶为荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶LipaseAK,其加入量为丙醛氰醇质量的1%~10%。
进一步的,步骤(1)中所述有机溶剂选自甲苯、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、正庚烷的一种或者几种,所述有机溶剂的加入量为丙醛氰醇质量的1-10倍,优选4-6倍。
进一步的,步骤(1)的反应温度为20~80℃,反应时间为6~10小时。
进一步的,步骤(1)中所述的结晶纯化中采用的溶剂为混合溶剂,所述混合溶剂选自甲苯、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇、乙腈、异丙醇中的几种。
进一步的,步骤(2)中所述的有机溶剂为异构烷烃溶剂ISOPAR C,其加入量为(R)-丙醛氰醇磺酰基化合物质量的1-10倍,优选4-6倍。
进一步的,步骤(2)中所述的亲核取代反应的反应温度为0~40℃,反应时间为10~30小时。
进一步的,步骤(2)中所述水解的操作步骤为:在冰浴下,将(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈滴加到浓度为95%的浓硫酸中,滴加完毕后升温至100℃反应1~2小时。
本发明以丙醛氰醇作为起始原料,通过三步反应得到左乙拉西坦,合成路线短,工艺操作简单,反应收率较高。避免了特殊的设备及拆分条件,反应条件温和,副反应少,产品光学质量得到保证,具备工业前景。
有益效果:
(1)本发明提供了一种新的左乙拉西坦的制备方法,以常见的丙醛氰醇为起始原料,经过三步反应,以串联的方式制备左乙拉西坦,反应路线短,工艺操作简单,反应收率较高。
(2)本发明的反应条件温和,不需要特殊的设备及拆分条件,副反应少,产品光学质量得到保证,具备非常有价值的工业前景。
具体实施方式
下面进一步说明本发明的实施例。
实施例1
(R)-1-氰基丙基4-甲基苯磺酸盐(即(R)-丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物)的制备
将17g丙醛氰醇、33g对甲苯亚磺酸苯酯、1.5g荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶LipaseAK(购于杭州创科生物科技有限公司)依次加入100mL甲苯中,升温至45℃进行反应,6小时后,手性液相色谱法检测丙醛氰醇转化率达50%,体系中(R)-丙醛氰醇消失,转化为(R)-丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物(R)-1-氰基丙基4-甲基苯磺酸盐,将反应后的溶液冷却,过滤,减压浓缩,残余物经柱层析纯化得到(R)-1-氰基丙基4-甲基苯磺酸盐23g,将(R)-1-氰基丙基4-甲基苯磺酸盐23g加入乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的混合溶剂(10mL,V:V=10:1)中重结晶,得到(R)-1-氰基丙基4-甲基苯磺酸盐20g,收率为41.8%,光学纯度为99.1%。
实施例2(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈
将实施例1获得的(R)-1-氰基丙基4-甲基苯磺酸盐20g加入ISOPAR C(20mL)中,加入吡咯烷酮10.2g,室温搅拌24小时。加入水洗涤3次(100mL×3),收集水相用甲基叔丁基醚(100mL)连续反萃3次,合并有机相,减压浓缩,残余物经柱层析纯化得到(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈10g,收率为85.3%。
1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):0.88(t,J=8.4Hz,3H),1.63-2.09(m,4H),2.30(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),3.31-3.52(m,2H),4.95(t,J=8.4Hz,1H).
实施例3
左乙拉西坦即(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺的制备
冰浴下,将实施例2获得的(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈10g加入浓度为95%的浓硫酸(20mL)中,加入完毕后升温至100℃反应2小时。冷却至室温,滴加浓氨水中和至弱碱性,加入二氯甲烷萃取(50mL×3),合并有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,减压浓缩,残余物经柱层析纯化得到(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺10.3g,收率为92.3%,白色固体。
1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):6.55(s,1H),6.00(s,1H),4.22(q,J=6.8Hz,1H),3.42(q,J=7.9Hz,1H),3.33(m,1H),2.35(q,J=7.7Hz,2H),1.93(m,3H),1.62(m,1H),0.83(t,3H).
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行了详细描述,但其只是作为范例,本发明并不限制于以上描述具体实施例。对于本领域技术人员而言,任何对本发明进行的等同修改和替代也都在本发明的范畴之中。因此,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围下所作的均等变换和修改,都涵盖在本发明范围内。
Claims (10)
1.本发明的一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,包括:
(1)在有机溶剂中,以丙醛氰醇为原料,按一定比例加入磺酰基供体、脂肪酶,在一定的温度下进行动力学拆分反应,柱层析分离,结晶纯化,得到(R)-丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物;
(2)将步骤(1)获得的(R)-丙醛氰醇的磺酰基化合物与2-吡咯烷酮溶于有机溶剂中,进行SN2亲核取代反应,得构型翻转的单一构型的(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈;将所述(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈水解,得到左乙拉西坦。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述磺酰基供体为对甲苯亚磺酸苯酯,其加入量与丙醛氰醇的摩尔比为1:1~1.5。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述的脂肪酶为荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶LipaseAK,其加入量为丙醛氰醇质量的1%~10%。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述有机溶剂选自甲苯、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、正庚烷的一种或者几种。
5.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述有机溶剂的加入量为丙醛氰醇质量的1-10倍。
6.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)的反应温度为20~80℃,反应时间为6~10小时。
7.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述的结晶纯化中采用的溶剂为混合溶剂,所述混合溶剂选自甲苯、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇、乙腈、异丙醇中的几种。
8.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述的有机溶剂为异构烷烃溶剂ISOPAR C,其加入量为(R)-丙醛氰醇磺酰基化合物质量的1-10倍。
9.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述的亲核取代反应的反应温度为0~40℃,反应时间为10~30小时。
10.根据权利要求1所述一种左乙拉西坦的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述水解的操作步骤为:在冰浴下,将(S)-2-(2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基)丁腈滴加到浓度为95%的浓硫酸中,滴加完毕后升温至100℃反应1~2小时。
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