CN115385710B - 一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法。该复合材料包括以下体积百分比的组分:多孔碳基体20‑60%,增强体40‑80%。所述的增强体由碳网胎、石英网胎、碳平纹布或石英平纹布中的至少两种混编而成。制备方法包括热压成型、高温碳化、化学气相沉积等工艺。与现有技术相比,本发明具有较强的隔热性能和力学性能,并且可以通过改变碳网胎、石英网胎、碳平纹布、石英平纹布的数量比在一定范围内进一步调整复合材料的力学性能与隔热性能以满足实际需求,因而展现出广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及复合材料领域,具体涉及一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
热防护材料的可靠与否关系到高速飞行器的成败。随着飞行器制造技术的发展,飞行器的马赫数不断增加,面临的气动热环境也越来越恶劣,传统的热防护材料如碳/碳、碳/酚醛、二氧化硅/酚醛等,由于热防护效率低等原因,难以满足新一代飞行器远距离、宽速域、超机动的发展需求。因此,研制高强度、低热导的热防护材料已成为航天领域的一项重要工作。
多孔碳基材料具有低密度、低热导率、高比消光系数等特点,其热导率随温度的上升仅略有升高,并且在1500℃以上的超高温环境中依然能保持其纳米孔结构,因此被广泛应用与隔热领域。然而在高温环境下,多孔碳基材料面临剧烈氧化的问题。此外,作为一种脆性材料,多孔碳基材料无法用于强热流冲刷的气动热环境。通过引入纤维作为增强相,多孔碳基材料复合材料可以以纤维拔出、裂纹桥接和分支等方式吸收断裂能量,提高多孔碳基复合材料的力学性能。目前常用的增强相有碳纤维、预氧丝纤维、玻璃纤维等,其中碳纤维具有高模量、高强度、高热稳定性等特点,被广泛用作多孔碳基材料的增强相。然而,碳纤维拥有很高的热导率,采用碳纤维作为增强相将不可避免地降低材料的隔热性能。因此,平衡纤维增强多孔碳基材料的隔热性能与力学性能,已成为当前研究的重要方向。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服上述现有技术存在的缺陷而提供一种具有较强的、可调控的隔热性能和力学性能的混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
本发明由于同时采用了高强度、高热量的碳纤维和低强度、低热导的石英纤维作为增强体,该复合材料拥有可调控的隔热性能与力学性能,具体方案如下:
一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料,该复合材料包括以下体积百分比的组分:多孔碳基体20-60%,增强体40-80%。
进一步地,所述的增强体由碳网胎、石英网胎、碳平纹布或石英平纹布中的至少两种混编而成。
进一步地,所述的碳网胎和石英网胎的面密度为40-70g/cm2;所述的碳平纹布和石英平纹布的面密度为200-400g/cm2,针刺密度为25-40针/cm2。
进一步地,所述的多孔碳基体由固化的多孔酚醛气凝胶碳化得到。
一种如上所述混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将线性酚醛树脂粉末和固化剂混合均匀,形成混合粉末;
将碳纤维网胎和/或石英纤维网胎以及碳平纹布和/或石英平纹布,按照网胎-布逐层交替的顺序堆叠,并在每两层之间撒上混合粉末,然后逐层针刺,形成针刺毡;
将针刺毡装入模具内,然后加压加热,使线性酚醛树脂固化,形成复合材料;
将复合材料在惰性气氛中加热碳化,然后在烷烃氛围中进行化学气相沉积反应,得到混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料。
其中,线性酚醛树脂可以为市售产品,也可以是按照以下方法制备的产品:将一定比例的酚、醛以及催化剂加入到反应器中反应,得到粘稠的黄色液体,然后调整液体的pH值。反应结束后抽真空并干燥,得到固体酚醛树脂。所用的酚为苯酚、甲基苯酚或苯二酚中的一种或几种;所用的醛为甲醛与糠醛,所用的催化剂为盐酸。
进一步地,线性酚醛树脂和固化剂的质量比为(4-6):1,优选为5:1;所述的固化剂包括六亚甲基四胺。
进一步地,所述加压加热的温度为80-170℃,压力为30-50MPa,时间为20-40min。
进一步地,所述碳化的温度为600-800℃,时间为2-4h,氛围为氮气氛围。
进一步地,所述化学气相沉积反应的温度为800-1000℃,压力为0.01-0.03MPa,时间为80-150h。
进一步地,所述化学气相沉积反应的气氛为体积比为1:(20-40)的C3H8与N2。
与现有技术相比,本发明公开了一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料的制备方法,所用原料包括石英纤维、碳纤维、线性酚醛树脂、氮气和丙烷等,采用的工艺包括混热压成型、高温碳化、化学气相沉积等。该材料拥有很高的力学强度与较低的热导率,能够适应航天隔热领域高温高压的环境,并且可以制备大尺寸的异形件,具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料的多层纤维堆叠示意图;
图2为实施例1的横截面SEM照片;
图3为实施例1基体的高倍率SEM照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。本实施例在以本发明技术方案为前提下进行实施,给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程,但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。
一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法,如图1,可分别按下述步骤制得:
步骤1:称取一定质量比的线性酚醛树脂粉末和六亚甲基四胺,混合均匀。取相同大小的碳纤维网胎、碳平纹布、石英纤维网胎和石英平纹布各若干份,按照网胎-布-网胎的次序在每两层之间均匀撒上线性酚醛树脂粉末和六亚甲基四胺,然后以逐层针刺的方式将不同层的纤维缠结在一起组成针刺毡;线性酚醛树脂和六亚甲基四胺的质量比优选为5:1。碳网胎和石英网胎的面密度均为40-70g/cm2,碳平纹布和石英平纹布的面密度为200-400g/cm2,针刺密度优选为25-40针/cm2。平纹布层与网胎层的比例可按所需力学性能强度确定,石英纤维层和碳纤维层的比例可按所需热导率确定。
步骤2:热压成型:取与针刺毡尺寸相符的模具,在其内部涂覆脱模剂并加热至170℃,再将含有线性酚醛树脂粉末和六亚甲基四胺的针刺毡装入模具内,然后适当加压加热,使树脂粉末熔化并与六亚甲基四胺发生交联反应;加压加热的反应温度为100℃,压力为40MPa,时间为30min。
步骤3:碳化:待复合材料固化完成后将其从模具内取出,然后放入碳化炉炉腔内,关闭炉门后先将碳化炉抽真空,再通入氮气直到恢复常压。设定程序使炉腔内的温度缓慢上升,然后保持一定的时间使酚醛充分碳化;碳化温度为600-800℃,时间为2-4h,碳化氛围为氮气氛围。
步骤4:沉积:将复合材料置于化学气相沉积炉内,将C3H8和N2在混气罐中按一定的配比混合然后通入化学气相沉积炉内反应,C3H8产生的热解碳附着在原有的碳骨架上以提升材料的密度从而提升力学性能。反应结束后残留的气体经过过滤由真空泵抽走。沉积结束后得到混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料。C3H8与N2的流量比为1:30,沉积温度为800-1000℃,压力为0.01-0.03MPa,沉积时间为80-150h。
实施例1
一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法,如图2-3,可按下述方法制得:
取面密度70g/cm3的碳网胎15块、面密度70g/cm3的石英网胎3块、面密度400g/cm3的碳平纹布17块,均裁成22×22cm的正方形,然后将网胎与碳平纹布逐层交替堆叠。其中,第1、3、5、7、11、13、15、19、21、23、27、29、31、33、35层为碳网胎层,第9、17、25层为石英网胎层,其余层均为碳布层。取线性酚醛树脂300g、六亚甲基四胺60g,混合均匀后填充在不同纤维层之间,再以逐层针刺的方式将不同层的纤维缠结在一起组成针刺毡。将针刺毡放入22×22×2cm已涂覆脱模剂的模具中,在100℃、40MPa的环境中固化30min。固化完成后从模具中取出材料放入碳化炉,在800℃的温度下碳化2h,再以C3H8为碳前驱体,以N2为载体,按1:30的比例通入化学气相沉积炉,反应温度为1000℃,压力为0.03MPa,沉积时间为150h。C3H8产生的热解碳附着在原有的碳骨架上以提升材料的密度从而提升力学性能,所得的混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料密度为0.8g/cm3,室温热导率为0.26W·m-1·K-1。采用GBT34559-2017标准对所的材料的压缩性能进行测试,测得其压缩强度为240.1MPa。将复合材料加工成10×10×2cm的长方体形状,并在下表面施加1000℃的高温,其余五个面用保温材料包裹,经过300s后材料测得材料上表面温度为226℃。
实施例2
一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法,可按下述方法制得:
取面密度70g/cm3的碳网胎15块、面密度70g/cm3的石英网胎3块、面密度400g/cm3的碳平纹布17块,均裁成22×22cm的正方形,然后将网胎与碳平纹布逐层交替堆叠。其中,第1层与第35层为碳网胎层,第3、5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27、29、31、33层为石英网胎层,其余层均为碳布层。取线性酚醛树脂300g、六亚甲基四胺60g,混合均匀后填充在不同纤维层之间,再以逐层针刺的方式将不同层的纤维缠结在一起组成针刺毡。将针刺毡放入22×22×2cm已涂覆脱模剂的模具中,在100℃、40MPa的环境中固化30min。固化完成后从模具中取出材料放入碳化炉,在800℃的温度下碳化2h,再以C3H8为碳前驱体,以N2为载体,按1:30的比例通入化学气相沉积炉,反应温度为1000℃,压力为0.03MPa,沉积时间为150h。C3H8产生的热解碳附着在原有的碳骨架上以提升材料的密度从而提升力学性能,所得的混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料密度为0.8g/cm3,室温热导率为0.20W·m-1·K-1。采用GBT34559-2017标准对所的材料的压缩性能进行测试,测得其压缩强度为172.4MPa。将复合材料加工成10×10×2cm的长方体形状,并在下表面施加1000℃的高温,其余五个面用保温材料包裹,经过300s后材料测得材料上表面温度为164℃。
实施例3
一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料及其制备方法,可按下述方法制得:
取面密度40g/cm3的碳网胎15块、面密度40g/cm3的石英网胎3块、面密度400g/cm3的碳平纹布17块,均裁成22×22cm的正方形,然后将网胎与碳平纹布逐层交替堆叠。其中,第1层与第35层为碳网胎层,第3、5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27、29、31、33层为石英网胎层,其余层均为碳布层。取线性酚醛树脂300g、六亚甲基四胺60g,混合均匀后填充在不同纤维层之间,再以逐层针刺的方式将不同层的纤维缠结在一起组成针刺毡。将针刺毡放入22×22×2cm已涂覆脱模剂的模具中,在100℃、40MPa的环境中固化30min。固化完成后从模具中取出材料放入碳化炉,在650℃的温度下碳化2h,再以C3H8为碳前驱体,以N2为载体,按1:30的比例通入化学气相沉积炉,反应温度为1000℃,压力为0.03MPa,沉积时间为150h。C3H8产生的热解碳附着在原有的碳骨架上以提升材料的密度从而提升力学性能,所得的混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料密度为0.62g/cm3,室温热导率为0.14W·m-1·K-1。采用GBT34559-2017标准对所的材料的压缩性能进行测试,测得其压缩强度为121.5MPa。将复合材料加工成10×10×2cm的长方体形状,并在下表面施加1000℃的高温,其余五个面用保温材料包裹,经过300s后材料测得材料上表面温度为127℃。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非是对本发明作其它形式的限制,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员可能利用上述揭示的技术内容加以变更或改型为等同变化的等效实施例。但是凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与改型,仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,该复合材料包括以下体积百分比的组分:多孔碳基体20-60%,增强体40-80%,所述的增强体由碳网胎、石英网胎、碳平纹布混编而成,制备方法包括以下步骤:
将线性酚醛树脂粉末和固化剂混合均匀,形成混合粉末,线性酚醛树脂和固化剂的质量比为(4-6): 1;固化剂为六亚甲基四胺;
将碳网胎、石英网胎以及碳平纹布,按照网胎-布逐层交替的顺序堆叠,并在每两层之间撒上混合粉末,然后逐层针刺,形成针刺毡;
将针刺毡装入模具内,然后加压加热,使线性酚醛树脂固化,形成复合材料;所述加压加热的温度为80-170℃,压力为30-50 MPa,时间为20-40 min;
将复合材料在惰性气氛中加热碳化,然后在烷烃氛围中进行化学气相沉积反应,得到混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料;
所述化学气相沉积反应的温度为800-1000℃,压力为0.01-0.03 MPa,时间为80-150h;
所述化学气相沉积反应的气氛为体积比为1: (20-40)的C3H8与N2;
所述复合材料能够适应航天隔热领域高温高压的环境。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的碳网胎和石英网胎的面密度为40-70 g/cm2;所述的碳平纹布的面密度为200-400 g/cm2,针刺密度为25-40针/cm2。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种混编纤维增强的多孔碳基复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述碳化的温度为600-800℃,时间为2-4 h,氛围为氮气氛围。
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