CN115316205B - Saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-inhibiting soil-lifting cultivation method and matched machinery - Google Patents
Saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-inhibiting soil-lifting cultivation method and matched machinery Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D43/00—Mowers combined with apparatus performing additional operations while mowing
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D43/00—Mowers combined with apparatus performing additional operations while mowing
- A01D43/14—Mowers combined with apparatus performing additional operations while mowing with dispensing apparatus, e.g. for fertilisers, herbicides or preservatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D45/00—Harvesting of standing crops
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
Abstract
The invention discloses a saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-inhibiting soil-lifting cultivation method, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, preparing soil, wherein the soil is medium and mild saline-alkali soil; planting, wherein rape is sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows; and thirdly, preserving soil moisture. The invention reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, increases the organic matters in the saline-alkali soil, drives underground pests, and uses rape seedlings for livestock and poultry cultivation; the invention is suitable for planting in saline-alkali soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-inhibiting soil-lifting cultivation method.
Background
The yellow river delta area has sufficient illumination and hydro-thermal synchronization, is an important cultivated land resource backup area in China, and is established as an demonstration area of national agricultural high and new technology industry in 2015. However, the area has the factors limiting the agricultural development, such as small rainfall, large land evaporation capacity, high soil salt content, fragile soil cultivation layer productivity and the like, and is called as the bottleneck of the economic high-quality development and ecological construction of the yellow river delta area. Winter wheat is a main grain crop in the mild saline-alkali soil in the area, however, the winter wheat is in winter and spring with drought, less rain and large evaporation capacity, and the drought can aggravate soil salinization, meanwhile, some agronomic measures which are favorable for preserving soil moisture and inhibiting salt are gradually abandoned along with the increase and decrease of labor cost, so that the problems of low and unstable winter wheat yield, poor production benefit, even waste cultivated land and the like are caused. Therefore, development of winter wheat salt-tolerant cultivation technology research is needed, the utilization efficiency of saline-alkali soil is improved, and the yield of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil is ensured to be stably increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the defects of the prior art and provides a winter wheat cultivation method for reducing evaporation, inhibiting salt and improving soil fertility of saline-alkali soil.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-suppressing soil-lifting cultivation method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing soil, wherein the soil is medium and mild saline-alkali soil; planting, wherein rape is sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows; and thirdly, preserving soil moisture.
In the first step, after the previous crop is harvested, the soil is cultivated in time at the beginning of 9 months to 10 months each year when the soil moisture is suitable; when the soil moisture content is insufficient, soil moisture is produced; when the soil moisture content is too large, tillage is carried out after soil moisture is dispersed.
In the second step, planting, wherein the sowing time is 10 months and 5 days before, the rape is selected from varieties with flat basal leaves and no cold resistance; selecting a variety with a certain salt tolerance or drought resistance from wheat; when sowing, the wheat row spacing is 25-28cm, rape is sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows, and the wheat sowing quantity is increased by 5% compared with a common farmland; and sowing 0.3-0.5 kg/mu of rape according to the early and late sowing periods, and timely compacting the wheat and the rape after sowing.
As another limitation, the rape seedlings are frozen to death in the overwintering period, and are spread to cover the ground for preserving soil moisture.
In the second step, planting is carried out for 10 months, 6 days to 10 months and 25 days, the rape is selected to be a cold-resistant rape variety, the wheat row spacing is 25-28cm during sowing, the rape is sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows, the rape is sowed for 0.5-0.8 kg/mu, and the wheat and the rape are timely compacted after sowing.
As another limitation, when the field rape leaf area index is greater than 2.0, the herbicide of the primary broadleaf grass is sprayed to weed and kill rape seedlings, and the killed rape seedlings and grass cover the ground to preserve soil moisture.
In the second step, the rape is planted, the sowing time is 10 months and 10 days before, the rape is selected to be early maturing rape varieties with strong cold resistance, the wheat row spacing is 27-30cm during sowing, the rape is sowed in the middle of the adjacent wheat rows, the sowing amount of the rape is 0.5-0.8 kg/mu, the rape is timely pressed according to the soil moisture content after sowing, and the weeding before winter is not performed.
As another limitation, the rape stem and leaf covers the ground in the seedling stage, the overwintering stage and the turning-green stage to the rising stage of wheat, and the soil moisture evaporation is reduced to preserve the soil moisture.
As another limitation, harvesting rape, harvesting, collecting and storing rape seedlings, wherein the stored rape seedlings are used for livestock and poultry cultivation.
The matched machinery of the saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-inhibiting soil-lifting cultivation method comprises a tractor, wherein a harvesting unit is arranged at the front end of the tractor and is connected with a conveying mechanism, the conveying mechanism is communicated with a collecting unit, and the collecting unit is connected with the tractor; the harvesting unit comprises a lifting mechanism, an additional manuring mechanism and a shoveling mechanism, wherein two ends of the lifting mechanism are respectively connected with the shoveling mechanism and the tractor, the lifting mechanism is used for driving the shoveling mechanism to be close to or far away from the ground, the shoveling mechanism comprises a shovel head and a fixed pipe, one end of the fixed pipe is connected with the shovel head, the other end of the fixed pipe is connected with the additional manuring mechanism, and a body of the fixed pipe is connected with the lifting mechanism; the fixed pipe is close to the end of the ground and is provided with an anti-blocking mechanism, and the anti-blocking mechanism is used for preventing soil on the ground from blocking the fixed pipe.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical progress:
(1) The rape seedlings are paved on the ground, so that the evaporation of soil moisture is reduced, and the soil moisture conservation effect is achieved;
(2) After the rape seedlings are harvested, the method can be used for livestock and poultry cultivation;
(3) The rape stem leaves which decay in the later stage can play a role in increasing organic matters in saline-alkali soil, and the root system secretion of rape has the effects of inhibiting wheat soil-borne diseases and expelling soil insects.
(4) The matched machine of the invention realizes mechanization, convenience and rapidness for harvesting rape seedlings, reduces the working efficiency of workers, avoids the danger of soil blockage of a fertilization pipeline, and improves the success rate of fertilization.
In conclusion, the invention reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, increases the organic matters in the saline-alkali soil, drives underground pests, improves the success rate of fertilization by using rape seedlings for livestock and poultry cultivation, and is suitable for planting in the saline-alkali soil.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate the invention and together with the embodiments of the invention, serve to explain the invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of wheat-rape interlacing intercropping according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of the oil-wheat compartment of example 1 on the coverage index;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the oil-wheat compartment of example 1 of the present invention on the salt content of the soil layer;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of winter-crossing of oil-wheat intercropped rapes on the coverage index in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of winter-passing oilseed rape intercropping in different periods on salt content of a plough layer according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of winter rape intercropping with oil wheat at different periods on the coverage index according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of wintering of oil wheat at different times on salt content of a tilled layer according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a machine in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a collecting unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the structure of a connecting frame, a width adjusting mechanism and a height adjusting mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a structure of a fixing tube and an anti-blocking mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an anti-blocking mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 13 is a schematic structural view of an additional fertilizer mechanism and a discharge adjusting mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a discharging adjusting mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a schematic view of the construction of a traveling wheel embodying the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a wheel according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is a schematic view of a fixed pipe, a shovel head, and an anti-blocking mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a stationary pipe and another anti-blocking mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 19 is a cross-sectional view of fig. 18 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Marking parts: 1-tractor, 2-elevating system, 3-top dressing mechanism, 4-shovel mechanism, 401-shovel head, 402-fixed pipe, 5-collection unit, 6-link, 7-width adjustment mechanism, 8-walking wheel, 9-altitude mixture control mechanism, 10-ejection of compact adjustment mechanism, 11-pinch roller, 12-anti-blocking mechanism.
Detailed Description
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are presented by way of illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.
Embodiment a saline-alkali soil winter wheat steaming-reducing salt-suppressing soil-lifting cultivation method and matched machinery
The embodiment discloses a saline-alkali soil winter wheat evaporation-reducing salt-inhibiting soil-lifting cultivation method, which comprises the following steps as shown in fig. 1:
1. soil preparation, namely at the beginning of 9 months to 10 months each year, timely tillage is carried out on moderate and slight saline-alkali soil (2.0-3.0 mill) when soil moisture is suitable after the previous crop is harvested; soil moisture is produced when the soil moisture is insufficient; and when the soil moisture content is too large, tillage is carried out after soil moisture is dispersed.
2. Planting mode
2.1 early sowing and covering planting
2.1.1 sowing time is 10 months before 5 days, selecting rape varieties with flat basal leaves and no cold resistance, such as sunlight 131 and the like, and wheat with certain salt tolerance or drought resistance, such as elytrigia pumila 60, de 961, green wheat No. 6, jimai 22 and the like, and sowing by using a wheat-rape sowing integrated machine.
2.1.2 sowing, using a wheat-rape integrated sowing machine, wherein the row spacing of the wheat is 25-28cm, and the rape is sowed in the middle of the adjacent wheat rows; the wheat seeding rate is increased by 5% compared with a common farmland; according to the early and late sowing period, the rape is sowed at a rate of 0.3-0.5 kg/mu, and the rape is lightly compacted at a proper time after sowing.
2.1.3 entering an overwintering period, freezing the rape seedlings due to cold resistance, and laying the ground to cover soil moisture; management of wheat fields before winter is the same as conventional management.
2.2 late sowing cover planting
2.2.1 is sowed later, 6 days to 25 days of 10 months, cold-resistant rape varieties can be selected, the sowing mode is the same as 2.1.2, the sowing amount of rape seedlings is increased to 0.5-0.8 kg/mu, and when the field leaf area index is greater than 2.0, herbicide for removing broadleaf grass is sprayed to kill the rape seedlings in combination with chemical weeding before winter.
2.2.2 the management of wheat fields in spring and later period is the same as the management mode of common wheat fields.
2.3 planting rape seedlings and forage grass
2.3.1 in the area where forage is needed, early maturing rape varieties with stronger cold resistance can be selected. The wheat row spacing is properly increased, for example, 27-30cm, the sowing time is preferably 10 months and 10 days before, the sowing amount is 0.5-0.8 kg/mu, the sowing mode is the same as 2.1.2, the wheat row spacing is timely and lightly pressed according to the soil moisture content after sowing, and the weeding before winter is not performed. Other management modes are the same as those of a common wheat field.
2.3.2 after the wheat seedlings and the rapes are turned green in spring, the rape seedlings are harvested by using a matched machine, such as a wheat-rape interlacing intercropping rape seedling harvesting-topdressing integrated machine, and the harvested rape seedlings can be used for livestock and poultry breeding.
The rape stems and leaves play a role in covering soil surfaces and reducing evaporation of soil moisture in the wheat seedling stage, the overwintering stage, the turning green stage and the rising stage; the later rotten rape stem leaves can play a role in increasing organic matters in saline-alkali soil, and the root exudates of the rape have the effects of inhibiting wheat soil-borne diseases and repelling soil insects.
3. Interlaced intercropping wheat-rape integrated seeder
The planter has two rows of seed boxes, one for holding wheat seeds and the other for holding rape seeds. The sowing legs corresponding to the two seed boxes are distributed at intervals, the wheat sowing legs are arranged in front of the sowing machine, and the spacing between the rape sowing legs and the sowing machine can be adjusted between 20 and 30; the sowing depth of the wheat sowing legs is about 3-5cm and the sowing depth of the rape sowing legs is about 1-2cm during sowing.
4. Wheat rape interlaced intercropping rape seedling harvesting and topdressing integrated machine
As shown in fig. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, the harvesting-topdressing integrated machine comprises a tractor, wherein the tractor 1 is provided with a press wheel 11, the press wheel 11 is positioned at the rear of the tractor 1, the press wheel 11 and a shovel head 401 are oppositely arranged, the tractor 1 is used for enabling the press wheel 11 to be far away from or close to the ground, the press wheel 11 is connected with a lifter carried by the tractor 1 through a connecting rod, the press wheel 11 is a straight cylinder with a smooth wheel surface, and the pressure position is 80-120kg/m (weight per linear meter); when the press wheel 11 is abutted against the ground, the tractor 1 moves forwards to drive the press wheel 11 to rotate, and when the press wheel 11 is far away from the ground, the tractor 1 can correspondingly rotate and adjust; the rotation of the pressing wheel 11 enables the shovel head 401 to shovel out the soil compaction of the rape seedlings; the front end of the tractor 1 is provided with a harvesting unit which is connected with a conveying mechanism, the end, far away from the tractor 1, of the harvesting unit is provided with travelling wheels 8, the travelling wheels 8 are connected with a connecting frame 6 through a supporting frame, the supporting frame comprises a vertical rod and a cross rod, one end of the vertical rod is rotationally connected with the travelling wheels 8, the other end of the vertical rod is slidingly connected with one end of the cross rod, the cross rod is far away from the vertical rod end and connected with the connecting frame, the cross rod is provided with threaded holes, the threaded holes are in threaded connection with locking bolts, the travelling wheels 8 are multiple, the travelling wheels 8 are arranged at intervals along the width direction of the tractor 1, and the travelling wheels 8 are convenient for the tractor 1 to advance; the travelling wheels 8 are respectively provided with a height adjusting mechanism 9, the height adjusting mechanism 9 is a locking bolt, when the locking bolt is in a loosening state, the distance between the travelling wheels 8 and the ground can be adjusted, when the locking bolt is in a working station, the vertical rod and the transverse rod are in a fastening state, the heights of the travelling wheels 8 and the ground are in a fixed state, the height adjusting mechanism 9 is used for adjusting the distance between the travelling wheels 8 and the ground, and the depth of the shovel head 401 penetrating into the ground can be kept consistent by the arrangement of the height adjusting mechanism 9; the conveying mechanism can adopt conveying modes such as clamping belt conveying, conveyor belt conveying, rotating roller conveying and the like, a proper conveying mode is selected by a person skilled in the art according to the requirements, and the conveying mode can adopt a single conveying mode or a combination of multiple conveying modes for conveying; the conveying mechanism is communicated with the collecting unit 5, and the collecting unit 5 is connected with the tractor 1; the harvesting unit comprises a lifting mechanism 2, an additional manuring mechanism 3 and a lifting mechanism 4, wherein the two ends of the lifting mechanism 2 are respectively connected with the lifting mechanism 4 and the tractor 1, the front end of the tractor 1 is connected with a fixing frame through bolts, the fixing frame is connected with one end of the lifting mechanism 2 through bolts, the other end of the lifting mechanism 2 is hinged with the lifting mechanism 4, the lifting mechanism 2 can adopt structures such as an electric push rod and hydraulic lifting, the number of the lifting mechanisms 2 can be 1 or 2, the lifting mechanism 2 can be used in combination with a telescopic rod, when the number of the lifting mechanisms 4 is 1, 1 lifting mechanism 2 can be selected, when the number of the lifting mechanisms 4 is 1, the lifting mechanism 4 is directly connected with the lifting mechanism 2, and when the number of the lifting mechanisms 4 is 1, single-row harvesting of the oil vegetable seedlings is carried out; when the plurality of the removing mechanisms 4 are arranged at intervals along the width direction of the tractor 1, when the plurality of the removing mechanisms 4 are arranged, a plurality of rows of rape seedlings can be harvested at the same time, so that the work efficiency is improved; 2 lifting mechanisms 2 can be selected, 2 lifting mechanisms 2 are respectively positioned at two sides of the tractor 1, a plurality of shoveling mechanisms 4 are respectively connected with a connecting frame 6 through bolts, the connecting frame 6 is connected with the lifting mechanisms 2, the connecting frame 6 is provided with a width adjusting mechanism 7, the width adjusting mechanism 7 can adjust the positions of the adjacent shoveling mechanisms 4 so as to enable the shoveling mechanisms 4 to be matched with rape seedlings to be collected, the width adjusting mechanism 7 can be an adjusting groove formed along the length direction of the connecting frame 6, the width adjusting mechanism 7 can also be a plurality of screw holes, and the screw holes are formed at intervals along the length direction of the connecting frame 6; the width adjusting mechanism 7 can also adopt other structures; the width adjusting mechanism 7 is connected by bolts, when the bolts are in a loosening state, the distance between the adjacent removing mechanisms 4 is adjusted, when the bolts are in a fastening state, the removing mechanisms 4 are in fastening connection with the connecting frame 6, and the lifting mechanism 2 is used for driving the removing mechanisms 4 to be close to or far from the ground; the shoveling mechanism 4 comprises a shovel head 401 and a fixed pipe 402, one end of the fixed pipe 402 is connected with the shovel head 401, the other end of the fixed pipe 402 is connected with a topdressing mechanism 3, the body of the fixed pipe 402 is connected with a lifting mechanism 2, the fixed pipe 402 is close to the ground end and is provided with an anti-blocking mechanism 12, the anti-blocking mechanism 12 extends towards the rear lower side away from the fixed pipe 402, the lowest point of the anti-blocking mechanism 12 is higher than the lowest point of the shovel head 401, the anti-blocking mechanism 12 can prevent the fixed pipe 402 from being inserted into soil when the lifting mechanism 2 descends, the soil is blocked by the anti-blocking mechanism 12, the anti-blocking mechanism 12 is contacted with the soil at first when the lifting mechanism 2 descends, the soil is prevented from sliding outwards along the side edge of the anti-blocking mechanism 12, the soil is prevented from entering the fixed pipe 402 to block the fixed pipe 402, the anti-blocking mechanism 12 is used for preventing the soil on the ground from blocking the fixed pipe 402, the anti-blocking mechanism 12 can be an anti-blocking plate, one end of the anti-blocking plate is connected with the fixed pipe 402, the anti-blocking plate extends towards the rear lower side away from the fixed pipe 402, the anti-blocking plate is arranged towards the shovel head 401 to form a convex end, and the anti-blocking plate is arranged towards the convex end to be arranged towards the convex side of the shovel head 401, and the convex side is arranged towards the convex side to be arranged towards the side of the convex side of the shovel edge, so that the anti-blocking mechanism can be arranged towards the convex side; the anti-blocking plate is arranged in a concave arc towards the end of the tractor 1, and the concave arc is convenient for fertilizer to flow, so that the probability of blocking the anti-blocking plate by large-particle fertilizer is reduced; the anti-blocking mechanism 12 can also adopt other structures, such as a circular blocking structure, a rotary blocking structure and the like, the surface of the circular blocking structure is provided with an annular channel, the circular blocking structure is used for placing the soil blocking fixing pipe 402, and the annular channel is used for fertilizer to flow into soil; when the tractor works, firstly, a driver adjusts the position of the tractor to enable the shovel head 401 to be aligned with one row of rape seedlings, then, the shovel head 401 is enabled to be in contact with the ground through the lifting mechanism 2, meanwhile, the anti-blocking mechanism 12 is also in contact with the soil on the ground, the tractor 1 is closed, then, fertilizer is placed into the topdressing mechanism 3, then, the driver starts the tractor 1, and enables the tractor 1 to advance to drive the shovel head 401 to enable the rape seedlings to be separated from the ground, meanwhile, the separated rape seedlings are conveyed into the collecting unit 5 through the conveying mechanism, and meanwhile, the fertilizer in the topdressing mechanism 3 flows into the soil through the fixed pipe 402 and the anti-blocking mechanism 12.
Example 1: early sowing and natural freezing injury covering planting
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the average salt content of the land is 1.89 per mill measured before sowing, 30 kg of compound fertilizer (14-34-0) and 15 kg of calcium superphosphate are applied as base fertilizer, and the land is ploughed. Sowing for 5 days in 10 months, wherein the wheat variety is green wheat No. 6, the sowing amount is 10 kg per mu, and the row spacing is 26cm; the rape variety is sun 131, the sowing amount is set to be 0.3 kg/mu, 0.4 kg/mu and 0.5 kg/mu, and 3 sowing amounts are set in addition to the wheat unicast control. The coverage index and the salt content of the cultivated layer were measured from the sampling formulas every 15 days for 10 months and 25 days, and the yield was measured from the harvest formulas at the end of the wax maturation, wherein the coverage index was calculated as:
the coverage index increases with the growth progress of wheat and rape, and the larger the sowing amount is, the larger the coverage index increase rate is. Cooling for 11 months and 8 days, recovering growth after heating, and cooling to-10deg.C for 12 months and 25 days, wherein the rape seedling is frozen due to no cold resistance, and the coverage index reaches 2.52 at maximum. After the wheat enters the overwintering period, rape leaves are dried up, the coverage index is slightly reduced, but the average coverage of intercropping treatment is smaller than that of the wheat Shan Zuogao 91.3.3%.
The salt content of the plough layer soil is 1.89 per mill during sowing, and then the difference of the area index and the coverage of the mesenchymal leaves in different planting modes is gradually increased. After entering the overwintering period (25 days of 12 months), the average content of 3 wheat rape mixed sowing modes is 11.1 percent lower than that of a wheat single sowing mode.
TABLE 1 wheat yield of wheat-rape intercropping early sowing
| Wheat unicast | 0.3 kg/mu | 0.4 kg/mu | 0.5 kg/mu | |
| Wheat yield (kg) | 389.6 | 405.3 | 410.8 | 410.3 |
In the wheat rape intercropping early sowing mode, the wheat yield of the three intercropping modes is respectively improved by 4.03%, 5.44% and 5.31% compared with the wheat unicast mode.
Example 2 wheat-rape intercropping late sowing and spring spraying herbicide
As shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the sowing time was 10 months and 15 days, and the requirements for fertilization, soil preparation, soil moisture production, etc. were the same as those of example 1. The wheat variety is green wheat No. 6, the rape variety is cold-resistant ridged oil No. 7, the sowing mode is the same as 2.1.2, the rape sowing amount is set to be 0.5 kg/mu, 0.7 kg/mu and 0.9 kg/mu, the wheat unicast treatment is additionally arranged, and the management before winter is the same as that of a common wheat field; after the second year of turning green, when the field leaf area index is more than 2.0, the rape seedlings and grass are killed by combining with wheat field spring weeding. The spring and later management of wheat are the same as those of common wheat fields. The coverage index and the salt content of the plough layer are calculated according to the sampling formula at 15-day intervals of 11 months and 15 days, and the yield is measured according to the sampling formula at the end of waxing.
The coverage index increases with the growth progress of wheat and rape, and the larger the sowing amount is, the larger the coverage index increase rate is. When the temperature is reduced to-10 ℃ for 12 months and 25 days, slight freezing injury occurs, and the growth is slow after the temperature is raised. At this time, the coverage indexes of the wheat unicast and intercropping are 0.64/0.92/1.13 and 1.32, respectively. The coverage index for each treatment was 0.62/1.06/1.35 and 1.56, respectively, for 3 months and 2 days. By 3 months and 17 days, the average coverage of the intercropping treatment was 167.1% less than wheat Shan Zuogao.
With the promotion of the growth process of wheat and rape, the water in the upper layer of the soil is evaporated, the salt content of the surface soil is continuously increased, and the coverage difference among different planting modes is gradually increased. When the wheat is turned green, the salt content of the soil surface soil of the mixed sowing treatment of the wheat and the rape is 12.6 percent lower than that of the single sowing treatment of the wheat.
TABLE 2 wheat yield by intercropping of wheat and rape late sowing
In the wheat rape intercropping late sowing mode, the wheat yield of the three intercropping modes is respectively improved by 3.0%, 5.36% and 4.89% compared with the wheat unicast mode.
Example 3 wheat rape intercropping rape seedling forage grass application planting
As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the sowing time was 10 months and 5 days, and the requirements for fertilization, soil preparation, soil moisture production, etc. were the same as those of example 1. Wheat variety Qingmai No. 6, rape variety Long oil No. 6 with cold resistance and early maturing. The sowing quantity is 0.4 kg/mu, 0.6 kg/mu and 0.8 kg/mu, and the wheat is additionally subjected to unicast treatment. The rape is lightly compacted in time according to the soil moisture content during sowing, and is not compacted after the rape emerges from the seedling, and weeding before winter is not performed. Other management modes are the same as those of a common wheat field.
After the wheat seedlings and the rapes are turned green in spring (3 months and 18 days), the rapes are harvested by using a wheat-rape interlaced intercropping and rape seedling harvesting-topdressing integrated machine, and the yield is measured.
The coverage index increases with the growth progress of wheat and rape, and the larger the sowing amount is, the larger the coverage index increase rate is. The coverage index of the intercropping treatment of the wheat rape is more than 2.0 before overwintering (1 day of 12 months), and the average wheat unicast is 1.2 higher. By day 3 months 17, the coverage index of each treatment was 1.28/2.36/2.45 and 2.68, respectively, with the average coverage of the intercropping treatment being less than Shan Zuogao 95.1.1% for wheat.
Along with the promotion of the growth process of the wheat rapes, the salt content of the surface layer of the soil is continuously increased, the covering and salt inhibiting effects of the wheat rapes intercropping treatment are gradually developed, and the oxygen content of the surface layer soil of the wheat rapes intercropping treatment is lower than that of single wheat plants by 0.16 per mill on average during the turning green.
Table 3 wheat and rape seedling yield for intercropping rape forage grass
| Wheat unicast | 0.4 kg/mu | 0.6 kg/mu | 0.8 kg/mu | |
| Wheat yield (kg) | 385.3 | 396.5 | 403.6 | 405.2 |
| Rape seedling yield (kg) | 852.0 | 1280.0 | 1705.0 |
In the wheat rape intercropping late sowing mode, the wheat yield of the three intercropping modes is respectively improved by 2.91%, 4.75% and 5.116% compared with the wheat unicast mode. In addition, the intercropping treatment can obtain 85.2-1705.0 kg of rape seedlings.
Finally, it should be noted that: the foregoing description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, but the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or that equivalents may be substituted for part of the technical features thereof. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A method for cultivating winter wheat in saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta region by reducing evaporation, inhibiting salt and extracting soil is characterized by comprising the following steps: the cultivation method comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing soil, namely, medium and slight saline-alkali soil, wherein the soil preparation is that after the previous crop is harvested, the soil is cultivated in time at the beginning of 9 months to 10 months each year when soil moisture is suitable; when the soil moisture content is insufficient, soil moisture is produced; when the soil moisture content is too large, tillage is carried out after soil moisture is dispersed;
planting, namely sowing rape in the middle of adjacent wheat rows, wherein the planting comprises early sowing covering planting, late sowing covering planting and forage grass application planting of rape seedlings, the early sowing covering planting is carried out, the sowing time is 10 months and 5 days before, and the rape selects varieties with flat basal leaves and no cold resistance; selecting a variety with a certain salt tolerance or drought resistance from wheat; when sowing, the wheat row spacing is 25-28cm, rape is sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows, and the wheat sowing amount is increased by 5% compared with a common farmland; according to the early and late sowing period, sowing 0.3-0.5 kg/mu of rape, timely compacting the wheat and the rape after sowing, entering an overwintering period, freezing rape seedlings, spreading and covering the ground for preserving soil moisture; the late sowing is covered and planted, the sowing time is between 10 months and 6 months and 25 days, the rape is selected to be a cold-resistant rape variety, the wheat row spacing is 25-28cm during sowing, the rape is sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows, the rape is sowed in 0.5-0.8 kg/mu, and the wheat and the rape are timely pressed after sowing; when the field rape leaf area index is greater than 2.0, spraying herbicide of primary broadleaf grass to weed and kill rape seedlings, and preserving soil moisture of the killed rape seedlings and grass covered ground; the rape seedling forage grass is planted in an application mode, the sowing time is 10 months and before 10 days, early maturing rape varieties with strong cold resistance are selected from rape seeds, the wheat row spacing is 27-30cm during sowing, the rape seeds are sowed in the middle of adjacent wheat rows, the sowing amount of the rape seeds is 0.5-0.8 kg/mu, the rape seeds are timely pressed according to the soil moisture content after sowing, and weeding before winter is not performed; the rape stems and leaves cover the ground in the seedling stage, the overwintering stage, the turning-green stage and the rising stage of the wheat, so that soil moisture evaporation is reduced and soil moisture is preserved; harvesting rape, harvesting, collecting and storing rape seedlings, wherein the stored rape seedlings are used for livestock and poultry cultivation.
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