CN115299330B - Artificial climate hop planting method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a planting method of artificial climate hops, which is characterized in that during the growth period of hops, the temperature in a greenhouse is maintained at 15-35 ℃, and the relative humidity is maintained at 50-90%; soilless culture is carried out by adopting a matrix; the matrix is selected from one or more of coconut husk, rock wool, peat, vermiculite and perlite; the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly nitrate nitrogen, and the iron is chelate. The invention realizes soilless cultivation planting of hops in an intelligent glass greenhouse, reduces the limitation of regional climate to hop production, and realizes the planting and output of hops in areas such as Shanghai which are not suitable for traditional planting of hops.

Description

Artificial climate hop planting method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and relates to a method for planting hops in artificial climate.

Background

Hops are perennial root plants of Humulus of Moraceae, the academic name is Humulus lupulus, the aliases are aromatic hops, yeast flowers, hops and the like, and lupulones are contained in cones and are main factors for giving out peculiar fragrance of brewed beer, so that the beer has fresh aromatic fragrance and bitter taste; hops are a natural preservative in their own right, which, while imparting a particular flavor to the beer, also extend the shelf life of the beer.

China is a large country for beer production, domestic high-quality hops have limited productivity, and the raw materials of the hops still depend on import at present. The planting area of domestic hops is limited, and the method is mainly used in northwest areas such as Gansu and Xinjiang in China. Traditionally, soil planting is performed, only one crop is harvested in one year, and hops are generally dried and compressed into granular hops for long-distance transportation and long-term storage. Limited by the distance of transport and the supply period, fresh flowers are not generally used directly for brewing wine. At present, few researches are related to the soilless culture technology of hops in an intelligent glass greenhouse with controllable environment for more than one year.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention hopes to reduce the limit of regional climate to the production of hops through the research of the technology, and simultaneously establishes a technical basis for realizing the supply of fresh flowers of hops.

The invention provides a method for planting artificial climate hops, wherein during the growth of hops, the temperature in a greenhouse is maintained at 15-35 ℃ (preferably 20-29 ℃ or 15-25 ℃ with the temperature difference not exceeding 10 ℃ day and night), and the relative humidity is maintained at 50-90% (preferably 50-85%); soilless culture is carried out by adopting a matrix; the matrix is selected from one or more of coconut husk, rock wool, peat, vermiculite and perlite; the nitrogen fertilizer in the fertilizer is mainly nitrate nitrogen (namely, the nitrate nitrogen accounts for more than 50 percent, preferably more than 60 percent, more than 70 percent, more than 80 percent, more than 85 percent, more than 90 percent and more than 95 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer), and the iron adopts a chelate state.

In some embodiments, the matrix is any one of a 1) -a 3): a1 Coco coir, a 2) coco coir and rock wool in a mass ratio of 1:1, a 3) peat, coco coir and perlite in a mass ratio of 4:3:3.

In some embodiments, the amount of matrix per hop is no less than 25L (preferably no less than 7 gallons, more preferably, the amount of matrix per hop is 14 gallons).

In some embodiments, the fertilizer comprises calcium nitrate, EDTA-Fe, monobasic potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, manganese sulfate, borax, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium molybdate (these compounds are permitted to exist in the fertilizer in its hydrated or non-hydrated form).

In some embodiments, the fertilizer is configured as a mother liquor with a concentration of 100 times, and the mother liquor with the concentration of 100 times is diluted by 100 times to be working solution for use; each 1000L of mother solution with 100 times concentration contains: 128-156kg of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, 1.1-1.3kg of EDTA-Fe (13.1%), 40-48kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 68-83kg of magnesium sulfate, 45-55kg of potassium nitrate, 4-6kg of magnesium nitrate, 176-216g of manganese sulfate, 243-297g of borax, 131-161g of zinc sulfate, 22.5-27.5g of copper sulfate and 11.7-14.3g of sodium molybdate (preferably, 142.0kg of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, 1.2kg of EDTA-Fe (13.1%), 44kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 75kg of magnesium sulfate, 50kg of potassium nitrate, 5kg of magnesium nitrate, 196g of manganese sulfate, 270g of borax, 146g of zinc sulfate, 25g of copper sulfate and 13g of sodium molybdate.)

In some embodiments, for ease of storage and deployment, the 100-fold concentration mother liquor is divided into a-tank mother liquor and a B-tank mother liquor; every 1000L of the A tank mother liquor contains: 128-156kg of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and 1.1-1.3kg of EDTA-Fe (13.1 percent) (preferably 142.0kg of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and 1.2kg of EDTA-Fe (13.1 percent)); every 1000L of the B tank mother liquor contains: 40-48kg of monopotassium phosphate, 68-83kg of magnesium sulfate, 45-55kg of potassium nitrate, 4-6kg of magnesium nitrate, 176-216g of manganese sulfate, 243-297g of borax, 131-161g of zinc sulfate, 22.5-27.5g of copper sulfate and 11.7-14.3g of sodium molybdate (preferably 44kg of monopotassium phosphate, 75kg of magnesium sulfate, 50kg of potassium nitrate, 5kg of magnesium nitrate, 196g of manganese sulfate, 270g of borax, 146g of zinc sulfate, 25g of copper sulfate and 13g of sodium molybdate). And when the working solution is prepared, mixing 1 part of the A tank mother solution and 98 parts of the B tank mother solution with 98 parts of water to obtain the working solution.

In some embodiments, the EC value of the 100-fold concentration of the mother liquor is 2.1 to 2.5ms/cm (preferably 2.2 to 2.4ms/cm, or 2.3 ms/cm) per 1000L of the mother liquor; each 1000L of mother solution with 100 times concentration contains: 7.4-9.0mmol/L K ⁺ 、5.4-6.6mmol/L Ca ²⁺ 、2.9-3.5mmol/L Mg ²⁺ 、15.7-19.1mmol/L NO ₃ ^- 、2.7-3.3mmol/L SO ₄ ^2- 、2.9-3.5mmol/L H ₂ PO ₄ ^- 、25.1-30.7μmol/L Fe ²⁺ 、10.4-12.8μmol/L Mn ²⁺ 、4.6-5.6μmol/L Zn ^{2 +} 、25.5-31.1μmol/L B、0.9-1.1μmol/L Cu ²⁺ 、0.45-0.55μmol/L Mo。

Further, each 1000L of the mother solution with 100 times concentration contains: 8.2mmol/L K ⁺ 、6.0mmol/L Ca ²⁺ 、3.2mmol/L Mg ²⁺ 、17.4mmol/L NO ₃ ^- 、3.0mmol/L SO ₄ ^2- 、3.2mmol/L H ₂ PO ₄ ^- 、27.9μmol/L Fe ²⁺ 、11.6μmol/L Mn ²⁺ 、5.1μmol/L Zn ²⁺ 、28.3μmol/L B、1μmol/L Cu ²⁺ 、0.5μmol/L Mo。

In some embodiments, the pH of the working fluid is between 5.5 and 6.5. The ratio of the liquid discharge amount to the liquid feed amount is generally controlled to 15-25%.

In some embodiments, the EC value of the working fluid is from 1.4 to 3.6ms/cm.

In some embodiments, the adjusted working fluid is used to irrigate the hops during the budding and expansion phases; after said adjustmentThe working solution of the device is prepared by diluting the adjusted mother solution with the concentration of 100 times by 100 times; the adjusted mother solution with 100 times concentration is the mother solution with 100 times concentration for reducing NO ₃ ^- 、K ⁺ And Mg (magnesium) ²⁺ Concentration of Ca is increased ²⁺ And HBO ₃ ^- Concentration (preferably reduced NO) ₃ ^- 、K ⁺ And Mg (magnesium) ²⁺ The molar concentration is 0.4, 0.5 and 0.5mmol/L respectively, and Ca is improved ²⁺ And HBO ₃ ^- Molar concentrations of 0.5 and 5.8mmol/L respectively).

In some embodiments, the adjusted 100-fold concentration of mother liquor is up-regulated by 10-15% for the missing element relative to the 100-fold concentration of mother liquor.

In some embodiments, irrigation water quality requirements are as follows:

EC is less than 1.0ms/cm (preferably less than 0.5 ms/cm);

the sodium and chlorine content must not be higher than 75ppm at maximum (preferably lower than 30-40 ppm);

Ca ²⁺ the concentration requirement of (2) is less than 2mmol/L, mg ²⁺ The concentration of (C) is less than 0.5mmol/L, SO ₄ ^2- The concentration requirement of (2) is less than 0.5mmol/L;

HCO ₃ ^- the content is required to be less than 2 times of the total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, and not more than 10mmol/L;

Fe ²⁺ the content of (2) is required to be less than 5 mu mol/L;

the zinc ion content is required to be less than 5 mu mol/L;

the manganese ion content is required to be lower than 10 mu mol/L;

the copper ion content is required to be not more than 3. Mu. Mol/L (preferably less than 0.5. Mu. Mol/L);

the maximum boron ion content should not exceed 25. Mu. Mol/L.

In some embodiments, the hop varieties are selected from the group consisting of cascatt, saaz, chinook, columbus, challenger, citral, DANA, and the like.

In some embodiments, harvesting is performed three to four times a year, including spring stubbles from 3 months to 5 months, summer stubbles from 6 months to 8 months, and autumn afterstubbles from 9 months to 11 months.

Further, four stubbles are collected in one year, and the method also comprises overwintering stubbles of 11 months to 2 months.

In some embodiments, the planting density is 3-6 vines per square meter (preferably 3.7-5.9 vines per square meter, more preferably 4.6 vines per square meter).

Further, four stubbles are collected in one year, and the method also comprises overwintering stubbles of 11 months to 2 months. The hanging wire height of the greenhouse crops is not less than 5 meters. The rootstock of the seedling is 1-1.5 cm thick, the length is 12-15 cm, the seedling internodes are short, but more than two layers of bud nodes are needed, and the incision position on the bud pitch is 2+/-0.2 cm. A greenhouse is equipped with an environmental regulation apparatus comprising: the system comprises a heating system, a ventilation system, a shading curtain, a heat-preserving curtain, a carbon dioxide fertilization system and an automatic drip irrigation fertilization system; the environment regulation and control equipment regulates and controls temperature, light, water, gas and fertilizer through a computer.

The invention is improved from the following aspect 5:

1. screening suitable planting substrates

In soilless culture, coconut coir, rock wool, mixed matrix and the like are often used as planting matrixes. During the hop planting matrix screening, a plurality of planting matrixes such as rock wool, coconut coir, rock wool and coconut coir mixed matrixes (peat, coconut coir and perlite) are used for planting, and a proper planting matrix is mainly evaluated according to the root system condition.

2. Screening suitable planting container

The two planting containers, namely the gallon basin and the foam box, are compared, and the proper planting container is evaluated according to the condition of the root system.

3. Research on proper nutrient solution formula

According to the existing analysis on nutrient elements of the side vines of the beer, a basic formula is firstly established by combining with a common soilless culture formula. And (3) fine tuning the basic formula by sending the liquid back in different growth periods, so as to establish the formula of the hops in different growth periods.

4. Study of suitable planting Density

Three planting densities, 3.7, 4.6 and 5.9, were set up for density tests, and suitable planting densities were evaluated primarily from the yield data.

5. Study of environmental conditions suitable for hop cultivation

The planting environment is controlled by means of an environmental control system of the intelligent glass greenhouse, and the performance of hops in each period is observed.

The beneficial effects are that:

1. the soilless culture planting of the hops in the intelligent glass greenhouse is realized, the limit of regional climate to the production of the hops is reduced, and the planting and the output of the hops are realized in areas which are originally unsuitable for the traditional planting of the hops, such as the Shanghai.

2. Realizes the planting of hops in three to four batches in one year, can supply fresh hops in multiple batches throughout the year, and lays a foundation for the application of the fresh hops in beer production.

The conception, specific structure, and technical effects of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings to fully understand the objects, features, and effects of the present invention.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention.

FIG. 1 is a photograph of the root system of hops in coconut coir based cultivation of stubble 3.

FIG. 2 is a comparison of hop root growth in different substrates.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph of fresh root weight data analysis of hops cultivated using different substrates.

FIG. 4 is the effect of planting substrate capacity on fresh weight of hop root system.

Fig. 5 is the nutrient content of the hops side vines.

Fig. 6 is an offset of irrigation effluent from the base formulation.

Fig. 7 is data of the yields of hops for three stubs.

FIG. 8 is the growth of the hop root system with the foam box as a planting container.

Fig. 9 is a diagram of hop root growth with a gallon drum as a planting container.

FIG. 10 is a comparison of density yields.

FIG. 11 is a graph of greenhouse temperature.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing hop inflorescence growth.

FIG. 13 is a diagram of hop plant growth.

FIG. 14 shows hop growth under different sunlight and temperature conditions (low temperature oligolighting in left panel, adequate temperature and light in right panel).

Detailed Description

The invention is further described with reference to the following detailed description in order to make the technical means, the inventive features, the achieved objects and the effects of the invention easy to understand. The present invention is not limited to the following examples.

1. Greenhouse facility requirements

The greenhouse should be equipped with necessary environmental regulation equipment, including: the system comprises a heating system, a ventilation system, a shading curtain, a heat-preserving curtain, a carbon dioxide fertilization system and an automatic drip irrigation fertilization system, and the temperature, light, water, gas and fertilizer are effectively regulated and controlled by a computer. By the use of these devices, the temperature in the greenhouse can be maintained between 15 and 35 ℃ and the relative humidity between 50 and 90% during hop growth. The hanging wire height of the greenhouse crops is not less than 5 meters.

2. Preparation before cultivation

(1) Variety selection

Selecting high-quality, high-yield and high-disease-resistance varieties, such as Kascate, saaz and other fragrant flower varieties.

(2) Irrigation water source and water quality

The recovered rainwater is used for irrigation (collected by a reservoir) as much as possible. When the rainwater is insufficient, tap water is adopted for irrigation. No matter what water source is adopted, the quality requirements of irrigation water used for soilless culture are as follows:

EC is less than 1.0ms/cm, preferably less than 0.5ms/cm.

The sodium and chlorine content should not be higher than 75ppm at maximum, preferably lower than 30-40ppm.

Ca ²⁺ Is generally required to be less than 2mmol/L, mg ²⁺ Is generally required to be less than 0.5mmol/L SO ₄ ^2- Generally less than 0.5mmol/L is required.

HCO ₃ ^- The content is generally required to be less than 2 times the total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, and at most 10mmol/L should not be exceeded.

Fe ²⁺ The content of (C) is required to be less than 5 mu mol/L.

The zinc ion content is required to be less than 5 mu mol/L.

The manganese ion content is required to be lower than 10 mu mol/L.

The copper ion content is required to be less than 0.5. Mu. Mol/L, and at most 3. Mu. Mol/L should not be exceeded.

The maximum boron ion content should not exceed 25. Mu. Mol/L.

(3) Cultivation method and cultivation substrate

Soilless culture is carried out by adopting substrate culture, and forms such as gallon basin, planting groove and the like can be adopted.

The culture medium must have stable chemical property, does not contain toxic and harmful substances, and does not cause the change of nutrient solution components due to the medium in long-period cultivation; the substrate must have good water retention and aeration properties and most importantly, the substrate must be free of insect sources and pathogenic bacteria. The matrix can be coconut husk, rock wool, peat, vermiculite, perlite, etc. The matrix quantity of each hop is generally not less than 25L, and the matrix quantity is great, so that the growth and development of root systems are facilitated. FIG. 1 is a photograph of the root system of hops in coconut coir based cultivation of stubble 3.

Through three-crop planting and screening, the mixed matrixes of pure coco coir, coco coir rock wool (1:1) and peat coco coir perlite (4:3:3) are all more suitable hop planting matrixes. Meanwhile, the measured root fresh weight data show that the root fresh weight of hops cultivated by the peat coco coir perlite (4:3:3) mixed matrix is obviously higher than that of hops cultivated by pure coco coir and coco coir rock wool (1:1), and the specific example is shown in the embodiment 1.

(4) Fertilizer

The fertilizer is prepared from fully-soluble horticultural grade fertilizer with low impurity content, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly nitrate nitrogen, iron is chelate, and common fertilizer mainly comprises calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, monopotassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, EDTA-Fe, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, borax, copper sulfate, sodium molybdate and the like.

3. Cultivation management

(1) Arrangement of stubbles

The soilless cultivation planting of hops in a greenhouse can realize harvesting of three to four stubbles in one year, and is generally divided into spring stubbles (3-5 months), summer stubbles (6-8 months), autumn delay (9-11 months) and overwintering stubbles (11-2 months), and the upper part of the land is cut off after harvesting of each stubble is finished, and the underground buds are reserved for re-germination.

(2) Seedling raising

The high-quality rootstock seedling is selected, the rootstock of the seedling is required to be 1-1.5 cm thick and 12-15 cm long, and the seedling internode is short, but more than two layers of bud nodes are required, the incision position on the bud pitch is about 2 cm, and the seedling has no plant diseases and insect pests. The cuts at the two ends are smooth and complete, no splitting damage exists, and the buds are full and fat. Before seedling raising, the seedling is soaked or sprayed with plant ash or potassium permanganate solution in 0.3-0.5% to avoid infection and rot of seedling roots. Firstly, seedling raising is carried out in a planting matrix, clear water is irrigated in the period, new roots are required to be sent out, and the root system is well developed, so that field planting can be carried out.

(3) Field planting and planting density

Preparation before field planting: cleaning and sterilizing the greenhouse frame, the drip irrigation system and the tools in the greenhouse.

After the first year of seedling cultivation, the field planting density of the seedlings is 0.5 plant/square meter.

The first crop of seedlings after field planting has low hop yield, is in the key period of root growth and development, and is preferably planted with low density to increase light transmission, wherein the number of vines in each plant is about 6, and the corresponding density is 3 vines per square meter.

After the first crop is planted, the hop root system is developed perfectly, and the yield begins to rise. 6-12 vines are reserved on each plant, and the corresponding density is 3-6 vines per square meter. Generally, vines are reserved according to illumination conditions of the harvested crops, and the crops with long sunlight time and high illumination intensity are selected to have higher density. Conversely, in the case of unsatisfactory rotation under illumination, a lower density is selected to ensure the quality characteristics of hops.

(4) Plant adjustment

Placing hooks and leading vines: the hops plants were suspended using a payable horticultural hanger. The method comprises the steps of hooking according to the density of 6 hanging wires of each hop, and reserving vines and guiding vines according to the density requirement of crops for rotation, wherein 1-2 vines are generally guided by one hanging wire.

And (3) bud preparation: and (3) pulling out matrixes around the rhizomes to expose the rhizomes, selecting 6-12 vertical and strong buds according to the planting density requirement, erasing redundant disordered buds of the rhizomes, and when the vertical and strong buds are not available, replacing the buds with transverse (oblique) buds and righting the buds with the matrixes. After the whole bud is completed, the matrix is lightly covered back.

Pruning and branching: after the selected main vines are put on the shelf, the rest lateral buds are wiped off. The side branches within 1 meter from the root are all wiped off, and the side branches can be wiped off at the same time, so that nutrients can be concentrated conveniently for the growth of the main vines.

Old leaves are beaten: when the main vines grow to about 4 meters, the old She Daqu which is about 1 meter away from the root is used for reducing the consumption of nutrients by old leaves, increasing ventilation and ventilation, reducing humidity and reducing the risk of disease occurrence.

Vine falling: when the height of the growth of the main vines is close to that of the gardening hooks, the hanging ropes on the hooks are released for two circles, the hop plants fall by about 40cm, and the effective growth height of hops is increased.

(5) Greenhouse environmental control

Illumination: the shading of crops by the greenhouse structure is reduced as much as possible, and meanwhile, the greenhouse covering material is cleaned in time, so that the greenhouse covering material can be conditionally supplemented when the illumination is insufficient. Hops are long-day plants, and research shows that photoperiod has an important regulatory effect on the differentiation of their inflorescences. The illumination time is prolonged by light supplementing, so that the differentiation of hop inflorescences is more beneficial.

Temperature: hops are cool and grow at 15-25 ℃. Hops are strong in cold resistance, but when the temperature is too low, the plants grow slowly and mature slowly. Hops are inferior in heat resistance and can have adverse effects on their growth, yield and quality when the temperature is too high. The temperature is generally equal to 15-20 ℃ at night and 20-29 ℃ at daytime by combining the external light temperature difference of the planted crops for rotation.

Humidity: in the planting process, the humidity is generally controlled to be 50-85%. If the humidity is too high (the relative humidity is more than 90%), the transpiration of plants is less, the cooling effect is poor, meanwhile, the transportation of certain nutrient elements in the plants is influenced, and certain fungal diseases (such as downy mildew) are caused. The humidity is reduced mainly by ventilation, and if it is low in winter, it can be reduced by heating. If the humidity is too low (relative humidity less than 50%), it may cause the plant to transpire too fast, causing stress on the growth of hops. The proper increase in density, reduced ventilation and proper shading can increase greenhouse humidity.

Carbon dioxide: carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis of plants. Hops grow vigorously and consume a large amount of carbon dioxide, in a closed greenhouse in winter, the carbon dioxide cannot be exchanged with air due to the large consumption of carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide concentration in the air in the greenhouse drops quickly under the condition of good sunny illumination conditions, and the carbon dioxide concentration is timely supplemented, so that the light and the action efficiency of the hops are improved, and the carbon dioxide concentration in the greenhouse can be supplemented to 700-900ppm in general sunny weather in winter.

(6) Fertilizer and water management

The formula of the nutrient solution mother solution comprises: at present, the related research on the formula of the hop soilless culture nutrient solution is less. Previous studies on nutrient elements of the side vines of the hop show that the content change of the nutrient elements is most stable when the hop plant is in the shelf period, and the ratio of the nutrient elements of the meristem of the healthy plant can reflect the total requirement of the hop on the elements. In combination with the universal nutrient solution in soilless culture, a mother liquor formulation (table 1 shows the component content and fertilizer type, respectively) of 100 times concentration was formulated as follows.

Table 1, mother liquor formulation at 100-fold concentration in some embodiments

And (3) adjusting the formula of nutrient solution mother liquor in different growth periods: the different growth stages of hops also differ in the demands for each nutrient due to the different ratios of nutrient growth to reproductive growth. To ensure specific nutritional requirements of hops at different times, the nutritional ingredients should be appropriately increased or decreased at different times of fertility with reference to standard formulas, as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 adjustment of mother liquor component content formulations at 100 times concentration in some embodiments for different periods of birth

Nutrient solution/growth stage	Tendril stretching period	Period of putting on shelf	Bud stage	Expansion period
					NO 3 - mmol/L			-0.4	-0.4
K + mmol/L			-0.5	-0.5
					Ca 2+ mmol/L			+0.5	+0.5
Mg 2+ mmol/L			-0.5	-0.5
					HBO 3 - μmol/L			+5.8	+5.8

Preparing a nutrient solution mother solution: the preparation of nutrient solution is to prepare concentrated mother liquor, and then dilute the mother liquor to the required concentration according to a certain proportion under the control of a computer during irrigation. The nutrient mother liquor is typically prepared using two mother liquor tanks (tank a and tank B) and one acid-base tank. The acid-base tank refers to a tank for containing acid or base, and is mainly used for adjusting the PH during irrigation. The common acid is nitric acid and the common alkali is potassium hydroxide. When preparing the nutrient solution mother liquor, firstly, accurately weighing the amounts of various fertilizers required to be added in the tank A and the tank B according to the nutrient solution mother liquor fertilizer formula. When in preparation, water of 1/3-1/2 tank is added into the tank A and the tank B, then the fertilizer is added in sequence according to the fertilizer formula, after each fertilizer is added, the mixture is fully stirred, and after the fertilizer is completely dissolved, the other fertilizer is added, and for some trace element fertilizer which is difficult to dissolve, such as chelated iron, copper sulfate and the like, the trace element fertilizer is dissolved in a container in advance and then is added into a mother liquor tank. After all the fertilizer is added into the mother liquid tank, stirring is fully carried out to fully dissolve all the fertilizer, and then water is added to the needed scale.

Concentration of irrigation nutrient solution (i.e. working solution): the concentration of the irrigation nutrient solution is changed in different growth periods of hops, the nutrient growth and reproductive growth of the hops can be regulated through the change of the concentration of the nutrient solution, and the concentration of the nutrient solution in the tendril stage and the shelf stage is properly lower so as to promote the plants to grow rapidly until the plants start to bud, and the concentration of the nutrient solution is improved so as to promote the reproductive growth. The change in irrigation nutrient concentration throughout the growth period was performed as in table 3.

TABLE 3 variation of EC values of irrigation nutrient solutions throughout the period of fertility

Stage of fertility	Tendril stretching period	Period of putting on shelf	Bud stage	Expansion period
					Irrigation EC value	1.5±0.3	1.5-2.2	2.2-3.0	3.5±0.3

Nutrition monitoring: the soilless culture substrate has weak buffering performance, and nutrient imbalance can be generated due to slight carelessness in fertilizer and water management, so that the nutrient condition of hops must be tracked and monitored frequently. The formula of the nutrient solution can be adjusted in time by detecting and analyzing the nutrient content of the hop rhizosphere nutrient solution. The monitoring procedure was as follows: measuring the pH and EC of the irrigation nutrient solution and the medium nutrient solution every day; the irrigation nutrient solution and the medium nutrient solution (including trace elements) are comprehensively analyzed monthly; in addition, the juice or leaf of the plant can be sampled and analyzed.

Nutritional diagnosis: according to the detection of the content of the components of the rhizosphere nutrient solution, the rhizosphere nutrient solution is compared with the irrigation solution, and the displacement is larger, so that the deficiency of the nutrient solution is possibly caused. The nutritional status can be judged by observing hop leaves and growth and development conditions, and the symptoms of imbalance of various nutritional elements of plants are as follows:

A. old She Bingzheng

B. Symptoms are often spread throughout the plant, with dry focus and death of basal leaves

C. The whole plant is light green, the basal leaves are yellow, and when dried, the basal leaves are brown, and the stem is thin and short-nitrogen

C. The whole plant is dark green, the upper leaf is usually red or purple, the basal leaf is yellow or dry dark green, the thin and short stem-phosphorus

B. The condition is often localized, the basal leaves are not dry but are variegated or green, the edges of the leaves are cupped or wrinkled

C. She Zase or lack of green, sometimes red, with necrotic spots, thin stems- -magnesium

C. She Zase it is lack of green, and has necrotic spots, small, thin-potassium

C. Necrotic spots are large and commonly occur between veins, and finally occur in veins, thick, thin-zinc

A. Disease of tender bud

B. Death of terminal buds, deformation or necrosis of tender leaves

C. Tender leaves initially take the shape of a hook and die inwards from the leaf tips and leaf edges- -calcium

C. The base of tender leaf is light green, and withered from the leaf base, she Nianqu-boron

B. The terminal buds are still alive, but lack green or wilt, and have no necrotic spots

C. Tender leaf wilting without losing green, weak stem tip-copper

C. Tender leaves will not wilt and will lose green

D. Small necrotic spots and green veins- -Mn

D. No necrotic spots

E. Leaf vein is still green-iron

And (3) nutrition formula adjustment: based on the results of monitoring the nutrient solution and the manifestation of symptoms of malnutrition, if a certain nutrient composition is found to deviate greatly or to manifest a certain nutrient deficiency symptom, the formula of the nutrient solution mother solution must be adjusted when the nutrient solution is prepared later. Typically up-regulated by 10-15% for the missing element.

Irrigation management: irrigation management is generally developed around EC (solution conductivity), PH and irrigation volume. EC value, i.e., conductivity, is the ability of a solution to conduct current, expressed in numbers, reflecting how much ions are in the solution, and is an important parameter reflecting the concentration of the solution. Control is generally made with reference to the requirements of the hops for different growth periods. It should be noted that in daily irrigation management, the EC value of irrigation needs to be adjusted in combination with the intensity of illumination. When the illumination is strong, the plant transpiration is strong, the water demand is high, and a lower EC value is adopted, so that the plant can obtain enough water; when the illumination is weaker, then the EC value of the irrigation liquid can be kept at a higher level. The pH value, i.e., pH value, affects the effectiveness of various elements. A reasonable pH range is 5.5-6.5. In soilless culture planting, as the root system has low quality and poor buffering property, certain liquid discharge amount is required to be ensured through excessive irrigation, so that the root system environment is stable, and stress and poison of individual elements and secondary metabolites on crops are avoided. The ratio of the liquid discharge amount to the liquid feed amount is generally controlled to 15-25%. The irrigation amount is controlled according to the accumulated light radiation amount, namely, a certain amount of nutrient solution is irrigated every time a certain radiation amount is reached, and most modern greenhouse cultivation adopts the method at present. The irrigation setting is finely adjusted every day by combining the liquid discharge requirement, so that the irrigation quantity is in a reasonable range.

(7) Pest control

The easily-developed diseases of the hop mainly comprise powdery mildew, downy mildew, root rot and the like; the easy-to-occur insect pests mainly comprise white fly, red spider, aphid and the like, the pest control is implemented by adopting a policy of 'pre-control and comprehensive control', and according to the basic principle of pest comprehensive treatment (IPM), comprehensive control measures which mainly resist (resistant) insect varieties, mainly cultivate control and mainly combine biological (ecological) control with physical and chemical control are adopted.

Cultivating strong seedlings: and the water and nutrition management and the environmental control in the seedling stage are enhanced, and healthy strong seedlings without diseases and insects are cultivated.

Ecological and ecological management control: during the whole growth period, environment control equipment such as a greenhouse heating system, a ventilation system, a curtain and the like are comprehensively applied, the temperature and the humidity of the greenhouse are controlled to be 15-25 ℃, the day-night temperature difference is not more than 10 ℃, and the relative humidity is controlled to be below 90%, so that the environmental conditions are not beneficial to the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests. The production operation rules are strictly executed, so that inner and outer personnel, operation tools and the like are prevented from becoming transmission media of the diseases and insects, timely pruning is performed, old, damaged branches, leaves, fruits and the like infected by the diseases and insects are timely removed, and the infection sources of the diseases and insects are reduced.

Physical control and biological natural enemy control: the insect net of the greenhouse ventilation opening device prevents external insects from entering the greenhouse, and the insect lamp is utilized to trap and kill the insects, and meanwhile, the yellow plate is hung to monitor, kill and reduce the insect sources in the greenhouse; the predatory mites, the aphid and other biological natural enemies can respectively prevent mites and white flies, and the natural enemies are released generally in the initial period of pests.

And (3) medicament prevention and control: on the basis of the control technologies, low-toxicity high-efficiency medicaments can be adopted for control if necessary. The special person is responsible for checking and monitoring the occurrence of the plant diseases and insect pests, and takes the medicine in a targeted mode. Biological pesticides and bionic pesticides are preferably selected for controlling the medicament. The efficient, low-toxicity and safe chemical agents (such as sterilizing agents of prig, metalaxyl, pamphlet and the like, and pesticides of imidacloprid, tebufenpyrad and the like) are reasonably used. Note that different types of pesticides are used alternately in order to avoid developing resistance.

(8) Harvesting

Harvesting standard: when the hops are mature, the flower body scales (bracts) are tightly closed, are elastic and have sandy sound when held by hands; the lupulus glands at the base of the scales are golden yellow and emit special lupulus fragrance, and the proper harvest period is adopted at the moment. The storage index is more than or equal to 0.25, and the alpha-acid reaches the normal value requirement of each variety and primarily reaches the harvesting requirement.

The harvesting method comprises the following steps: harvesting the vines, and picking hop cones. And when the planting scale is smaller, artificial flower picking can be adopted. If the planting scale is large, a special hop stripper can be used for separating the fresh flowers from the vines in consideration of labor cost.

And (5) storing after picking: the flower contains 70-80% of water, and can be stored at low temperature (0-5deg.C), dry, anoxic and light-proof place.

Example 1 selection of suitable planting Medium and Container

(1) Planting substrate screening

Five planting matrixes including pure coco coir, pure rock wool, coco coir rock wool (1:1) mixing, peat coco coir perlite (4:3:3) mixing matrix and coco coir decomposed beer lees (1:1) mixing are arranged together. The five planting matrixes all adopt gallon basins as planting containers, and daily planting management is consistent. More than 30 plants were planted for each treatment.

The development time of the planting matrix test is 2021, 5 months to 2022, 6 months, three planting stubbles are adopted, and the applicability of the planting matrix is evaluated mainly according to the growth condition of a hop root system and the fresh weight of the root system.

(1) The growth of hop root system is shown in figure 2.

Initial stage of planting (21 years summer stubble): the pure rock wool treatment group has the most excellent root system growth, more capillary roots and normal overground parts; the aerial parts of the coconut husk decomposed beer grains (1:1) mixed treatment group have excellent performance, dark green leaves, long inflorescences, large flower quantity and large flowers. According to analysis, the pure rock wool has single composition and lowest EC value, and is beneficial to the development and growth of root systems in the early stage of planting. In the coconut husk decomposed beer lees (1:1) mixed treatment group, the decomposed beer lees play a role of slow-release organic fertilizer, so that hops are rich in nutrition and grow vigorously.

Mid-late stage of planting (21 year autumn stubble and 22 year spring stubble): along with the extension of planting time, the physical properties of the pure rock wool treatment group are not suitable for the growth of hop root systems due to the structural change of the rock wool; the advantages of the decomposed brewery grain treatment group are reduced due to the decay of fertility; the three matrixes of the pure coco coir and coco coir rock wool (1:1) mixed matrix and peat coco coir perlite (4:3:3) mixed matrix are more stable in performance, good in root system development, large in coarse roots and vigorous in capillary roots.

(2) Fresh weight of hop root system:

after the spring stubble planting of 22 years is finished, destructive sampling is carried out on three planting matrixes with good appearance, namely, pure coco coir and coco coir rock wool (1:1) mixed matrixes of peat coco coir perlite (4:3:3), and the fresh weight of root systems is measured. The sampling method comprises the following steps: three plants were randomly selected from 30 plants for each of the three treatment groups, and the root system was isolated from the substrate. The measured root fresh weight data show (Table 4 and FIG. 3) that the fresh weight of the hops cultivated by the peat coir perlite (4:3:3) mixed matrix is significantly higher than hops cultivated by the pure coir and coir rock wool (1:1) mixed matrix.

TABLE 4 fresh weight of hop root system under three planting substrates

(2) Capacity of planting substrate

Typically, the amount of matrix per hop is no less than 7 gallons per hop. And the substrate amount increased to 14 gallons per unit substrate root fresh weight increased significantly by comparison to the 14 gallon/plant treatment group (fig. 4).

EXAMPLE 2 investigation of an appropriate nutrient mother liquor formulation

At present, the related research on the formula of the hop soilless culture nutrient solution is less. Previous studies on nutrient elements of the side vines of hops show (figure 5) that the nutrient element content changes most stably when the hops plants are in the shelf-life, and the comparison of the nutrient elements of the meristems of the healthy plants can reflect the overall requirements of the hops on the elements. The nutrient elements of the hop side vines are measured in the vine stretching period, and a mother solution formula with 100 times of concentration shown in table 5 is prepared by combining the universal nutrient solution in soilless culture. At the same time, irrigation effluent is sent during each period of hop growth, and the mother liquor at this period is further adjusted by analyzing and comparing the deviation from the basic formula, as shown in fig. 6.

Table 5, mother liquor formulation of 100 times concentration

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And (3) adjusting the formula of nutrient solutions in different growth periods: the different growth stages of hops also differ in the demands for each nutrient due to the different ratios of nutrient growth to reproductive growth. To ensure specific nutritional needs of hops at different times, the various nutritional ingredients should be appropriately increased or decreased during different growth periods with reference to standard formulas, table 6.

TABLE 6 corresponding adjustment of nutritional ingredients during different fertility phases

With the formulation of hops adjusted and perfected, hop yields were significantly improved, as follows are yield data for three stubbles, fig. 7.

Example 3 selection of suitable planting Container

Under the same condition, the two planting containers of the gallon basin and the foam box are compared, and the proper planting container is evaluated from the condition of the root system. As can be seen from fig. 8 and 9, the hops root system is more vigorous and the coarse roots are more coarse, using the gallon drums as planting containers. Figures 8 and 9 are both pure coconut coir base.

Example 4 investigation of suitable planting Density

Under the same conditions, three planting densities of 3.7 square meters, 4.6 square meters and 5.9 square meters were established, and density tests were performed to evaluate the proper planting density from the yield data. As can be seen from FIG. 10, the yield of hops obtained at about 4.6 vines per square meter was higher than the other two planting densities.

Example 5 greenhouse temperature control

Fig. 11 shows the temperature control of the greenhouse during the period of 16 days of 2022, 6 months, and 28 days of 2022, 6 months. Hops perform well in plants when the temperature is in the range of 15-30 ℃.

The growth condition of the hop inflorescence obtained by the cultivation method provided by the invention is shown in figure 12, and the growth condition of the plant is shown in figure 13.

FIG. 14 shows hop growth under different sunlight and temperature conditions (other conditions being the same). The left graph adopts low-temperature oligolighting, namely the daily average temperature is 11.8 ℃, and the daily average lighting accumulation is 107.3 Klux.h; the right graph adopts adequate illumination, namely the daily average temperature is 17 ℃, and the daily average illumination accumulation amount is 188.6 Klux.h. From this, it can be seen that hops have certain requirements on the average temperature and the accumulated amount of average illumination, and are two important factors affecting the growth of hops.

The foregoing describes in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations can be made in accordance with the concepts of the invention without requiring creative effort by one of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, all technical solutions which can be obtained by logic analysis, reasoning or limited experiments based on the prior art by the person skilled in the art according to the inventive concept shall be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims (2)

1. A planting method of artificial climate hops is characterized in that during the growth of hops, the temperature in a greenhouse is maintained at 20-29 ℃ or 15-25 ℃, the day-night temperature difference is not more than 10 ℃, and the relative humidity is maintained at 50-85%; soilless culture is carried out by adopting a matrix; the nitrogen fertilizer in the fertilizer takes nitrate nitrogen as a main component, and iron adopts a chelate state; the matrix is any one of a 1) -a 3): a1 Coco coir, a 2) coco coir and rock wool in a mass ratio of 1:1, a 3) peat, coco coir and perlite in a mass ratio of 4:3:3; the matrix amount of each hop is not less than 7 gallons; the fertilizer comprises calcium nitrate, EDTA-Fe, monopotassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, manganese sulfate, borax, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate and sodium molybdate; the fertilizer is configured into mother liquor with 100 times concentration, and when the fertilizer is used, the mother liquor with 100 times concentration is diluted 100 times to be working solution and then used; each 1000L of mother solution with 100 times concentration contains: 128-156kg of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, 1.1-1.3kg of EDTA-Fe (13.1%), 40-48kg of monopotassium phosphate, 68-83kg of magnesium sulfate, 45-55kg of potassium nitrate, 4-6kg of magnesium nitrate and 176-17 kg of manganese sulfate216g, 243-297g of borax, 131-161g of zinc sulfate, 22.5-27.5g of copper sulfate and 11.7-14.3g of sodium molybdate; each 1000L of mother solution with 100 times concentration contains: 7.4-9.0mmol/L K ⁺ 、5.4-6.6mmol/L Ca ²⁺ 、2.9-3.5mmol/L Mg ²⁺ 、15.7-19.1mmol/L NO ₃ ^- 、2.7-3.3mmol/L SO ₄ ^2- 、2.9-3.5mmol/L H ₂ PO ₄ ^- 、25.1-30.7μmol/L Fe ²⁺ 、10.4-12.8μmol/L Mn ²⁺ 、4.6-5.6μmol/L Zn ²⁺ 、25.5-31.1μmol/L B、0.9-1.1μmol/L Cu ²⁺ 0.45-0.55 mu mol/L Mo; irrigating by adopting the adjusted working solution in the bud setting period and the expansion period of the hops; the adjusted working solution is prepared by diluting the adjusted mother solution with 100 times of concentration by 100 times; the adjusted mother solution with 100 times concentration is the mother solution with 100 times concentration for reducing NO ₃ ^- 、K ⁺ And Mg (magnesium) ²⁺ Concentration of Ca is increased ²⁺ And H ₂ BO ₃ ^- Concentration; the irrigation water quality requirements are as follows:

EC is less than 1.0mS/cm;

the sodium and chlorine content must not be higher than 75ppm at maximum;

Ca ²⁺ the concentration requirement of (2) is less than 2mmol/L, mg ²⁺ The concentration of (C) is less than 0.5mmol/L, SO ₄ ^2- The concentration requirement of (2) is less than 0.5mmol/L;

HCO ₃ ^- the content is required to be less than 2 times of the total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, and not more than 10mmol/L;

Fe ²⁺ the content of (2) is required to be less than 5 mu mol/L;

the zinc ion content is required to be less than 5 mu mol/L;

the manganese ion content is required to be lower than 10 mu mol/L;

the copper ion content is required to be not more than 3 mu mol/L;

the maximum boron ion content is not more than 25 mu mol/L;

harvesting three to four stubbles in one year, including spring stubbles of 3 months to 5 months, summer stubbles of 6 months to 8 months and autumn afterstubbles of 9 months to 11 months; the planting density is 3-6 vines per square meter.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hop varieties are selected from the group consisting of cascatt and Saaz, chinook, columbus, challenger, citral, DANA.