CN115259892B - 一种基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN115259892B
CN115259892B CN202210755807.0A CN202210755807A CN115259892B CN 115259892 B CN115259892 B CN 115259892B CN 202210755807 A CN202210755807 A CN 202210755807A CN 115259892 B CN115259892 B CN 115259892B
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吴其胜
孙辉
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Yancheng Institute of Technology
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷及其制备方法,包括镍渣、SiO2气凝胶、高铝水泥、粘结剂、助熔剂、化学发泡剂及增韧剂;制备时将镍渣破碎球磨过筛后,与高铝水泥、SiO2气凝胶、粘结剂、助熔剂、发泡剂及增韧剂混合球磨制得混合物,将上述混合物造粒、压制成型后脱模,并进行高温煅烧,即可。该发泡陶瓷具有宏孔和介孔的多级孔结构,使得该发泡陶瓷在具有较高孔隙率的同时具有优异的抗压强度,应用于墙体保温建筑材料,不仅力学强度高,且同时具有轻便保温性能。

Description

一种基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于陶瓷制备领域,尤其涉及一种基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷及其制备方法。
背景技术
镍渣是有色金属镍冶金行业生产过程中产生的废弃物,据报道,每生产1t 镍,将排放6-16t镍铁渣。目前,处理镍渣的方法主要集中于水泥混凝土和建筑墙体材料中,例如专利CN109608062A公开了一种富硅镁镍渣混凝土增强剂及镍渣增强混凝土材料,专利CN108863255A公开了一种镍渣混凝土,专利CN105130492A公开了一种镍渣加气混凝土及其制备工艺等。这些方法都能够资源化镍渣,不过产品附加值很低且远远不够满足国内镍渣的排放。
发泡陶瓷是一种含有很多开口或闭口气泡的多孔材料,其开口孔隙率多、使用寿命长、产品再生性能好,具有耐高温和耐高压、抗酸碱腐蚀的优异性能等优点,可以适用于外墙保温、管道隔热、高压气体排气消音、气体吸附及电解滤膜等领域。诸多学者探索利用工业固废为原料制备发泡陶瓷,例如专利 CN113480324A公开了一种粉煤灰和冶金废渣制备的发泡陶瓷及其制备方法,专利CN113387717A公开了一种高铁型全尾矿基发泡陶瓷保温材料及其制备方法,专利CN113061049A公开了一种高强赤泥基发泡陶瓷及其制备方法与应用,但该类发泡工艺单一,制备的产品不具有多级孔特征。
气凝胶是一种低密度、低导热系数、高比表面积、高孔隙率的介孔材料,其中以SiO2气凝胶使用最为广泛,制备成的气凝胶复合材料具有轻便保温的性能,比如气凝胶毯和气凝胶毛毡。如果将气凝胶优异的轻便保温性能结合到发泡陶瓷上,充分利用生产出复合材料,是材料发展的一个重要方向。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明的第一目的是提供一种具有宏孔和介孔,且基于镍渣的多级孔发泡陶瓷材料;
本发明的第二目的是提供上述发泡陶瓷的制备方法。
技术方案:本发明的基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷,按重量份数包括如下原料:镍渣20-60份、SiO2气凝胶0.1-1份、高铝水泥30-70份、粘结剂1-5 份、助熔剂1-5份及化学发泡剂1-4份;其中,所述化学发泡剂为偶氮二甲酰胺、对甲苯磺酰肼或苯磺酰肼。
本发明将镍渣与高铝水泥相复配制得MgO-SiO2-Al2O3三元结构体系的堇青石-钙长石复合陶瓷,且基于该结构陶瓷,复配SiO2气凝胶及化学发泡剂,SiO2气凝胶在球磨时能均匀分布于镍渣和高铝水泥颗粒接触的空隙中,在高温下能够起到分散隔离陶瓷内部由于化学发泡产生的联通气体,从而使部分联通气体分离生成一部分介孔,且气孔分散均匀,形成具有宏孔和介孔的多级孔结构,宏孔和介孔的结构使得陶瓷呈现较低的密度的同时,具有优异的抗压强度。此外,结合助熔剂和增韧剂,助熔剂能够与镍渣高铝水泥形成低共熔化合物,大幅度提高生成堇青石-钙长石复合陶瓷相的烧结温度,于1020℃便可以生成。增韧剂能够增加多级孔材料力学性能,提高该多级孔陶瓷的抗压强度。
进一步说,该发泡陶瓷还可包括增韧剂0.2-1份。
进一步说,该发泡陶瓷的粘结剂至少可包括羧甲基纤维素、焦磷酸钠或聚乙烯醇中的一种。
进一步说,该发泡陶瓷的助熔剂至少可包括氟化镁、氟铝酸钾或四硼酸钠中的一种。
进一步说,该发泡陶瓷的增韧剂可为氧化锆或莫来石纤维。
本发明制备上述气凝胶镍渣多级孔发泡陶瓷的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣破碎球磨过筛后,与高铝水泥、SiO2气凝胶、粘结剂、助熔剂、发泡剂及增韧剂混合球磨20-50min,制得混合物料;
(2)将上述混合物料造粒、压制成型后脱模,并进行热处理反应,即可。
进一步说,该制备方法的步骤(2)中,压制成型的压力可为1-5MPa。
进一步说,该制备方法的步骤(2)中,高温煅烧是先于450-500℃条件下,保温反应20-30min,再于1020-1120℃条件下,保温反应60-120min。
有益效果:与现有技术相比,本发明的显著优点为:该发泡陶瓷具有宏孔和介孔的多级孔结构,使得该发泡陶瓷在具有较高孔隙率的同时具有优异的抗压强度,应用于墙体保温建筑材料,不仅力学强度高,且同时具有轻便保温性能。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例2的发泡陶瓷宏孔结构SEM图;
图2为本发明实施例2的发泡陶瓷介孔结构SEM图;
图3为本发明实施例2的发泡陶瓷X射线衍射图谱;
图4为本发明实施例7的发泡陶瓷SEM图;
图5为本发明实施例7的发泡陶瓷X射线衍射图谱;
图6为本发明对比例1的发泡陶瓷SEM图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明的技术方案做进一步详细说明。
本发明基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷按重量份数包括如下原料:镍渣 20-60份、SiO2气凝胶0.1-1份、高铝水泥30-70份、粘结剂1-5份、助熔剂1-5 份、化学发泡剂1-4份。进一步说,还可包括增韧剂0.2-1份。
其中,镍渣的组分含量如下表1所示。
表1镍渣的组分含量
组分 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>]]> MgO <![CDATA[Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]> <![CDATA[Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]> CaO <![CDATA[Na<sub>2</sub>O]]> L.O.I
含量% 50.97 29.97 5.02 7.76 1.36 3.97 0.95
高铝水泥的组分含量如下表2所示。
表2高铝水泥的组分含量
组分 <![CDATA[Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]> CaO <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>]]> <![CDATA[Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]> MgO <![CDATA[SO<sub>3</sub>]]> L.O.I
含量% 56.82 32.82 6.38 1.72 0.07 1.62 0.57
实施例1
该实施例的多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表3所示。
表3多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 羧甲基纤维素 四硼酸钠 偶氮二甲酰胺
含量/份 50 0.1 44 1 1.7 3.2
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、羧甲基纤维素、四硼酸钠及偶氮二甲酰胺进行混合,并继续球磨 30min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对上述混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以5MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至450℃,保温30min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1020℃,保温60min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多级孔发泡陶瓷。
实施例2
该实施例的多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表4所示。
表4多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 羧甲基纤维素 氟化镁 偶氮二甲酰胺
含量/份 50 0.2 44 1 1.6 3.2
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、羧甲基纤维素、氟化镁及偶氮二甲酰胺进行混合,并继续球磨30min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以5MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至450℃,保温30min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1020℃,保温60min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多级孔发泡陶瓷。
实施例3
该实施例的多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表5所示。
表5多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 羧甲基纤维素 氟化镁 偶氮二甲酰胺
含量/份 50 0.4 44 2 2 1.6
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、羧甲基纤维素、氟化镁及偶氮二甲酰胺及进行混合,并继续球磨 30min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以5MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至450℃,保温30min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1040℃,保温60min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多级孔发泡陶瓷。
实施例4
该实施例的多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表6所示。
表6多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 羧甲基纤维素 四硼酸钠 偶氮二甲酰胺
含量/份 50 0.5 44 2 2 1.5
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、羧甲基纤维素、四硼酸钠及偶氮二甲酰胺进行混合,并继续球磨 30min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以5MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至450℃,保温30min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1020℃,保温60min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多孔发泡陶瓷。
实施例5
该实施例的多孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表7所示。
表7多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 羧甲基纤维素 四硼酸钠 偶氮二甲酰胺 氧化锆
含量/份 50 0.5 44 2 2 3.2 0.2
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、羧甲基纤维素、四硼酸钠、偶氮二甲酰胺及氧化锆进行混合,并继续球磨30min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以5MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至450℃,保温30min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1020℃,保温60min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多级孔发泡陶瓷。
实施例6
基本步骤与实施例5相同,不同之处在于增韧剂氧化锆的含量为0.4份。
实施例7
基本步骤与实施例5相同,不同之处在于增韧剂氧化锆的含量为0.6份。
实施例8
基本步骤与实施例5相同,不同之处在于增韧剂氧化锆的含量为0.8份。
实施例9
基本步骤与实施例5相同,不同之处在于增韧剂氧化锆的含量为1份。
性能检测
将上述实施例制备的发泡陶瓷进行密度、孔隙率及抗压强度检测,所获得的结果如下表8所示。
表8实施例1至实施例8所制备的发泡陶瓷相关性能参数
通过上表可知,本发明制备的多孔堇青石-钙长石复相陶瓷的密度变化幅度较小。实施例1-4的抗压强度均达满足保温墙体材料所需的0.4MP强度,孔隙率都达到84.0以上,同时加入增韧剂氧化锆能够增加材料的抗压强度,实例5-8 的抗压强度明显提升。
此外,对实施例2和实施例7制备的陶瓷分别进行了扫描电镜和XRD检测,获得的结果如图1至图5所示。
通过图1及图2可知,本发明制备的多级孔陶瓷内部孔结构呈现宏孔与介孔复合孔的形状,孔隙不规则分布,且有些许介孔能够依附于宏孔之上,呈现宏孔包裹介孔的多级孔结构,降低多级孔陶瓷的密度。
通过图3可知,本发明在制备该陶瓷时,经过1020-11020℃烧结后,多级孔陶瓷出现堇青石相和钙长石相的强特征峰,且伴随产生了钙镁橄榄石相及铁橄榄石相,所有相结构完整,在1020-1120℃烧结后生成了以堇青石-钙长石为复相的多孔陶瓷。
通过图4可知,单斜相的氧化锆生长在堇青石相和钙长石相的表面,能够起到相变增韧的效果,从而增加样品的抗压性能。且通过图5的XRD可以看出有新的氧化锆衍射峰,其余物相均没有改变,说明单斜相的氧化锆并未与其他物质生成新的物相,只是作为一种相变增韧材料增强泡沫陶瓷的抗压强度。
对比例1
基本步骤与实施例2相同,不同之处在于原料中不添加SiO2气凝胶。其原料组分如下表9所示。
表9对比例1的发泡陶瓷组分含量
组分 镍渣 高铝水泥 羧甲基纤维素 氟化镁 偶氮二甲酰胺
含量/份 50 44 1 1.6 3.4
图6为对比例1的SEM图,可以看出不添加SiO2气凝胶时制备得到的泡沫陶瓷内部呈现的均是5-40μm的宏孔。
实施例10
该实施例的多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表10所示。
表10多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 焦磷酸钠 氟铝酸钾 对甲苯磺酰肼 莫来石纤维
含量/份 20 0.1 30 1 1 1 0.2
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、焦磷酸钠、氟铝酸钾、对甲苯磺酰肼及莫来石纤维进行混合,并继续球磨20min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对上述混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以3MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至480℃,保温25min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1100℃,保温80min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多级孔发泡陶瓷。
实施例11
该实施例的多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分及含量如下表11所示。
表11多级孔发泡陶瓷的组分含量
组分 镍渣 <![CDATA[SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶]]> 高铝水泥 聚乙烯醇 氟铝酸钾 苯磺酰肼 莫来石纤维
含量/份 60 1 70 5 5 4 0.2
该实施例多级孔发泡陶瓷的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣进行破碎球磨处理并过200目筛,过筛后的镍渣与高铝水泥、 SiO2气凝胶、聚乙烯醇、氟铝酸钾、苯磺酰肼及莫来石纤维进行混合,并继续球磨50min,过200目筛,制得混合料;
(2)采用5%的聚乙烯醇溶液对上述混合料进行造粒,造粒过程中边滴溶液边用研钵不断碾磨造粒,结束后用模具装填,以1MPa的压力压制成型并脱模;
(3)以3℃/min的速率由室温升温至500℃,保温20min;再以5℃/min 的升温速度升至1120℃,保温120min;最后自然冷却至室温,制得该多级孔发泡陶瓷。
将上述实施例制备的发泡陶瓷进行密度、孔隙率及抗压强度检测,所获得的结果如下表12所示。
表12实施例10和实施例11所制备的发泡陶瓷相关性能参数
通过上表可知,本发明制备的多孔堇青石-钙长石复相陶瓷的抗压强度均达到0.5MPa及以上,孔隙率都达到84.0以上,具有轻便保温性能的同时力学性能优。

Claims (8)

1.一种基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷,其特征在于按重量份数包括如下原料:镍渣20-60份、SiO2气凝胶0.1-1份、高铝水泥30-70份、粘结剂1-5份、助熔剂1-5份及化学发泡剂1-4份;其中,所述化学发泡剂为偶氮二甲酰胺、对甲苯磺酰肼或苯磺酰肼。
2.根据权利要求1所述基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷,其特征在于:该发泡陶瓷还包括增韧剂0.2-1份。
3.根据权利要求1所述基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷,其特征在于:所述粘结剂至少包括羧甲基纤维素、焦磷酸钠或聚乙烯醇中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷,其特征在于:所述助熔剂至少包括氟化镁、氟铝酸钾或四硼酸钠中的一种。
5.根据权利要求2所述基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷,其特征在于:所述增韧剂为氧化锆或莫来石纤维。
6.一种制备权利要求2所述基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷的方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)将镍渣破碎球磨过筛后,与高铝水泥、SiO2气凝胶、粘结剂、助熔剂、发泡剂及增韧剂混合球磨20-50min,制得混合物;
(2)将上述混合物造粒、压制成型后脱模,并进行高温煅烧,即可。
7.根据权利要求6所述制备基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述压制成型的压力为1-5 MPa。
8.根据权利要求6所述制备基于镍渣的气凝胶多级孔发泡陶瓷的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述高温煅烧是先于450-500℃条件下,保温反应20-30min,再于1020-1120℃条件下,保温反应60-120min。
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