CN115252616B - 一种自激活血管阻断剂前药及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种自激活血管阻断剂前药及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种自激活血管阻断剂前药及其制备方法和应用,属于药物技术领域。本发明的自激活血管阻断剂前药具有式(I)所示结构,并提出将其与替拉扎明(Tirapazamine)联用用于癌症治疗。本发明还提供了所述前药的制备方法。该类前药开始可通过肿瘤自身的乏氧释放出小分子血管阻断剂,破坏肿瘤血管,切断肿瘤部位的氧气供给,导致肿瘤部位乏氧程度提高,促进小分子血管阻断剂从前药上释放,实现血管阻断功能的自激活,更加有效破坏肿瘤血管,杀伤肿瘤组织,提高抑瘤效果。由于肿瘤组织与正常组织间的氧气含量差异,该前药仅在肿瘤部位乏氧释放,有效解决了血管阻断剂全身给药带来的心血管毒性等问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物技术领域,具体涉及一种自激活血管阻断剂前药及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来,癌症已经成为影响人类健康的第一杀手,严重威胁人类生命健康。血管阻断疗法作为一种较新的治疗方式,旨在通过诱导内皮细胞凋亡,不可逆地破坏已建立的肿瘤血管系统,从而切断营养补充和转移途径,导致肿瘤坏死和转移抑制。1994年,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)规定,临床上应将血管阻断疗法作为一种补充方法与其他治疗模式一起使用,以防止肿瘤的复发和转移。血管阻断剂(VDAs)可通过破坏未成熟的肿瘤脉管系统导致肿瘤内部坏死,实现长期范围打击而不是扩散到整个肿瘤块以发挥其有效性。肿瘤脉管系统保证了对肿瘤的氧气、能量和营养的供应,使肿瘤得以生长和扩大,然后逐渐发生侵袭和转移。VDAs通过快速的肿瘤血管关闭,切断肿瘤生长所需的供应,导致血管通透性增加和广泛的缺血性坏死,最终抑制肿瘤的生长。然而,迄今为止,大多数VDAs的临床实验都未取得成功,主要原因归结于药物的脱靶效应带来了严重的毒性作用,例如心脏毒性,同时,由于剂量限制毒性导致预期的治疗效果难以实现。如微管蛋白抑制剂是一种研究很广泛的血管阻断剂,主要包括秋水仙碱、Combretastatin A4(CA4)和普那布林(Plinabulin)。在VDAs的临床试验中出现了包括冠状动脉疾病、心绞痛和高血压在内的一系列心血管毒性作用,严重限制了剂量和临床应用。因此,有必要建立VDAs给药系统,改善药物在肿瘤中的分布,提高治疗效果,减少毒副作用。
Atkinson等人利用肿瘤部位基质金属蛋白酶14(MMP-14)的高表达,从氮杂去甲基秋水仙碱中开发了一种肽偶联前药,称为ICT2588,探索了其对多种实体瘤的治疗效果及其心血管毒副作用。汤姆森等人,开发了一些可生物还原激活的VDAs前药偶联物,这些VDAs前药化学连接保护基后,在磷酸盐缓冲液中相对稳定,而在肿瘤缺氧环境中发生酶介导的水解,实现选择性的肿瘤活化。许多研究已经证明通过制备VDAs纳米前药可有效降低血管阻断剂的毒副作用并提高药物治疗效果。
普那布林是从海洋天然产物发展而来的具有抗肿瘤活性的候选药物,现已经进入临床三期。近几年来,围绕普那布林的结构设计合成了许多衍生物,并获得了一些高效低毒的新型抗肿瘤先导化合物。主要的构效关系研究包括普那布林上苯环的修饰改造及以改善溶解性为目的前药研究。尽管普那布林表现出潜在的抗肿瘤活性,但因其溶解性低,临床上需要与增溶剂联合注射,长久使用可能会产生意想不到的安全性问题或影响病人的生活质量。
发明内容
本发明要解决现有技术中的技术问题,提供一种自激活血管阻断剂前药及其制备方法和应用,并将其与替拉扎明(Tirapazamine)联用用于癌症治疗。该类前药开始可通过肿瘤自身的乏氧释放出小分子血管阻断剂,破坏肿瘤血管,切断肿瘤部位的氧气供给,导致肿瘤部位乏氧程度提高,促进小分子血管阻断剂从前药上释放,实现血管阻断功能的自激活,更加有效破坏肿瘤血管,杀伤肿瘤组织,提高抑瘤效果。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明的技术方案具体如下:
本发明提供一种自激活血管阻断剂前药,具有式(I)所示结构:
其中,
x,y分别为重复单元含量,0<x<1,0<y<1,x+y=1;n为聚合度,10≤n≤5000;
L1、L2独立的选自-CH2-或-CH2CH2-;
L3选自C2-C10的直链烷基;
R1选自C2-C10的直链烷基、C3-C10的支链烷基或C6-C20的芳基;
R2为H或阳离子。
在上述技术方案中,优选的是,所述R1为乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、异戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、苯基、萘基、联苯基或蒽基。
在上述技术方案中,优选的是,R2独立的或者组合的选自H、金属阳离子或有机阳离子。
在上述技术方案中,进一步优选的是,R2为H、钠离子、钾离子、铵离子或者带正电荷的氨基酸离子。
本发明还提供一种自激活血管阻断剂前药的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、向化合物1和2中加入Cs2CO3,并将该混合溶液溶于溶剂中,进行反应,反应结束后获得中间体药物Azo-AmP;
步骤2、由Azo-AmP和聚谷氨酸或聚天冬氨酸通过酯化反应制备得到式(I)所示结构的自激活血管阻断剂前药。
在上述技术方案中,优选的是,步骤1中的反应的条件是:80℃反应36小时。
在上述技术方案中,优选的是,步骤2中的反应的条件是:60℃反应4小时。
本发明还提供一种抗肿瘤组合物,包括本发明的自激活血管阻断剂前药和替拉扎明。
本发明还提供一种自激活血管阻断剂前药在制备治疗癌症的药物中的应用。
在上述应用中,所述癌症包括鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、喉癌、颅内肿瘤、甲状腺癌、舌癌、肺癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、大肠癌、乙状结肠和直肠癌、肝癌、胰腺癌与壶腹周围癌、胆道癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、膀胱癌、睾丸恶性肿瘤、阴茎癌、子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、纤维组织细胞癌、横纹肌肉癌、滑膜肉瘤、黑色素瘤、骨肉瘤、尤文氏肉瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤中的一种或几种。
本发明的有益效果是:
本发明设计合成一种新型的普那布林氨基衍生物,并将其通过偶氮键键合到聚氨基酸上得可乏氧自激活的高分子血管阻断剂前药,该类前药开始可通过肿瘤自身的乏氧释放出小分子血管阻断剂,破坏肿瘤血管,切断肿瘤部位的氧气供给,导致肿瘤部位乏氧程度提高,促进小分子血管阻断剂从前药上释放,实现血管阻断功能的自激活,更加有效破坏肿瘤血管,杀伤肿瘤组织,提高抑瘤效果。由于肿瘤组织与正常组织间的氧气含量差异,该前药仅在肿瘤部位乏氧释放,有效解决了血管阻断剂全身给药带来的心血管毒性等问题。
本发明的自激活血管阻断剂前药可以与替拉扎明(Tirapazamine)联用用于癌症治疗。
附图说明
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细说明。
图1为自激活血管阻断剂中间体(Azo-AmP)的合成路线与核磁氢谱及质谱表征图。
图2为普那布林的氨基衍生物(AmP)的合成路线与核磁氢谱及质谱表征图。
图3为自激活血管阻断剂AzoP-NPs的合成路线与核磁氢谱表征图。
图4为自激活血管阻断剂AzoP-NPs乏氧选择性释放AmP造成内皮细胞微管解聚图。
图5为自激活血管阻断剂AzoP-NPs小鼠体内降低毒副作用能力评估图。
图6为自激活血管阻断剂AzoP-NPs联合替拉扎明(TPZ)的抑瘤能力评估图。
具体实施方式
本发明的发明思想是:血管阻断剂(VDAs)纳米药物由于实体瘤组织穿透性低而分布在肿瘤血管周围,释放的药物可以选择性破坏未成熟的肿瘤血管,阻断氧气和营养物质的供应,导致肿瘤内部坏死。VDAs还可以提高肿瘤的血管通透性,进一步增加VDAs纳米药物在肿瘤部位的外渗,显着降低纳米药物对肿瘤血管的依赖,增强渗透性和滞留效应,提高血管阻断剂的疗效。现有的能降低血管阻断剂毒副作用的方式主要有:1)设计VDAs的生物还原性前药,根据肿瘤组织与正常组织之间存在的酶水平差异,构建肿瘤微环境敏感抗肿瘤前药,实现VDAs药物在肿瘤部位选择性激活;2)设计VDAs纳米药物,实现VDAs药物在肿瘤部位的富集。
普纳布林由于其特殊的结构,目前并未实现有效物理担载制备纳米前药。研究人员通过研究其构效关系,合成普纳布林衍生物,改善其水溶性,希望提高其药代动力学和疗效。本发明首次提出可自激活的血管阻断剂前药,通过乏氧敏感的偶氮键将普那布林的氨基衍生物键合到聚氨基酸上制备出自激活高分子血管阻断剂前药,并提出将其与替拉扎明(Tirapazamine)联用用于癌症治疗。该类前药开始可通过肿瘤自身的乏氧释放出小分子血管阻断剂,破坏肿瘤血管,切断肿瘤部位的氧气供给,导致肿瘤部位乏氧程度提高,促进小分子血管阻断剂从前药上释放,实现血管阻断功能的自激活,更加有效破坏肿瘤血管,杀伤肿瘤组织,提高抑瘤效果。由于肿瘤组织与正常组织间的氧气含量差异,该前药仅在肿瘤部位乏氧释放,有效解决了血管阻断剂全身给药带来的心血管毒性等问题。
本发明提供的自激活血管阻断剂前药,具有式(I)所示结构:
其中,
x,y分别为重复单元含量,0<x<1,0<y<1,x+y=1;n为聚合度,10≤n≤5000;
L1、L2独立的选自-CH2-或-CH2CH2-;
L3选自C2-C10的直链烷基;
R1选自C2-C10的直链烷基、C3-C10的支链烷基或C6-C20的芳基;
R2为H或阳离子。
优选的是,所述R1为乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、异戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、苯基、萘基、联苯基或蒽基;优选的是,R2独立的或者组合的选自H、金属阳离子或有机阳离子;进一步优选的是,R2为H、钠离子、钾离子、铵离子或者带正电荷的氨基酸离子。
本发明还提供一种自激活血管阻断剂前药的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、向化合物1和2中加入Cs2CO3,并将该混合溶液溶于溶剂中,进行反应,反应结束后获得中间体药物Azo-AmP;
步骤2、由Azo-AmP和聚谷氨酸或聚天冬氨酸通过Yamaguchi酯化反应制备得到式(I)所示结构的自激活血管阻断剂前药。
上述制备方法中,优选的是,步骤1中的反应的条件是:80℃反应36小时;步骤2中的反应的条件是:60℃反应4小时。
本发明还提供一种抗肿瘤组合物,包括本发明的自激活血管阻断剂前药和替拉扎明。
本发明还提供一种自激活血管阻断剂前药在制备治疗癌症的药物中的应用,所述癌症包括鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、喉癌、颅内肿瘤、甲状腺癌、舌癌、肺癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、大肠癌、乙状结肠和直肠癌、肝癌、胰腺癌与壶腹周围癌、胆道癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、膀胱癌、睾丸恶性肿瘤、阴茎癌、子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、纤维组织细胞癌、横纹肌肉癌、滑膜肉瘤、黑色素瘤、骨肉瘤、尤文氏肉瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤中的一种或几种。
实施例1
本发明设计合成了中间体药物Azo-AmP(合成路线参见图1a)。首先,称量化合物1(1537.0mg,5.3mmol)和化合物2(1000.0mg,3.5mmol)加入到100mL茄型瓶中,再称量Cs2CO3(2187.5mg,6.7mmol)加入到反应瓶中,用注射器加入20mL超干二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂于80℃反应36小时。反应结束后,等反应液恢复至室温后,滴加进冰水沉淀,离心,再多次用乙酸乙酯与石油醚混合液(1:8,v/v)洗涤、真空干燥后得到产物Azo-AmP。使用DMSO-d6作为溶剂通过1H NMR(图1b),和使用ESI-MS(ESI+)表征Azo-AmP,[M-H]-=512.4(图1c),由此可知本发明成功合成了中间体药物Azo-AmP。
实施例2
由Azo-AmP制备普那布林的氨基衍生物AmP(合成路线参见图2a)。首先,将Azo-AmP(200.0mg,0.4mmol)用20mL乙醇溶解,然后再用100mL去离子水稀释,最后加入连二亚硫酸钠(2120.0mg,12.0mmol),在90℃反应2小时后得到白色悬浮物。将反应液快速冷却到室温后,离心、水洗、甲醇洗涤,在30℃真空烘箱烘干后得到黄色固体产物。使用DMSO-d6作为溶剂通过1H NMR(图2b),和使用ESI-MS(ESI+)表征AmP,[M+H]+=352.4,[M+Na]+=374.4(图2c),由此可知本发明成功合成了普那布林的氨基衍生物AmP。
实施例3
通过Yamaguchi酯化反应制备AzoP-NPs(合成路线参见图3a,图3a中的PLG-AmP即为AzoP-NPs)。称量聚谷氨酸(PLG)(1000.0mg),Azo-AmP(200.0mg,0.4mmol)用50mL二甲基甲酰胺溶解后,冰浴条件下加入2,4,6-三氯苯甲酰氯(TCB,190.0mg,0.8mmol),4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP,81.0mg,0.7mmol),三乙胺(TEA,55.0mg,0.5mmol),然后在60℃反应4小时。反应结束后用在冰乙醚中沉淀出粗产物,真空干燥后再用二甲基甲酰胺复溶后于透析袋中透析后冻干,得到产物。以D2O作溶剂通过1H NMR表征Azo-NPs的成功合成(图3b)。
实施例4微管解聚实验
为了评估AzoP-NPs是否有乏氧选择性的实现微管解聚的能力,接下来进行了体外内皮细胞微管解聚实验。在96孔板预铺上基质胶,并在37℃培养箱中孵育40分钟后,每孔加入4×103个内皮细胞,孵育10小时后进行显微镜下拍照记录内皮细胞的微管形成情况(记为0h)。分别加入PBS,AmP,AzoP-NPs(以AmP量计算为100n),在乏氧(1%O2)和常氧(20%O2)条件下培养6小时后进行显微镜下第二次拍照(记为6h)。可以观察到AzoP-NPs具有乏氧选择性破坏微管蛋白的能力(参见图4)。
实施例5MTD和VWF实验
接下来,本发明在健康小鼠体内评估了AzoP-NPs降低毒副作用的能力。健康Female BALB/C小鼠被随机分成7组,每组3只,分别尾静脉注射一次AmP(10,20,30mg/kg)或AzoP-NPs(20,40,60,80mg/kg,以AmP记)。随后每天检测小鼠的体重和生存情况。可以发现AzoP-NPs能够明显降低药物对小鼠的毒副作用,其MTD大于80mg/kg,而小分子AmP的MTD仅为20mg/kg(参见图5a)。同时,通过尾静脉给健康昆明鼠注射AmP,AzoP-NPs或PBS后24小时检测血液中的血管性血友病因子(VWF)含量可以发现,AzoP-NPs显著降低了使用血管阻断剂带来的心血管损伤风险(参见图5b)。
实施例6联合抑瘤实验
为了评估本发明自激活血管阻断剂前药的应用前景,接下来进行了联合抑瘤实验。
4T1荷瘤小鼠被随机分为4组,每组6只:1)PBS;2)TPZ 40mg/kg;3)AzoP-NPs 40mg/kg,eq.to AmP;4)AzoP-NPs 20mg/kg,eq.to AmP+TPZ 40mg/kg。单次给药后对小鼠的体重、肿瘤体积进行监测记录,并在第12天处死小鼠,收集肿瘤组织进行拍照记录。可以发现,AzoP-NPs有较好的抑瘤能力,且无明显的毒副作用,通过和替拉扎明(TPZ)联用,对小鼠肿瘤有很好的抑制生长能力(参见图6)。
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。
Claims (7)
1.一种自激活血管阻断剂前药,其特征在于,具有式(I)所示结构:
其中,
x=0.14,y=0.86;n为聚合度,n=240;
L1、L2、L3均选自-CH2CH2-;
R1选自C6的直链烷基;
R2为H。
2.一种权利要求1所述的自激活血管阻断剂前药的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、向化合物1和2中加入Cs2CO3,并将该混合溶液溶于溶剂中,进行反应,反应结束后获得中间体药物Azo-AmP;
步骤2、由Azo-AmP和聚谷氨酸通过酯化反应制备得到式(I)所示结构的自激活血管阻断剂前药。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中的反应的条件是:80℃反应36小时。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中的反应的条件是:60℃反应4小时。
5.一种抗肿瘤组合物,其特征在于,包括权利要求1所述的自激活血管阻断剂前药和替拉扎明。
6.一种权利要求1所述的自激活血管阻断剂前药在制备治疗癌症的药物中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于,所述癌症包括鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、喉癌、颅内肿瘤、甲状腺癌、舌癌、肺癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、大肠癌、乙状结肠和直肠癌、肝癌、胰腺癌与壶腹周围癌、胆道癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、膀胱癌、睾丸恶性肿瘤、阴茎癌、子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、纤维组织细胞癌、横纹肌肉癌、滑膜肉瘤、黑色素瘤、骨肉瘤、尤文氏肉瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤中的一种或几种。
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