CN115227682B - 一种靶向小气道缓释递送copd治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法 - Google Patents
一种靶向小气道缓释递送copd治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种靶向小气道沉积用于缓释递送COPD治疗药物吸入制剂的制备方法,采用乳化蒸发‑低温固化法(Emulsion evaporation and lowtemperature solidification)制备聚乙二醇修饰姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒混悬液,而后经冷冻干燥将其微粉化后与花形乳糖微粒混匀,制成花形乳糖微粒装载的聚乙二醇化姜黄素固体脂质纳米吸入微粉,肺吸入给药用于治疗COPD模型小鼠肺部炎症和黏液高分泌的症状。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医药技术领域,更具体的说是涉及一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法。
背景技术
小分子药物的吸入给药可将药物直接输送到治疗部位,相比口服给药可直接到达上皮,提高治疗部位的药物浓度,降低了系统浓度,避开药物的首过效应,因此改变治疗药物的给药途径直接进行靶器官的给药是COPD等呼吸系统疾病治疗的首选途径。同时,肺部吸入给药可能是提高姜黄素等难溶性药物生物利用度的有效途径。
COPD早期的病变基础多为小气道阻塞,小气道疾病(SAD)和肺实质的破坏(肺气肿)是COPD重要的发病机制,也是气流受限的主要原因。虽然小气道阻塞在呼吸系统慢性疾病中占有重要地位,但目前国内对于小气道阻塞的研究和治疗手段仍都很欠缺,因此靶向小气道递送治疗药物可能是COPD治疗的关键。
临床使用的支气管舒张剂更适合于大中气道,可以延缓早期小气道痉挛状态,但对小气道的治疗作用有限,目前尚无文献报道可延缓或阻断其发展。治疗阻塞成功的关键是进入小气道,只有当吸入的药物以适当的剂量到达小气道时,才能有效发挥疗效。同时,市售的肺部吸入制剂面临药物清除快、给药次数频繁及局部药物浓度瞬间增大带来的肺毒性等问题。吸入纳米缓释递药系统能有效减少COPD模型小鼠小气道管壁周围胶原含量、降低小气道管壁厚度,干预COPD小气道重塑。
颗粒的大小是决定吸入药物肺部沉积量和治疗效果的关键。降低质量中质空气动力学直径(MMAD)、增加细颗粒比例(fineparticle fraction,FPF)可减少口咽部和大气道的沉积,更好地向小气道递送,实现药物的精准沉积,减少毒副反应。
普通的ICS/LABA复合制剂如舒利迭、都保等市售吸入药物因颗粒较大,无法有效靶向小气道抑制小气道阻塞,且肺部沉积率通常在10%-30%,尤其是对COPD和肺气肿的患者呼吸机力量受限,则药物沉积可能更低。
COPD的治疗面临着肺组织增生重构、黏液高分泌和长期的慢性炎症,极大影响药物分布。绝大多数市售的药物都是大颗粒药物,这些药物吸入后不能充分地分布至外周气道,因此在以小气道为主要病变部位的COPD治疗中未能发挥重要作用。
因此,如何提供一种颗粒粒径小,容易沉积并发挥药效的可以用于肺部缓释递送COPD治疗药物粉雾吸入制剂的制备方法是本领域技术人员亟需解决的技术问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种用于肺部缓释递送COPD治疗药物粉雾吸入制剂的制备方法,所得粉雾吸入制剂属超细颗粒,适合肺部吸入微粒的要求,且更容易沉积至小气道发挥药效。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种靶向小气道沉积用于缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,包括:采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法(Emulsion evaporation and low temperature solidification)制备聚乙二醇修饰姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒混悬液,而后经冷冻干燥将其微粉化后与花形乳糖微粒混匀,制成花形乳糖微粒装载的聚乙二醇化姜黄素固体脂质纳米吸入微粉,即得所述吸入制剂。
优选的,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)精密称取的泊洛沙姆188和吐温-80,在搅拌下加入纯水,使其完全溶解作为水相;
(2)精密称取单硬脂酸甘油酯和硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯作为脂质材料,然后与PEG2000在搅拌下加入无水乙醇,构成载体基质溶液;
(3)取姜黄素在恒温搅拌下加入无水乙醇,完全溶解后,得姜黄素乙醇溶液,在72-78℃下将姜黄素乙醇溶液注入所述载体基质溶液,然后在72-78℃恒温磁力搅拌使其完全溶解构成有机相;
(4)在磁力搅拌下将有机相注入水相中,滴加完毕后,继续恒温搅拌3h,使其浓缩至40mL,得乳液,然后趁热将热乳液加入至0~4℃的水中,低温固化2h,得PEG修饰姜黄素SLN混悬液,并在4℃下保存,备用;
(5)称取海藻糖作为冻干保护剂,加入PEG修饰姜黄素SLN混悬液,充分溶解混合均匀后置于容器中,放入冻干仓内,程序冻干,得到PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末;
(6)最后称取花形乳糖,并与PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末充分混匀后过230目筛网,即得PEG-Cur-SLN吸入微粉,即所述吸入制剂。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述泊洛沙姆188和吐温-80的用量分别为0.34g~0.48g和0.68g~0.96g,且泊洛沙姆188与吐温-80的质量比为1:2;所述纯水的加入量为72mL,所述搅拌为在72~78℃、400~600r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
优选的,步骤(2)中所述单硬脂酸甘油酯和硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯的用量分别为0.38g~0.42g和0.76g~0.84g,且单硬脂酸甘油酯与硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯质量比为1:2;所述PEG2000的用量为所述脂质材料质量的12~18%;所述加入无水乙醇量为18~22mL;所述搅拌为在72~78℃、400~600r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述姜黄素与无水乙醇的用量为0.68g~0.78g和6~10mL;所述姜黄素乙醇溶液与所述载体基质溶液的体积比为(6~10):(18~22);所述恒温搅拌为在72~78℃、400~600r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
优选的,步骤(4)中所述有机相与水相的体积比为7:18,所述磁力搅拌为在78~85℃、900~1020r/nin下恒温磁力搅拌;所述乳液与水的体积比为1:1,所述磁力搅拌为在0~4℃、900~1000r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
优选的,步骤(5)中所述海藻糖的质量浓度为2~5%;所述程序冻干包括:S1:-35℃、2h;S2:-35℃、8h、抽真空;S3:-25℃、24h、抽真空;S4:-20℃、8h、抽真空;S5:-10℃、12h、抽真空;S7:0℃、6h、抽真空;S8:10℃、6h、抽真空;S9:20℃、6h、抽真空。
优选的,步骤(6)中所述花形乳糖与PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末的质量比为1:2~2:3。
经由上述的技术方案可知,与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明联合花形乳糖和PEG的优势,靶向小气道给药,具有适宜小气道分布的MMAD和更高的肺部沉积率,使得药物颗粒更充分地抵达末梢小气道,有望解决COPD吸入治疗药物的关键。同时,显著提高药物在目标区域的沉积效率和溶解速度,增强对黏液层粘附能力,提高DPI在肺局部滞留时间,减少吸收入血的比例,显著改善药物治疗效率。同时重点关注DPI的肺部安全性,肺部给药后未能进入体循环的药物和辅料难以被清除出体外,长期积累势必造成不良影响。而在口服或注射给药途径应用的缓控释载体,可能不适用于肺部。这也是我们构建花形乳糖装载PEG修饰SLN肺吸入缓释DPI所考虑的首要因素,在提高肺部给药药效的同时避免对肺部带来损伤,寻找药效和安全性的平衡点至关重要。
本发明制备的花形乳糖装载PEG修饰Cur-SLN-DPI,具有更加精细的药物颗粒,靶向小气道沉积,可显著提高其肺部目标区域沉积量,延长其肺内滞留时间和肺局部药物浓度,减少药物的吸收入血的比例,提高其治疗效率和肺部安全性能,可更好的改善COPD小鼠包括小气道在内的整个气道功能。将为姜黄素等难溶性药物提供一种安全高效的肺内递药方式。
该PEG-Cur-SLN-FL微粉吸入后靶向沉积至目标区域后,迅速溶解释放,快速吸收以尽可能地减少肺上皮细胞表面的黏液清除、巨噬细胞吞噬和透过上皮细胞吸收入血的比例,药物均匀分布到大、小气道,持续释放到靶位点,从而在肺部复杂微环境中发挥长效稳定的药物疗效。因此构建一种既能获得最大肺部沉积(MMAD),又能逃避巨噬细胞吞噬和肺上皮细胞表面黏液清除的吸入递药系统至关重要。PEG是FDA批准用于靶向、控释给药的高分子材料,SLN对肺部具有良好的生物相容性和可生物降解性。因此,联合纳米多孔花形乳糖速释和PEG增强黏膜粘附的特性,获得一种可显著提高小气道沉积的同时,逃避肺泡巨噬细胞的吞噬和肺上皮细胞表面黏液清除,增强黏膜粘附性,明显延长药物在肺部的滞留时间,减少Cur吸收入血的比例,提高其治疗COPD小鼠肺部炎症症状的目的。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1本发明红外光谱图;
图2为本发明中热转变性质图谱,其中a为Cur-99%,b为Cur-RX2-SLN-10%PEG-花形乳糖,c为花形乳糖,d为PEG2000;
图3为本发明中空白和载药PEG-SLN-FL吸入微粉的形貌特征图,其中A为空白PEG-SLN冻干粉,B为PEG-Cur-SLN冻干粉,C为空白PEG-SLB-FL,D为PEG-Cur-SLN-FL;
图4为PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的粒度分布图;
图5为不同相对湿度下粉末的吸湿百分率(25℃);
图6为吸入微粉在人工模拟肺液中的体外释放特性图;
图7为Cur原料药及PEG-Cur-SLN-FL在大鼠体内的组织分布图,其中A为Cur原料药,B为PEG-Cur-SLN-FL;
图8为大鼠吸入给予PEG-Cur-SLN-FL微粉后肺部及气道刺激性实验(HE染色和PAS染色评估肺部和气道刺激性结果);
图9为吸入给予PEG-SLN-FL大鼠肺部刺激性实验柱状图;
图10为小鼠肺组织和气管的HE染色,其中A为对照组、B为COPD模型组、C为布地奈德阳性药组、D吸入高剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组、E吸入低剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组;
图11为小鼠肺组织和气管的Masson胶原程度评估,其中A为对照组、B为COPD模型组、C为布地奈德阳性药组、D吸入高剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组、E吸入低剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组;
图12为小鼠肺组织和气管的PAS染色评估,其中A为对照组、B为COPD模型组、C为布地奈德阳性药组、D吸入高剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组、E吸入低剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组;
图13为小鼠肺组织和气管的TNF-α蛋白免疫组化的检测结果,其中A为对照组、B为COPD模型组、C为布地奈德阳性药组、D吸入高剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组、E吸入低剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组;
图14为小鼠肺组织和气管的SIRT-1蛋白免疫组化的检测结果,其中A为对照组、B为COPD模型组、C为布地奈德阳性药组、D吸入高剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组、E吸入低剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组;
图15为各组小鼠肺组织中NLRP3、LC3、Caspase-1、NF-B蛋白表达的结果;
图16为实施例16中荧光标记图;
图17为实施例17中小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液分类计数统计图,其中,A:白细胞总数;B:中性粒细胞;C:淋巴细胞;D:单核细胞;E:嗜酸性粒细胞;F:嗜碱性粒细胞。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
1、PEG修饰姜黄素SLN混悬液的制备
采用溶剂乳化蒸发-低温固化法(Emulsion evaporation and lowtemperaturesolidifification)制备PEG修饰姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒混悬液,具体方法如下:即精密称取0.2g泊洛沙姆188和0.4g吐温-80,在75~80℃、400~600r/min恒温磁力搅拌下加入72mL纯水,使其完全溶解作为水相;另精密称取0.4g单硬脂酸甘油酯和0.8g硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯作为脂质材料,与0.18g PEG2000在相同温度和转速下加入22mL无水乙醇,构成载体基质溶液,另精密称取70mg姜黄素在相同温度和转速下加入6mL无水乙醇,完全溶解后,在75-78℃下将姜黄素乙醇溶液缓慢注入载体基质溶液,在75-78℃恒温磁力搅拌使其完全溶解构成有机相;在75~85℃、900~1020r/min恒温磁力搅拌下将有机相缓慢注入水相中,滴加完毕后,继续恒温搅拌3h,使其浓缩至40mL。趁热将热乳液以1:1(V/V)加入0~2℃的冷水中,低温固化2h,得到黄色带有乳光的混悬液,即PEG修饰姜黄素SLN混悬液,4℃下保存,备用。
2、花形乳糖装载PEG修饰姜黄素SLN吸入干粉的制备
精密称取3%海藻糖(w/v)作为冻干保护剂,加入PEG修饰Cur-SLN混悬液,充分溶解混合均匀后置于容器中,放入FDU-2110程序冻干仓内。设置冻干程序,S1:-35℃、2h;S2:-35℃、8h、抽真空;S3:-25℃、24h、抽真空;S4:-20℃、8h、抽真空;S5:-10℃、12h、抽真空;S7:0℃、6h、抽真空;S8:10℃、6h、抽真空;S9:20℃、6h、抽真空。程序冻干即可,得到淡黄色、疏松的PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末。
而后按2:3(w/w)的比例精密称取花形乳糖与PEG-Cur-SLN冻干粉充分混匀后过230目筛网,即得PEG-Cur-SLN吸入微粉。
实施例2
PEG-Cur-SLN混悬液的粒径和Zeta电位测定
取PEG-Cur-SLN混悬液适量,蒸馏水稀释,纳米粒度仪测定粒径及Zeta电位。测定结果平均粒径为(58.7±1.1)nm;多分散系数(PI)为0.157±0.011;Zeta电位为-23.2±0.21mV。
实施例3
PEG-Cur-SLN吸入微粉的稳定性
纳米制剂的稳定性是其开发成新型给药系统的前提,由于纳米给药系统系微粒分散体系,即热力学不稳定体系,因此相比于固体制剂,液体状态下的SLN混悬液的稳定性较差。分别以平均粒径和Zeta电位为指标对PEG-Cur-SLN在室温(25℃)和低温(4℃)贮存条件下的物理稳定性进行了考察。
结果显示,在低温(4℃)贮存条件下,SLN在14天内的粒径没有明显变化,随着时间的延长(28天)粒径略有增大;而室温(25℃)条件下,SLN在7天内粒径变化不明显,但随着时间的延长(7-28天)粒径显著增大,底部可见略有轻微的絮状物,振摇后可重新分散。以上实验结果说明,固体脂质纳米粒在溶液体系中相对比较稳定,低温(4℃)放置要比室温(25℃)放置的稳定性好。制备的SLN在溶液状态下(4℃)可维持28天内粒径无明显变化。
固体脂质纳米粒主要由固态的脂质材料制备而成,在贮存过程中可能由于氧化或生物降解产生游离脂肪酸从而导致纳米粒的表面电位发生变化,SLN的电位变化直接影响到其物理稳定性,因为纳米粒只有保持一定的表面电位才能维持体系的稳定,过大或过小的表面电位都不利于整个体系的稳定。对在两种不同贮存条件下的固体脂质纳米粒的Zeta电位进行测定。无论是在低温(4℃)还是在室温(25℃)的贮存条件下,两周内均未观察到固体脂质纳米粒的Zeta电位发生明显的变化,说明整个体系在贮存过程中没有过多的游离脂肪酸生成。
PEG2000修饰SLN后使其稳定性提高的原因可能是由于一方面加入PEG使得SLN的空间上形成了一层稳定的水化外壳,可改善双层膜的表面亲水性,增加其灵活性,水溶解性;另一方面由于聚合物有效改善了常出现的聚集现象,很大程度上降低了大粒径SLN膜泡形成的可能,保证了药物在SLN内的包裹,降低了药物的流失。
实施例4
表面化学结构检测
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对PEG修饰Cur-SLN吸入微粉的表面化学性质进行研究。使用FTIR评估Cur、PEG2000、空白PEG-SLN-FL(缩写为PEG-SLN-FL)和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL(缩写为PEG-Cur-SLN-FL),分别称取各样品2mg和溴化钾300mg,一起研磨均匀。将研磨好的样品置于红外烘干器中烘干后,在20MPa下压制5min,获得待测样品。将各待测样品在4000~400cm-1波数范围内进行扫描,得到对应光谱图,分别对各样品的红外吸收峰进行比较分析。
由图1所示,证明有无载药对PEG-SLN-FL的表面化学结果影响不大,Cur已被包载在SLN骨架内。
实施例5
热转变性质分析
使用差示扫描量热分析仪DSC 214NETZSCH(NETZSCH,Germany)进行差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定样品热转变性质。分别取Cur、SLN、空白PEG-SLN-FL(缩写为SLN-FL)和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL(缩写为Cur-SLN-FL)粉末各3mg置于标准铝坩埚中,加盖密封、打孔;另取一空坩埚,加盖密封、打孔,作为参比。按测试条件(氮气吹扫流量为60mL/min,升温速率为20℃/min,升温范围为-20~350℃)进行差示扫描。
由图2所示结果分析,将Cur包裹于PEG修饰SLN制成冻干粉后与FL混匀,已形成了新的物相,Cur被包封于SLN中。
实施例6
PEG-Cur-SLN吸入微粉的形态学分析(SEM)
采用日立S3400N(Hitachi,Tokyo,Japan)对PEG修饰Cur-SLN吸入微粉(PEG-Cur-SLN-FL)的形态进行观察拍摄。将样品粉末涂布在双面导电胶并固定的金属板上。以电子束40mA,20min喷金制备可用于扫描电镜观察的样品,在5.0kV电压条件下,不同的放大倍数下拍摄显微照片观察待测样品的形态。
参见图3,结果显示,花形乳糖装载PEG化空白和姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒吸入微粉均呈现花形外貌,花形乳糖作为干粉吸入剂的载体在与药物冻干粉混合的时候,将其吸附于其表面,起到了对PEG-Cur-SLN冻干粉表面形态的修饰作用,增加其粗糙度。
实施例7
吸入微粉的粒度分析
粒度分析采用新帕泰克HELOS-OASIS(SYMPATEC GmbH,Germany)干法分散器进行测试,试验重复3次。取适量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL粉末过200目筛,以50%的振动速率好2.0bar的分散空气压力运行,测定粉体的粒径。X10和X90分别是累积体积分布的10%和90%的粒径。X50是中值直径表示粒子的几何直径,复合干粉的粒径测定结果见图4,并计算跨度值(Span)以衡量粒径分布状态。
DPI的质量中值空气动力学直径(mass median aerodynamic diameter,MMAD)相当于单位密度在静止空气中的终端速度与微粒相同的球体的直径,由公式(2)计算得到:
式中,d表示粒径测量项中得到的几何粒径,ρ表示粉末的振实密度(已知质量的粉末经敲击500次体积达到恒定后的密度),ρ0是单位密度,χ是颗粒的动力学形态系数,表示粒子形态与球形度的偏差,此处视为理想化的球形。
结果得到PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的平均粒径(SMD)为3.41μm,中位几何粒径(De)为3.88μm、跨度值Span为2.21,而巨噬细胞内吞作用最佳颗粒大小为1~3μm,因此,本发明所制备的PEG-Cur-SLN-FL可逃避巨噬细胞的吞噬作用。通常认为药物能沉积至小气道的粒径应小于3-4μm,粉雾剂的颗粒粒径通过计算空气动力学粒径(MMAD)来评价。经计算,本发明制得的PEG-Cur-SLN-FL粉雾剂的MMAD为1.82μm,属超细颗粒,适合肺部吸入微粒的要求,且更容易沉积至小气道发挥药效。
实施例8
吸入微粉的粉体学性质
(1)松密度
取一干燥量筒(5mL),精密称定其质量(m1);然后精密称取过200目筛后的PEG-Cur-SLN-FL吸入微粉适量(约1g),精密称定其质量(m2),并读取量筒内粉末体积(V)。按以下公式计算Cur-SLN-FL的松密度:松密度=(m2-m1)/V。试验重复3次。经测定,复合干粉的松密度为(0.15±0.01)g/cm3,表明粉末结构松散,有利于肺吸入雾化分散。
(2)振实密度
精密称取过200目筛后的PEG-Cur-SLN-FL吸入微粉适量,缓缓加入一干燥量筒(5mL)中,将量筒中粉末振实500次,记录振实后粉末的质量(m1),并读取量筒内粉末体积(V)。按以下公式计算Cur-SLN-FL粉末的振实密度:振实密度=m1/V。试验重复3次。振实密度为(0.22±0.01)g/cm3。
(3)休止角
流动性的好坏会直接关系到分剂量的准确性。采用固定漏斗法进行测定。将3只漏斗串联并固定于距离水平放置的纸上约1cm的高度(H)处,将样品粉末沿漏斗壁倒入最上面的漏斗中,直到纸上形成的颗粒圆锥体尖端接触到漏斗口为止,测量圆锥底部的直径(2R),并计算休止角(H/R)。试验重复3次。测定结果,复合干粉的休止角为(27.64±0.21)°,说明其流动性良好,有利于保证填装的分剂量准确性。通过休止角的测定对我们制备的PEG-Cur-SLN-FL干粉的流动性进行了初步的划分。
表1PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的粉体学性质.n=3,
实施例9
水分测定
按2015年版《中国药典》(四部)通则“0832水分测定法”第二法烘干法测定样品中水分。取本品粉末2g,平铺于干燥至恒质量的扁形称量瓶中(厚度不超过10mm),称定其质量(m1)。开启瓶盖,在100~105℃下干燥5h,将瓶盖盖好,移置干燥器中,放冷30min,称定其质量;再在上述温度下干燥1h,放冷,称定质量,重复上述干燥、冷却操作,直至连续2次称定的质量差异不超过5mg为止,将恒定后的质量计为m2。根据减失的质量,计算样品含水量:含水量(%)=(m1-m2)/m2×100%。试验重复3次。经测定,吸入微粉的水分为6.21%,符合《中国药典》DPI稳定性要求(水分不得超过9.0%)。
实施例10
引湿性及临界相对湿度的考察
考察本发明在一定温度及湿度条件下吸收水分的能力或程度参照2015年版《中国药典》(四部)通则9103“药物引湿性试验指导原则”设计并进行试验。精密称取本品粉末,将其均匀铺于预先精密称定的具塞玻璃称量瓶底部,置于25℃与相对湿度(RH)分别为22.51%、32.78%、43.16%、52.89%、70.29%、75.29%、84.34%、93.58%的恒温恒湿箱中放置72h后取出,精密称质量,计算吸湿率,见表2。以吸湿率为纵坐标、RH为横坐标作图,得吸湿平衡曲线,结果见图5。
表2不同相对湿度下吸入微粉的吸湿百分率
对本发明粉末的吸湿性进行测定,结果表明花形乳糖装载PEG修饰姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒吸入微粉在相对湿度52.89%时的吸湿率为3.411%,提示粉末有引湿性。由吸湿率曲线图可以看出,当相对湿度大于52.89%时,粉末的吸湿增重量明显上升,将曲线两端的切线作图,两切线交点对应的横坐标即为临界相对湿度,粉末的临界相对湿度约为54%。这可能与花形乳糖α/β复合结晶态有关,相较吸入乳糖,更易溶于水,因此在样品的储存中,尤其是高温潮湿的季节,样品应放置于避光的干燥器内。
实施例11
体外释药性能考察
通过模拟肺部环境下药物的释放,研究PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的释放曲线。配制人工肺液(SLF)来模拟生理条件(即存在粘液的肺部环境)。
精密称取Cur原料药1mg、Cur-SLN-FL适量和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL适量(含Cur原料药1mg),各3份,分别置于100mL锥形瓶中,分别加入释放介质[新鲜配制的人工肺液(SLF)各50mL],将锥形瓶放于转速为80r/min、温度为37℃的恒温振荡器中,于0.033、0.083、0.167、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、9、12、18、24、36、48h时分别取液0.25mL,并补充相同体积和相同温度的人工肺液。将取出的释放液于12000r/min离心5min,吸取上清液。采用“1.2.1.2”项下HPLC法测定相应时间点(t)溶液中Cur的质量浓度(ct),并计算各时间点的累积释放量和累积释放率。
在SLF中,同Cur原料药相比,Cur-SLN-FL和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL具有明显的缓释效果。原料药存在明显的突释现象,1h内释放接近40%,6h左右到达平台期,累积释放率为55.1%。由于Cur原料药对光和热都不够稳定,6h时可见释放液中黄色明显消退,推测Cur可能发生了降解,随着时间的延长累积释放率也不会再增加。Cur-SLN-FL粉末在前期释放较快,5min的累积释放率为2.9%,2h内释放约20%,这是由于药物载体与释放介质存在一定的浓度梯度,导致分散在载体表面相的药物快速释放,随后表现出一定的缓释性能,直至72h累积释放率达到79.2%,约为Cur的1.43倍。PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的释放过程可分为两个阶段,前期较快速释放和后期缓释,前2h释放量约13.7%,前4h为第一个释放阶段,快速释放期,累积释药量约20%,而后进入缓释阶段,释药总量约88.4%,约为Cur的1.6倍。这可能是由于Cur-SLN的包封效果相比PEG-Cur-SLN要差一些,分散在表面相的药物分子多,且收到载体基质排挤的Cur药物分子也容易快速释放出来,因此Cur-SLN在前期释放阶段药物释放量多,具有突释效应;而PEG化Cur-SLN载体具有大量晶格缺陷,载体核可容纳更多的药物分子,分散在载体表面的药物较少,所以前期释药量较少且无明显的突释。值得注意的是,过量的突释会使血药浓度接近或超过中毒水平,产生不良影响或副作用,但适度的快速释放可使血药浓度迅速升高至有效浓度,有利于病灶部位的治疗。PEG修饰使得载体表面亲水性得到提高,在后期阶段释放时介质更容易侵入载体,使载体内部药物分子沿着基质“纳米通道”缓慢释放出来。而Cur-SLN内部结构较为紧凑,药物分子受到扩散阻力较大,不容易释放出来,导致总体释药量较少且持续释放时间短。
实施例12
肺部吸入给予PEG-Cur-SLN-FL在大鼠心、肾、肺组织的分布研究
将健康SD大鼠随机分为2组,Cur原药组(尾静脉注射)和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组(BJ-PW-FM型小动物干粉肺部给药),每组55只。两组大鼠均禁食、不禁水12h后,按20mg/kg的剂量给药,Cur原料药组(以10%DMSO生理盐水溶液为溶剂,配制Cur浓度为12.5mg/mL。分别于给药后的0.25、0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12、24、36、48h时随机选取5只大鼠,经乙醚麻醉后股动脉放血处死,分离其心、肺、肾脏,用生理盐水洗净表面残血,用滤纸吸干后,精密称定质量。采用Origin2017软件绘制组织分布图。
Cur在大鼠心、肺和肾的含量结果表明,静脉注射给药Cur原料药和肺部吸入给药PEG-Cur-SLN-FL后在心、肺和肾均有分布,Cur原料药在2h达到最高浓度,且在肺内分布较少;而肺部吸入给予PEG-Cur-SLN-FL可提高Cur在心、肺和肾内的分布,特别是由于靶器官直接给药,显著提高其在肺内的分布,相比Cur原料药,在12h达到最高浓度,具有一定的缓释效果。
实施例13
PEG修饰空白SLN吸入微粉和PEG修饰Cur-SLN吸入微粉的体外细胞毒性
采用LDH法对两种吸入微粉在小鼠成纤维细胞(L929)和人支气管上皮细胞(BEAS-2B)的体外细胞毒性进行考察。结果显示,不同浓度的花形乳糖对L929细胞LDH活性的影响不同。在12.5mg/mL浓度下,细胞中的LDH均未出现明显的变化,随着花形乳糖剂量的增大而增加,呈剂量效应关系。通过LDH细胞毒性评价公式,计算IC50=118.2mg/mL。
PEG修饰空白固体脂质纳米粒吸入微粉的24h浸提液按照GB/T16886.5-2003规定的细胞毒性检测方法进行检测,空白SLN-FL在L929细胞的IC50=1.249mg/mL,Cur-SLN-FL的IC50=1.267mg/mL,而空白PEG-SLN-FL的IC50=17.50mg/mL,推测可能是包裹于外层的PEG对SLN起到了一定的保护作用。而对L929细胞早期凋亡的结果显示:花形乳糖装载PEG修饰固体脂质纳米粒吸入微粉不会引起L929细胞的早期凋亡,更加说明了该花形乳糖装载PEG修饰固体脂质纳米粒吸入微粉的安全性。
在BEAS-2B细胞中,空白SLN-FL的IC50=3.908mg/mL,Cur-SLN-Fl的
IC50=5.809mg/mL空白PEG-SLN-FL的IC50=21.39mg/mL。
当机体产生应激反应时会使白细胞迅速升高,肺部会由于刺激产生大量的LDH,严重的会对肺等器官产生损伤。所以血液中的各种白细胞个数及比例、肺部分泌的LDH多少,以及肺部有没有发生水肿炎症等症状可作为药物及载体是否对机体产生毒性的依据。
实施例14
花形乳糖装载PEG化空白固体脂质纳米粒的体内限度毒性试验
(1)PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的静脉注射限度毒性试验:
正常对照组小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水;空白PEG-SLN-FL组小鼠采用急性毒性试验方法中的最大给药量法给予空白PEG-SLN-FL生理盐水溶液,浓度为80mg/mL,尾静脉注射25mL/kg;PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组小鼠按照急性毒性试验方法中序贯法规定限度试验进行,因为限度剂量为2000mg/kg,连续观察14d,记录两组小鼠的死亡情况以及给药前和给药后7d、14d的体质量。
各组小鼠注射即刻均无死亡;空白对照组小鼠自发活动、梳理毛发活动;而花形乳糖装载PEG修饰固体脂质纳米粒组则出现自发活动、梳理毛发活动明显减少,多为俯卧状态,部分小鼠出现行动迟缓、进食量明显减少的情况。注射2h~14d,各组小鼠均未死亡,且注射即刻出现的闭目、卧扶不动、蜷缩、不饮水等不良反应于注射4h后逐渐减轻,24h后完全消失。两组小鼠的体质量组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);根据对死亡结果的评价:初步判定花形乳糖装载PEG修饰固体脂质纳米粒的LD50>2000mg/kg,其安全性较高。结果见表3。
表3各组小鼠不同时间的体质量变化结果(±S,n=10)
(2)PEG-Cur-SLN-FL的肺部吸入给药限度毒性试验
采用经典急性毒性实验方法,考察KM小鼠吸入PEG-Cur-SLN-FL微粉和空白PEG-SLN-FL微粉的急性毒性。实验前根据体重将健康KM小鼠,随机分为7组,即正常对照组(空气)、PEG-Cur-SLN-FL吸入微粉1~6组,各组均采用BJ-PW-FM型小动物干粉肺部给药装置进行肺部给药,每组10只。于实验前12h禁食,饮水自由,并根据动物的死亡情况对给药剂量进行适当的调整。各组给药后,每盒5只饲养,正常饲养,连续14d观察动物的症状、死亡情况。
6组小鼠吸入给予PEG-Cur-SLN-FL微粉30min内,急性毒性症状观察出现毒性反应,主要有腹卧昏睡、心跳加快、呼吸急促、走路不稳、抽搐、甚至死亡等症状。
小鼠吸入给予不同剂量的PEG-Cur-SLN-FL后,小鼠不同时间累计死亡数-时间情况显示,小鼠吸入给药的最大给药剂量LD100(100%死亡率)是0.53g/kg/d,最小给药剂量LD0(0%死亡率)是0.32g/kg/d,组间距为0.9,运用Bliss计算法处理,计算得出小鼠的半数致死量LD50(50%死亡率)是0.428g/kg/d。
实施例15
PEG-Cur-SLN-FL吸入微粉的大鼠吸入给药后肺部及气道刺激性实验
所有大鼠适应性喂养3天,分为3组,每组5只。即空白对照组、空白PEG-SLN-FL组(40mg/kg)和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组(40mg/kg)。每天采用BJ-PW-FM型小动物干粉肺部给药装置将吸入微粉经气管给药1次,连续用药5d;空白对照组采用BJ-PW-FM型小动物干粉肺部给药装置经气管给予相同体积的空气。给药完成后,观察3d。
结果显示,空白组可见气管上皮缺失,炎细胞浸润,充血,水肿(中度);空白PEG-SLN-FL组偶见炎细胞浸润,少量上皮脱落(轻度或极轻度);PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组偶见炎细胞浸润,少量上皮脱落(轻度或极轻度);空白组肺部可见较明显的炎细胞浸润,以细支气管和血管旁较多见,部分细支气管上皮脱落,肺泡壁轻微增厚。PEG-SLN-FL和PEG-Cur-SLN-FL肺组织病变较空白组严重,可见肺泡壁增厚,间隔增宽,大量炎细胞浸润(以淋巴细胞为主),肺泡壁毛细血管丰富;偶见肺泡断裂。收集BALF液中白细胞总数较空白组明显增多以中性粒细胞变化明显。
实施例16
荧光标记PEG-SLN-FL对A549细胞的摄取实验
提前24h将A549细胞分别用0.25%质量分数胰酶消化,离心后去掉上清,用DMEM培养基[10%(体积分数)胎牛血清]制成单个细胞悬液,细胞计数仪测定细胞数量为1×105mL,将各细胞株接种于96孔培养板上,每孔体积0.2mL,置入37℃、5%(体积分数)CO2培养箱中培养24h。从培养箱中取出细胞,小心吸掉培养基,每孔用1mL 37℃PBS,清洗3次。每孔中加入0.2mL浓度为2mg/mL的ODA-FITC标记花形乳糖装载PEG修饰空白固体脂质纳米粒吸入微粉溶液,放入37℃、5%(体积分数)CO2培养箱中培养。于24h后取出培养板,小心吸掉PBS,每孔用0.2mL的PBS冲洗3次,10%中性甲醛固定10min,PBS冲洗后加入细胞核染色试剂-DAPI染色30min,每孔加入0.2mL PBS收集细胞,免疫荧光剂封片,荧光酶标仪进行测定,并通过荧光显微镜定位ODA-FITC标记花形乳糖装载PEG修饰空白固体脂质纳米粒在细胞中的摄取情况。
参见图16,结果显示,A549细胞对花形乳糖装载的PEG修饰固体脂质纳米粒具有较强的摄取能力,几乎每个细胞内都有很强的FITC标记的PEG修饰固体脂质纳米粒的绿色荧光信号,同时由图(B)可见,摄取进入细胞主要分布于胞浆,细胞核区域呈暗色。
实施例17
PEG-Cur-SLN-FL改善COPD模型小鼠的研究
(1)COPD模型小鼠的制备及分组给药
采用烟熏法叠加气管内滴注LPS方法,造模7d后将存活的模型动物按体重随机分为5组,假手术组(n=8),COPD模型组(n=8),PEG-Cur-SLN-FL高剂量组(n=8;吸入剂量20mg/kg),PEG-Cur-SLN-FL低剂量组(n=8;吸入剂量10mg/kg),布地奈德阳性药组(n=8;雾化剂量为20mg/kg)。假手术组和COPD模型组雾化同体积生理盐水,高、低剂量组均采用BJ-PW-FM型小动物干粉肺部给药装置经气管给药。所有组别均从造模后7d开始给药,每天1次,持续14d。
(2)小鼠支气管肺泡灌注液炎细胞分类计数的结果(见表4、图17)
与对照组相比,COPD模型组小鼠支气管灌洗液中白细胞总数明显增加(P<0.01),进行五分类炎细胞计数测定后,发现中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞数量增加,且具有统计学差异(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01)说明采用LPS叠加烟熏方法建立的COPD模型小鼠支气管中存在大量炎性细胞聚集,释放出大量炎性物质,炎性细胞和物质联合作用导致肺部的慢性炎症发生,造成肺部反复损伤、修复,最终使肺部结构改变。
与模型组相比,通过肺部吸入给予PEG-Cur-SLN-FL,高剂量组小鼠支气管灌洗液中白细胞总数明显降低(P<0.01),进行五分类炎细胞计数测定后其淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞数量降低具有统计学意义(P<0.01、P<0.05、P<0.05);而肺部吸入给予低剂量组PEG-Cur-SLN-FL与模型组相比,总白细胞数虽有降低,但不具有统计学意义。提示花形乳糖装载PEG修饰姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒粉雾剂能够有效地减轻COPD小鼠支气管中出现的大量炎性细胞的同时,减少炎性物质的分泌,抑制肺部出现的炎症状态,从而减轻COPD模型小鼠的肺部炎性反应。
表4各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌注液中炎细胞分类计数的结果(n=8)
注:与对照组t检验,#P<0.05,##P<0.01;与模型组方差分析,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
(3)各组小鼠肺组织和气管病理学改变(HE染色)
对照组气管少量炎细胞浸润,组织水肿,余未见明显病变。模型组假复层纤毛柱状上皮脱落,炎细胞浸润明显,组织水肿,可见出血。高剂量组气管少量炎细胞浸润。低剂量组气管假复层纤毛柱状上皮增生,炎细胞浸润明显,损伤明显。布地奈德阳性药组气管少量炎细胞浸润,组织水肿,其余未见明显病变。
(4)Masson染色观察肺组织和气管胶原沉积情况
Masson染色是显示组织中胶原纤维最常用的方法,其原理是将多种分子大小不同的阴离子染料混合,根据组织渗透性可选择阴离子,阴离子便可一起或先后作用对不同组织成分染色。它能够将胶原纤维、软骨、粘液染成蓝色,胞浆、肌肉、纤维素、神经胶质染色红色,胞核染成紫蓝色。对照组肺泡隔及肺间质见极少量胶原纤维;模型组肺泡隔及肺间质见大量胶原纤维,较致密、深染,证明模型组肺脏出现了明显的肺纤维化病理状态,而各给药组胶原纤维较模型组均减少,其中布地奈德阳性组减少较明显,提示通过肺吸入给予花形乳糖装载PEG修饰Cur-SLN干粉吸入剂有降低胶原产生,防止肺纤维化的作用。
(5)PAS染色观察小鼠肺组织和气管的病理学改变
与对照组相比,COPD模型组小鼠气道上皮具有大量的蓝染细胞,布地奈德阳性药气道上皮仅见少量散在分布的蓝染细胞,高剂量组次之。
(6)免疫组织化学法检测SIRT-1、TNF-α的蛋白表达
SIRT-1是机体广泛存在的重要抗炎小分子蛋白类物质,在调节机体炎性反应水平中起着重要作用。对照组未见明显阳性表达,COPD模型组可见散在的、较多的阳性细胞,而布地奈德阳性药及高剂量组阳性表达较模型组稍减轻,趋于正常水平,炎性反应降低。TNF-α是一种单核因子,是与COPD发病及病情发展密切相关的炎症因子之一。对照组偶见散在的阳性细胞表达,COPD模型组可见散在的、较多的阳性细胞,布地奈德阳性药及高剂量组阳性表达较模型稍减轻,低剂量组阳性表达与COPD模型组相比未见明显差异。
(7)各组小鼠肺组织中NLRP3、LC3、Caspase-1、NF-KB蛋白的表达
与对照组比较,COPD模型组小鼠肺组织中NLRP3、LC3、Caspase-1、NF-κB蛋白的表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01)。说明NLRP3、LC3、Caspase-1、NF-κB的相关表达在COPD的发生发展中起着重要的生理学作用。与模型组比较,肺部吸入高、低剂量PEG-Cur-SLN-FL组均明显降低NLRP3、LC3、Caspase-1、NF-κB蛋白的表达水平,尤以20mg/kg高剂量组的调控蛋白表达量变化明显。布地奈德下调NLRP3、LC3、Caspase-1、NF-κB蛋白的表达也具有明显的效果。
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。对于实施例公开的装置而言,由于其与实施例公开的方法相对应,所以描述的比较简单,相关之处参见方法部分说明即可。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,包括:采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备聚乙二醇修饰姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒混悬液,而后经冷冻干燥将其微粉化后与花形乳糖微粒混匀,制成花形乳糖微粒装载的聚乙二醇化姜黄素固体脂质纳米吸入微粉,即得所述粉雾剂;
具体包括以下步骤:
(1)精密称取的泊洛沙姆188和吐温-80,在搅拌下加入纯水,使其完全溶解作为水相;
(2)精密称取单硬脂酸甘油酯和硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯作为脂质材料,然后与PEG2000在搅拌下加入无水乙醇,构成载体基质溶液;
(3)取姜黄素在恒温搅拌下加入无水乙醇,完全溶解后,得姜黄素乙醇溶液,在72-78℃下将姜黄素乙醇溶液注入所述载体基质溶液,然后在72-78℃恒温磁力搅拌使其完全溶解构成有机相;
(4)在磁力搅拌下将有机相注入水相中,滴加完毕后,继续恒温搅拌3h,使其浓缩至40mL,得乳液,然后趁热将热乳液加入至0~4℃的水中,低温固化2h,得PEG修饰姜黄素SLN混悬液,并在4℃下保存,备用;
(5)称取海藻糖作为冻干保护剂,加入PEG修饰姜黄素SLN混悬液,充分溶解混合均匀后置于容器中,放入冻干仓内,程序冻干,得到PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末;
(6)最后称取花形乳糖,并与PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末充分混匀后过230目筛网,即得PEG-Cur-SLN吸入微粉,即所述粉雾剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述泊洛沙姆188和吐温-80的用量分别为0.34g~0.48g和0.68g~0.96g,且泊洛沙姆188与吐温-80的质量比为1:2;所述纯水的加入量为72mL,所述搅拌为在72~78℃、400~600r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述单硬脂酸甘油酯和硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯的用量分别为0.38g~0.42g和0.76g~0.84g,且单硬脂酸甘油酯与硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯质量比为1:2;所述PEG2000的用量为所述脂质材料质量的12~18%;所述加入无水乙醇量为18~22mL;所述搅拌为在72~78℃、400~600r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中所述姜黄素与无水乙醇的用量为0.68g~0.78g和6~10mL;所述姜黄素乙醇溶液与所述载体基质溶液的体积比为(6~10):(18~22);所述恒温搅拌为在72~78℃、400~600r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中所述有机相与水相的体积比为7:18,所述磁力搅拌为在78~85℃、900~1020r/min下恒温磁力搅拌;所述乳液与冷水的体积比为1:1,所述磁力搅拌为在0~4℃、900~1000r/min下恒温磁力搅拌。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中所述海藻糖的质量浓度为2~5%;所述程序冻干包括:S1:-35℃、2h;S2:-35℃、12h、抽真空;S3:-25℃、20h、抽真空;S4:-20℃、12h、抽真空;S5:-10℃、8h、抽真空;S6:0℃、8h、抽真空;S7:10℃、6h、抽真空;S8:20℃、6h、抽真空。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种靶向小气道缓释递送COPD治疗药物的粉雾剂制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)中所述花形乳糖与PEG修饰Cur-SLN冻干粉末的质量比为1:2~2:3。
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