CN115216591B - Intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress control method based on cooling rate control - Google Patents
Intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress control method based on cooling rate control Download PDFInfo
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 45
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000006032 tissue transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 46
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006355 external stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
- C21D11/005—Process control or regulation for heat treatments for cooling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0081—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for slabs; for billets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
The invention discloses an intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress control method based on cooling rate control. The method can reduce residual stress and obtain the high-strength and high-toughness material or part.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a quenching residual stress control method of a metal material, in particular to an intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress control method based on cooling rate control.
Background
With the development of engineering machinery, the strength grade of the steel is higher and higher, the steel is continuously developed to the high strength and high toughness direction, and the steel for the engineering machinery with the grades of 700, 800, 1000, 1300MPa and above is continuously introduced to the market. From the reinforcing mechanism of the material, most engineering machinery steel adopts a low alloy content component system in order to reduce the material cost and ensure the welding performance, and the toughness of the material is improved by controlling rolling, rapid cooling, grain refinement and precipitation. In the rapid cooling process, temperature stress and tissue phase change interact to introduce high-amplitude residual stress into the material, so that flatness problem in the material preparation process and distortion caused by residual stress release in the material use process become common bottleneck problems for restricting the development of the basic material.
However, in the field of residual stress research and application, the prior art is mainly focused on the fields of residual stress characterization and finite element calculation, and the cooling uniformity between the surface of a material and a cooling medium is improved by controlling a film boiling region in a quenching process, replacing the cooling medium and other means, so that the quenching residual stress is improved. Because the technology can not fundamentally change the uneven deformation in the material in the quenching phase change process, the generation of the phase change residual stress in the quenching process can not be truly controlled, and the quenching residual stress is always a key technical bottleneck for restricting the quality improvement of products in the domestic and foreign material manufacturing industries and the machining industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress control method based on cooling rate control, which can reduce residual stress and obtain high-strength and high-toughness materials or parts.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress control method based on cold speed control is characterized in that in the phase change process of a material or a part, the phase change plastic strain generated in the phase change process is reconstructed by changing the cooling rate, so that the quenching residual stress is reduced.
Further, according to the point in time t at which the material or part core starts to phase change 1 And a point in time t at which the core phase transition is completed 2 The continuous cooling process of quenching is divided into three stages, namely a control cooling stage, a rapid cooling stage and a free cooling stage, and reasonable quenching residual stress is obtained by limiting the cooling speed of the control cooling stage and the cooling speed of the rapid cooling stage.
Further, based on dynamic CCT curve, heat exchange coefficient, heat conductivity coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus of the material or the part, finite element analysis is adopted to calculate time t for starting phase change of the core of the material or the part 1 Core phase transition end time t 2 。
Further, the cooling rate in the cooling stage is controlled as follows: the material or the part has the lowest critical cooling speed corresponding to the structural transformation or slightly higher than the lowest critical cooling speed, so that the completion rate of the surface phase transformation before the core phase transformation starts is lower than 20% -70%.
Further, the cooling rate in the rapid cooling stage is: the minimum critical cooling speed is larger than the minimum critical cooling speed of the limiting cooling stage and smaller than the maximum critical cooling speed of the corresponding tissue transformation, so that the tissue structure of the core is controlled, and the consistency of the material or part tissue is ensured.
Further, the method is suitable for the quenching process of hot-rolled medium plates, hot-rolled strip steel and large-scale cast forgings.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the essence of the residual stress is uneven plastic deformation in the material, and three types of plastic strains are generated in the material in the quenching process, namely, phase-change expansion strain, phase-change plastic strain and traditional plastic strain, wherein the phase-change expansion strain and the phase-change plastic strain are the plastic strains which are necessarily present when the material is subjected to phase change, and the traditional plastic strain only occurs when the external stress exceeds the yield limit of the material, so that the final residual stress of most of the metal materials with phase change is determined by the phase-change expansion strain and the phase-change plastic strain; in the phase change process of the material, the formation of residual stress comprises three stages, namely a thermal stress leading stage, a phase change leading stage of a phase change area and a phase change leading stage of a phase change area, wherein the three stress forming stages are mutually cascaded, the stress of the former stage influences the stress distribution of the latter stage by changing the initial phase change plastic strain of the latter stage, and the final stress distribution in the material is determined by the magnitude of the phase change plastic strain generated by the latter phase change area; based on the analysis and judgment, the quenching residual stress regulation method provided by the invention can be used for controlling the final residual stress distribution in the material by adjusting the stress levels of different cooling stages, and experiments prove that the residual stress can be reduced, and the high-strength and high-toughness material or part can be obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing formation of residual stress in quenching in the examples of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the calculation of the phase change start time of a core material in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the control of the cold speed according to an embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the residual stress distribution in the thickness direction of the strip steel before and after the cooling rate control in the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and examples.
The essence of the residual stress is uneven plastic deformation in the material, and three types of plastic strains are generated in the material in the quenching process, namely, phase-change expansion strain, phase-change plastic strain and traditional plastic strain, wherein the phase-change expansion strain and the phase-change plastic strain are the plastic strains which are necessarily present when the material is subjected to phase change, and the traditional plastic strain only occurs when the external stress exceeds the yield limit of the material, so that the final residual stress of most of the metal materials with phase change is determined by the phase-change expansion strain and the phase-change plastic strain; in the phase change process of the material, the formation of residual stress comprises three stages, namely a thermal stress leading stage, a phase change leading stage of a phase change area and a phase change leading stage of a phase change area, wherein the three stress forming stages are mutually cascaded, the stress of the former stage influences the stress distribution of the latter stage by changing the initial phase change plastic strain of the latter stage, and the final stress distribution in the material is determined by the magnitude of the phase change plastic strain generated by the latter phase change area.
Examples
Based on the analysis and judgment, the quenching residual stress regulation method provided by the invention controls the final residual stress distribution in the material by adjusting the stress levels of different cooling stages, takes a martensitic structure material as an example, adopts the method to regulate the residual stress, the quenching residual stress is formed as shown in figure 1,expansion strain for phase change induced by surface phase change, < >>For the phase transformation plastic strain produced by the surface phase transformation, +.>Expansion strain for phase change induced by core phase change, +.>The phase transformation plastic strain generated for the core phase transformation specifically comprises the following steps:
the first step: as shown in fig. 2, the time t for starting phase transition of the material core is calculated by finite element analysis according to the dynamic CCT curve, heat exchange coefficient, heat conductivity coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus of the material 1 (7.56 s in this embodiment) and core phase transition end time t 2 (9.44 s in this example);
and a second step of: as shown in fig. 3, the phase transition is started at a time point t of the core 1 And core phase transition termination point time t 2 As a cooling rate demarcation point, a cooling rate partition is performed to divide the continuous cooling process into: a controlled cooling phase (surface phase change phase), a rapid cooling phase (core phase change phase) and a free cooling phase;
and a third step of: the cooling rate in the controlled cooling stage is set as follows: slightly greater than the minimum critical cooling speed of martensitic transformation (in this example, the minimum critical cooling speed is 25 ℃ for 5 s), the completion rate of the surface transformation before the core transformation is started is lower than 20% -70%, so as to reduce the transformation plastic strain generated during the core transformation
Fourth step: the cooling speed of a rapid cooling stage (core phase change stage) is increased, and the cooling speed of the stage is set to be 50 ℃ for 5s in the embodiment, so that the organization structure of a core is controlled, the consistency of the organization of materials or parts is ensured, and the performance of the materials or the parts is improved;
fifth step: air cooling or coiling.
As shown in fig. 4, the residual stress distribution in the thickness direction of the strip steel before and after the residual stress regulation is shown, and it can be seen from the graph that the residual stress before the application of the method is 218MPa, 75MPa after the application is performed, and the residual stress is reduced by 65.6%, so that the experiment proves that the residual stress can be reduced, and the high-strength and high-toughness material or part can be obtained.
When the experimental material is replaced, only the time point when the material core starts to change phase and the time point when the phase change is finished in the continuous cooling process are recalculated according to the dynamic CCT curve and the thermophysical parameter data of the material, and the cooling stage is set.
It will be understood that modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description, and it is intended that all such modifications and variations be included within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (3)
1. The method for controlling the intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress based on the cooling rate control is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the phase change process of the material or the part, the phase change plastic strain generated in the phase change process is reconstructed by changing the cooling rate, so that the quenching residual stress is reduced;
according to the point in time t at which the core of the material or part begins to phase change 1 And a point in time t at which the core phase transition is completed 2 The quenching continuous cooling process is divided into three stages, at the point in time t when the core begins to phase change 1 And core phase transition termination point time t 2 As a cooling speed demarcation point, cooling speed partitioning is carried out, namely a control cooling stage, a rapid cooling stage and a free cooling stage, and reasonable quenching residual stress is obtained by limiting the cooling speed of the control cooling stage and the cooling speed of the rapid cooling stage;
the cooling rate in the cooling stage is controlled as follows: the lowest critical cooling speed of the material or the part corresponding to the tissue transformation is slightly higher than the lowest critical cooling speed, so that the completion rate of the surface phase transformation before the core phase transformation starts is lower than 20% -70%;
the cooling rate of the rapid cooling stage is as follows: the minimum critical cooling speed is larger than the minimum critical cooling speed of the limiting cooling stage and smaller than the maximum critical cooling speed of the corresponding tissue transformation, so that the tissue structure of the core is controlled, and the consistency of the material or part tissue is ensured.
2. The method for controlling the intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress based on the cooling rate control as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: calculating time t for starting phase change of material or part core by finite element analysis according to dynamic CCT curve, heat exchange coefficient, heat conductivity coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus of material or part 1 Core phase transition end time t 2 。
3. The method for controlling the intrinsic strain reconstruction and quenching residual stress based on the cooling rate control as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the quenching method is suitable for the quenching process of hot-rolled medium plates, hot-rolled strip steel and large-scale cast forgings.
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| CN115216591B true CN115216591B (en) | 2024-02-13 |
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02295604A (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1990-12-06 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Conjugated roll for rolling |
| CN109609843A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2019-04-12 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | Think gauge wear-resisting steel plate and preparation method thereof in a kind of low residual stress |
| CN110527809A (en) * | 2019-08-26 | 2019-12-03 | 武汉科技大学 | Reduce the hot-rolled high-strength strip preparation method of residual stress |
| CN111334658A (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2020-06-26 | 西南交通大学 | Method for reducing welding residual stress of orthotropic steel bridge deck |
| CN113343377A (en) * | 2021-05-22 | 2021-09-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for predicting quenching residual stress of bearing steel |
-
2022
- 2022-06-06 CN CN202210630360.4A patent/CN115216591B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02295604A (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1990-12-06 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Conjugated roll for rolling |
| CN109609843A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2019-04-12 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | Think gauge wear-resisting steel plate and preparation method thereof in a kind of low residual stress |
| CN110527809A (en) * | 2019-08-26 | 2019-12-03 | 武汉科技大学 | Reduce the hot-rolled high-strength strip preparation method of residual stress |
| CN111334658A (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2020-06-26 | 西南交通大学 | Method for reducing welding residual stress of orthotropic steel bridge deck |
| CN113343377A (en) * | 2021-05-22 | 2021-09-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for predicting quenching residual stress of bearing steel |
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