CN115067500A - 一种乳液稳定剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种乳液稳定剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种乳液稳定剂及其制备方法和应用,属于食品加工技术领域。制备方法为:将牡丹籽磷脂和牡丹籽油溶解在有机溶剂中,加入脂肪酶和水反应,纯化后得到所述乳液稳定剂。本发明制备得到的乳液稳定剂(改性牡丹籽磷脂)含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,特别是α‑亚麻酸含量显著,具有良好的营养价值和功能特性,可以应用于各种食品配方,由于其良好的两亲性,因此具有良好的乳化特性,可以显著提高乳液的稳定性,达到延长储藏期的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食品加工技术领域,特别是涉及一种乳液稳定剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
水包油乳液是食品中油脂最常见的存在形式,也是必需脂肪酸、脂溶性营养素和风味物质的有效载体。牡丹籽油作为一种中国特有的新型植物油,富含多不饱和脂肪酸,其中以亚麻酸和亚油酸为主。亚麻酸含量可以达到30%~40%,而亚油酸含量也可以达到30%左右。在最新的研究中发现,不饱和脂肪酸等对心血管疾病有积极的影响,对大脑发育和降低肥胖风险也有作用。但是,富含不饱和脂肪酸使牡丹籽油在储藏过程极易被氧化,从而影响油基配方的感官特性、营养价值、保质期和安全性,而乳液可以作为油脂的载体在一定程度上解决这一问题。
传统的水包油乳液由分散在水相中的油滴组成。然而,当面临环境压力时,乳液往往是不稳定的系统。而乳状液的物理和化学稳定性在它的保质期和感官属性方面起着重要作用。在乳液制备过程中添加具有双亲结构的磷脂可以大大降低水油之间的表面张力,从而使水和油形成均匀稳定的乳液。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种乳液稳定剂及其制备方法和应用,以解决现有技术中存在的问题,采用本发明制备得到的改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化牡丹籽油,可以形成负载牡丹籽油的o/w乳液,并改善乳液的稳定性,增强乳液的抗氧化性,延长乳液的货架期,使乳液能够在储存过程中应对油脂氧化,让乳液起到更好的脂质载体作用。同时,改善补充亚麻酸、亚油酸以及磷脂的方式,将二者结合在一起,使油基配方的感官特性、营养价值、保质期和安全性更好。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下方案:
本发明的技术方案之一:一种乳液稳定剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将牡丹籽磷脂和牡丹籽油溶解在有机溶剂中,加入脂肪酶和水反应得到混合物,混合物纯化后得到所述乳液稳定剂。
进一步地,所述牡丹籽磷脂的制备具体包括:
(1)将牡丹籽油脚加热,在搅拌状态下加入电解质水溶液,搅拌反应至胶质与油质分离,得到水化油脚;
(2)将所述水化油脚离心,得到浓缩油脚,提纯后得到所述牡丹籽磷脂。
进一步地,所述加热温度为80℃;所述电解质水溶液为NaCl电解质水溶液;所述电解质水溶液的温度高于牡丹籽油脚加热温度3~5℃。
更进一步地,所述NaCl电解质水溶液中NaCl的质量分数为4%。
进一步地,所述搅拌反应具体为:在200r/min的转速下搅拌反应50min,然后调整转速至100r/min继续搅拌反应至胶质与油分离。
进一步地,所述离心转速为4000r/min,离心时间为30min。
进一步地,所述提纯具体包括:
(1)将浓缩油脚与乙醇混合提取后,得到乙醇提取液;
(2)乙醇提取液旋转蒸发浓缩后,加入丙酮沉淀,除去丙酮后(将沉淀物冻干或氮气吹干),得到所述牡丹籽磷脂。
更进一步地,所述乙醇的体积分数为95%;所述提取温度为50℃,提取时间为2h,提取方式为磁力搅拌;所述磁力搅拌的速度为200rpm。
进一步地,所述有机溶剂为正己烷;所述牡丹籽磷脂和牡丹籽油的质量比为1:4~5;所述脂肪酶的添加量为牡丹籽磷脂质量的30%。
更进一步地,所述脂肪酶(酶活力为30000u/g)为Lipozyme 40086。
更进一步地,所述水与牡丹籽磷脂的质量比为2%。
进一步地,所述反应温度为50℃,反应转速为200r/min。
更进一步地,所述纯化具体包括:将混合物抽滤除去脂肪酶,30℃旋转蒸发除去正己烷,加入丙酮进行沉淀,沉淀物用氮气吹干,得到所述乳液稳定剂(改性牡丹籽磷脂)。
改性牡丹籽磷脂中含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,如α-亚麻酸,亚麻酸、亚油酸、棕榈烯酸、亚麻酸。
本发明的技术方案之二:一种上述乳液稳定剂的制备方法制备的乳液稳定剂。
本发明的技术方案之三:一种上述乳液稳定剂作为运载体的应用。
乳液稳定剂可以作为运载体,如作为虾青素、维生素e等脂溶性物质的运载体,其在储藏时间内抗氧化性下降速度更慢。
本发明的技术方案之四:一种牡丹籽油乳液,成分包括上述乳液稳定剂(改性牡丹籽磷脂)。
改性牡丹籽磷脂稳定的乳液中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量占乳液中所有脂肪酸的51%,其中亚油酸占26%,亚麻酸占25%。
利用改性牡丹籽磷脂的乳化特性,使牡丹籽油和水混合均匀,经过高压均质,变成稳定性、抗氧化性都更好的乳液。
本发明公开了以下技术效果:
(1)本发明制备得到的乳液稳定剂(改性牡丹籽磷脂)含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,特别是α-亚麻酸含量显著,其具有良好的营养价值和功能特性,可以应用于各种食品配方,由于其良好的两亲性,因此具有良好的乳化特性,可以显著提高乳液的稳定性,达到延长储藏期(60d)的目的。
(2)本发明使用设备简单,方法容易操作,且原材料为油脂精炼副产物,成本低廉经济效益高。
(3)本发明对牡丹籽油脚进行水化、浓缩、纯化处理,得到牡丹籽磷脂,通过调整提取参数提高牡丹籽磷脂的纯度以及提取率,选用脂肪酶改性得到富含α-亚麻酸及其他多不饱和酸的改性牡丹籽磷脂为原材料(牡丹籽油或者其他食品、药品的运载体),借助简单的均质手段形成均以稳定、抗氧化性强的乳液。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明制备的乳液的抗氧化能力变化图;
图2为本发明制备的乳液的激光扫描共聚焦观察图;
图3为添加不同比例的脂肪酶制备的改性牡丹籽磷脂中亚麻酸的含量变化图。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式,该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制,而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式,并非用于限制本发明。另外,对于本发明中的数值范围,应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料,但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入,用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时,以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下,可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见的。本申请说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
关于本文中所使用的“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”等等,均为开放性的用语,即意指包含但不限于。
实施例1
一种乳液稳定剂的制备方法:
(1)牡丹籽磷脂的制备
将100g牡丹籽油脚搅拌200rpm热至80℃,用胶头滴管缓慢、均匀地加入250mLNaCl电解质水溶液(250mL NaCl电解质水溶液含有0.8gNaCl,水溶液的温度比油脚温度高3~5℃),在80℃水浴下恒温恒速(200rpm)搅拌50min,降低搅拌速度至100rpm,搅拌至胶质与油质呈分离状态时,停止搅拌,得到水化油脚;将水化油脚在4000r/min的条件下离心3min,分离出清油部分得浓缩油脚;将浓缩油脚与体积分数为95%的乙醇以质量比1:10混合后,在50℃下磁力搅拌(200rpm)2h,收集滤液(乙醇提取液),在45℃下旋转蒸发回收乙醇,剩余物用丙酮沉淀,收集沉淀物氮气吹干,得到牡丹籽磷脂,牡丹籽磷脂的提取率为16%;纯度为70%。
(2)乳液稳定剂的(改性牡丹籽磷脂)的制备
将100g牡丹籽磷脂和400g牡丹籽油溶解在2000mL正己烷中,加入30g脂肪酶(Lipozyme 40086,酶活力为30000u/g)和2mL去离子水,放在摇床中,在转速为200r/min、温度为50℃的条件下反应180min,得到混合物;将混合物抽滤除去脂肪酶,30℃旋转蒸发除去正己烷,然后加入丙酮进行沉淀,沉淀物氮气吹干,得到乳液稳定剂(改性牡丹籽磷脂)。
改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证:
将10g改性牡丹籽磷脂(本实施例制备)与250g水混合后磁力搅拌2h,分散均匀,用1mol/L HCl调节pH至4.0,然后加入25g牡丹籽油,用均质机以8000r/min的转速均质2min,加入0.04g山梨酸钾和5g明胶,灭菌后得到改性牡丹籽磷脂稳定的乳液。
该乳液分布均匀,粘稠细腻,乳液较为稳定且不易分层,储藏时间较长(60d)。
实施例2
同实施例1,区别在于,改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证时,调节pH至6.0。
该乳液分布较均匀,但油滴粒径变大,乳液稳定性不高,储藏过程中粒径变大明显。
实施例3
同实施例1,区别在于,改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证时,调节pH至8.0。
该乳液分布不均匀,油滴粒径大,乳液不稳定,储藏过程中有明显分层现象。
对比例1
同实施例1,区别在于,改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证时,不使用改性牡丹籽磷脂,调节pH至7.0。
对比例2
同实施例1,区别在于,改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证时,将改性牡丹籽磷脂替换成市售大豆磷脂,调节pH至7.0。
对比例3
同实施例1,区别在于,改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证时,不使用改性牡丹籽磷脂,调节pH至4.0。
对比例4
同实施例1,区别在于,改性牡丹籽磷脂乳化效果验证时,将改性牡丹籽磷脂替换成市售大豆磷脂,调节pH至4.0。
效果例1
测定实施例1~3和对比例1~4制备得到的乳液的性能,结果见表1。
表1
样品 | pH | |Zeta电位|(mv) | 平均粒径(nm) | PDI |
实施例1 | 4 | 54.4±1.374 | 339.31±17.34 | 0.321±0.01 |
实施例2 | 6 | 56±1.512 | 405.9±20.44 | 0.387±0.015 |
实施例3 | 8 | 58.87±1.782 | 502.6±28.91 | 0.431±0.025 |
对比例1 | 7 | 19.4333±1.555 | 3114.48±158.52 | 0.709±0.05 |
对比例2 | 7 | 51.5667±1.464 | 723.65±41.98 | 0.532±0.03 |
对比例3 | 4 | 17.525±1.432 | 5235.14±189.76 | 0.812±0.058 |
对比例4 | 4 | 50.4321±1.764 | 1032.67±62.37 | 0.643±0.04 |
从表1中可以看出,在pH=4时,乳液中改性牡丹籽磷脂颗粒具有最大的电荷量和最小的粒径。随着酸度减小,粒径变大。Zeta电位绝对值越高,水包油乳液体系越稳定,而当Zeta电位绝对值在30mV以下时,乳液之间的静电斥力小于其范德华力,从而使乳液不够稳定。植物来源的磷脂分子由于本身带有负电荷,使乳液带有较大的Zeta电位,本发明中添加磷脂作为乳化剂的乳液Zeta电位均大于50mV,结果表明在pH4.0时,改性牡丹籽磷脂稳定的乳液具有最佳的乳化性和乳化稳定性。因此,在改性牡丹籽磷脂的pH值为4.0时,是制备乳液的最佳条件。
效果例2
采用实施例1~3和对比例1~2制备得到的乳液进行抗氧化实验,方法如下:
将乳液样品稀释40倍,取2mL乳液样品分别与3mL无水乙醇溶液和3mL新配置的DPPH-乙醇溶液(0.1mM)混合,在黑暗中放置30min后,在517nm处测量吸光度。同时,用超纯水代替DPPH溶液作为对照。DPPH+自由基清除活性的计算方法如下:
清除率(%)=[(A0-AS+AW)/A0]×100
A0代表乙醇组的吸光度;AS代表样品组的吸光度;AW代表超纯水组的吸光度。
测定结果见图1。
从图1中可以看出,在pH值为4.0时,乳液的抗氧化能力最强,并且随着pH值得增大,乳液的抗氧化能力降低。
效果例3
对实施例1~3和对比例1~2制备得到的乳液进行激光扫描共聚焦实验,实验方法如下:
将200μL尼罗红(1mg/mL)滴入5mL乳液中,使油相被染成红色。将染色的乳剂(约10μL)滴在玻璃片的中心,用碎片覆盖,用显微镜观察。激发和发射波长分别为559nm和635nm,结果见图2。
从图2中可以看出,在pH值为4.0时,乳液的抗氧化能力最强,形成的乳液更稳定,粒径更小,粒径越小越有利于乳液的储藏和应用,并且随着pH值得增大,乳液的粒径增大,稳定性降低。
效果例4
将牡丹籽油、实施例1制备的改性磷脂以及实施例1制备的乳液进行甲酯化后,用气相色谱仪进行测定。具体方法如下:
甲酯化:精密称取样品(牡丹籽油、改性磷脂或制备的乳液)100mg于25mL比色管中,加入5mL正己烷溶解试样,振摇2min,样品溶解后加入0.5mol/L KOH-甲醇溶液0.5mL,摇匀,40℃超声处理20min;加5mL纯水于比色管中,反复摇匀;转移至离心管中,在25℃下1000r/min离心3min;吸收上层脂肪酸甲酯,加入0.2g无水硫酸钠干燥,振摇混匀后静置,取上层清液过0.22μm有机滤膜,置于进样小瓶中进行GC-MS分析。
GC-MS条件:DB-5MS色谱柱,进样温度为230℃,升温程序为以100℃为开始温度,保持1min,然后以5℃/min升到280℃,保持10min。
结果见表2。
表2
对比例5
同实施例1,区别在于,脂肪酶的用量为40g。
对比例6
同实施例1,区别在于,脂肪酶的用量为20g。
对比例7
同实施例1,区别在于,脂肪酶的用量为10g。
测定实施例1和对比例5~7中制备的改性牡丹籽磷脂中亚麻酸含量,结果见图3。
从图3中可以看出,随着脂肪酶的用量的增加,改性牡丹籽磷脂中亚麻酸含量上升。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
将牡丹籽磷脂和牡丹籽油溶解在有机溶剂中,加入脂肪酶和水反应,纯化后得到所述乳液稳定剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述牡丹籽磷脂的制备具体包括:
(1)将牡丹籽油脚加热,在搅拌状态下加入电解质水溶液,搅拌反应至胶质与油质分离,得到水化油脚;
(2)将所述水化油脚离心,得到浓缩油脚,提纯后得到所述牡丹籽磷脂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述加热温度为80℃;所述电解质水溶液为NaCl电解质水溶液;所述电解质水溶液的温度高于牡丹籽油脚加热温度3~5℃。
4.根据权利要求2所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述搅拌反应具体为:在200r/min的转速下搅拌反应50min,然后调整转速至100r/min继续搅拌反应至胶质与油分离。
5.根据权利要求2所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述离心转速为4000r/min,离心时间为30min。
6.根据权利要求2所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述提纯具体包括:
(1)将浓缩油脚与乙醇混合提取后,得到乙醇提取液;
(2)乙醇提取液旋转蒸发浓缩后,加入丙酮沉淀,除去丙酮后,得到所述牡丹籽磷脂。
7.根据权利要求1所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为正己烷;所述牡丹籽磷脂和牡丹籽油的质量比为1:4~5;所述脂肪酶的添加量为牡丹籽磷脂质量的30%;所述反应温度为50℃。
8.一种权利要求1~7任一项所述的乳液稳定剂的制备方法制备的乳液稳定剂。
9.一种权利要求8所述的乳液稳定剂作为运载体的应用。
10.一种牡丹籽油乳液,其特征在于,成分包括权利要求1~7任一项所述乳液稳定剂。
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