CN115005431A - 一种老年特殊膳食及其应用 - Google Patents
一种老年特殊膳食及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115005431A CN115005431A CN202210664222.8A CN202210664222A CN115005431A CN 115005431 A CN115005431 A CN 115005431A CN 202210664222 A CN202210664222 A CN 202210664222A CN 115005431 A CN115005431 A CN 115005431A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pediatric Medicine (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种老年特殊膳食及其应用，属于特殊膳食领域。本发明发现该老年特殊膳食具有改善老年人群生理功能的作用，具体体现在：(1)可增加老年人群人体内骨骼肌含量；(2)提高老年人群活动能力；(3)调节老年人群胃肠道功能；(4)增加老年人群血清中抗炎因子IL‑10含量；(5)调节老年人群肠道菌群结构和物种组成。本发明优点在于，发明得到的老年特殊膳食，营养搭配合理，易于消化吸收，对老年人群具有营养支持的作用。因此，本发明中的老年特殊膳食在市场上具有应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种老年特殊膳食及其应用，属于特殊膳食和老年膳食领域。
背景技术
特殊膳食是指为满足某些特殊人群的生理需求，或某些疾病患者的营养需求，食品生产企业按特殊配方而专门加工的食品，包括：特殊医学用途配方食品(全营养类、特定全营养类、非全营养类)、婴幼儿配方食品、婴幼儿辅助食品、其他特殊食品(辅助营养补充剂、运动营养品等)。随着年龄的增长，老年人身体机能逐渐衰退，摄入食物有困难，人体营养消化和吸收大不如从前，多数老年人达不到膳食指南的推荐摄入量。健康老龄化成为人们关注的话题，这给老年食品市场带来机遇和挑战，如何开发适合老年人的特殊膳食值得思考。
老年膳食多数集中在适合中老年人吃的配方奶粉、蛋白粉或粉剂，专为老年人开发的配方膳食较为少见。除了给普通老年人吃的粉剂之外，更有一些无蔗糖或者适合术后老年人吃的配方奶粉。综合来看，这些产品均是从营养吸收以及优质营养素方面考虑，以奶粉、保健品为主，产品种类单一，不能满足消费者的需求，较多产品以补充中老年人每日营养不足或平衡膳食。
但这些产品，尤其是功能性产品，存在基础研究不足、夸大产品功效等问题。这类产品中除了保健品之外，只有各种主打“无添加蔗糖”，针对高血糖老人的无糖糕点，有滥竽充数之嫌，不能真正解决老年人面临的问题。
发明内容
[技术问题]
本发明要解决的技术问题是现有的老年特殊膳食存在基础研究不足、夸大产品功效、市场滥竽充数，并不能真正解决老年人面临的问题等缺陷。
[技术方案]
本发明在国家标准的基础上，参考老年食品通则(征求意见稿)、中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量、中国营养科学全书等资料，提供一种老年特殊膳食，其含有丰富的营养成分，能满足老年人所需要的全部营养，并且各组分含量合理，适用范围广泛。该膳食可用于老年人群胃肠道和人体体成分调节以及活动能力与上肢力量改善的应用，具体体现在：(1)增加老年人群体内骨骼肌比例；(2)提高老年人群活动能力；(3)调节老年人群胃肠道功能；(4)增加老年人群血清抗炎因子IL-10分泌；(5)调节老年人群肠道菌群结构与物种组成。
本发明所述老年特殊膳食是具有调节肠道功能和改善生理功能的老年特殊膳食，每100kJ膳食包括如下成分：蛋白质、碳水化合物、膳食纤维、脂肪、复合维生素、复合矿物质、营养强化剂；每100kJ膳食，按供能百分比计，所述蛋白质供能14％-18％，所述脂肪供能20％-30％，所述碳水化合物供能55％-65％；每100kJ膳食中，所述膳食纤维≥0.4g，所述复合维生素≥3.8mg，所述复合矿物质≥145.8mg，所述营养强化剂≥1.31mg；所述蛋白质为水解乳清蛋白和大豆肽的混合蛋白；所述碳水化合物可以为葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、乳糖、麦芽糖、麦芽糊精、L-阿拉伯糖、淀粉、糖原中的一种、几种或全部混合；所述膳食纤维可以为低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、多聚果糖、棉子糖和聚葡萄糖中的一种、几种或全部混合；所述脂肪由葵花籽油、亚麻籽油和鱼油的一种、几种或全部混合组成。
在一种实施方式中，所述蛋白质是水解乳清蛋白和大豆肽以1:1～1.5比例混合得到的。乳清和大豆蛋白分别是动植物蛋白中的“完全蛋白质”，氨基酸比例适中且能够互补。水解后的乳清蛋白和大豆肽在肠上皮转运速度较快，易于消化吸收，可以减轻胃肠道功能衰退的老年人群负担。
在一种实施方式中，所述的碳水化合物为麦芽糊精、玉米淀粉、果糖中的一种或几种。
在一种实施方式中，所述膳食纤维为低聚果糖。其中，低聚果糖能选择性刺激肠道益生菌的生长和活性，增强肠道的免疫功能，对于体内双歧杆菌缺乏的老人，食用低聚果糖效果可能更显著，同时研究表明低聚果糖对血糖、血压、血脂有一定的调节作用。
在一种实施方式中，所述膳食纤维为低聚果糖、香菇多糖、牛樟芝多糖及树舌灵芝多糖(菌类多糖添加总量≥3.75g/100g)。菌类多糖有助于提高人体巨噬细胞吞噬细菌的能力，从而帮助提升免疫力，在一定程度上也具有调节肠道菌群结构的作用，刺激菌群产生短链脂肪酸。
在一种实施方式中，所述脂肪为葵花籽油、亚麻籽油和鱼油的一种或几种。其中，亚麻籽油含有不饱和脂肪酸，能够增强免疫力，预防心脑血管疾病的发生，还具有一定的防癌抗癌的功效。鱼油易于身体吸收，含EPA、DHA、Omega-3等多种营养成分，可以延缓大脑萎缩，防止大脑功能衰退和老年性痴呆发生，同时可以清除血液中堆积的脂肪，预防动脉硬化及阻止末梢血管阻塞的发生，是老年人不可忽视的营养物质。所述脂肪中的饱和脂肪酸供能比应≤10％，亚油酸供能比应≥2.0％；α-亚麻酸供能比应≥0.5％。
在一种实施方式中，所述复合维生素包括维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、维生素C和B族维生素。
在一种实施方式中，按每100kJ膳食计，所述复合维生素包括如下成分：维生素A12.75-47.80μg RE、维生素D 0.24-0.80μg、维生素E 0.22-11.15mgα-TE、维生素K1至少1.27μg、维生素B1至少0.02mg、维生素B2至少0.02mg、维生素B6 0.03-0.96mg、维生素B12至少0.04μg、维生素C 3.19-31.87mg、烟酸0.22-0.48mg、叶酸6.37-15.93μg、泛酸至少0.08mg、生物素至少0.64μg。所述维生素A的来源选自醋酸视黄脂、棕榈酸视黄酯、全反式视黄醇、β-胡萝卜素中任意一种或多种；所述维生素D的来源选自麦角钙化醇、胆钙化醇中的一种或多种；所述维生素E的来源选自d-α-生育酚、dl-α-生育酚、d-α-醋酸生育酚、dl-α-醋酸生育酚、混合生育酚浓缩物、d-α-琥珀酸生育酚、dl-α-琥珀酸生育酚中的一种或多种；所述维生素K1的来源为植物甲萘醌；所述维生素B1的来源选自盐酸硫胺素、硝酸硫胺素中的一种或多种；所述维生素B2的来源选自核黄素、核黄素-5’-磷酸钠中的一种或多种；所述维生素B6的来源选自盐酸吡哆醇、5’-磷酸吡哆醇中的一种或多种；所述维生素B12的来源选自氰钴胺、盐酸氰钴胺、羟钴胺中的一种或一种个以上；所述维生素C的来源选自L-抗坏血酸、L-抗坏血酸钾、L-抗坏血酸钠、L-抗坏血酸钙、抗坏血酸-6-棕榈酸盐中的一种或多种；所述烟酸的来源选自烟酸、烟酰胺中的一种或多种；所述泛酸的来源选自D-泛酸钠、D-泛酸钙中的一种或多种；所述生物素为D-生物素。在一种实施方式中，所述复合矿物质包括矿物质宏量复合物和矿物质微量复合物。所述矿物质宏量复合物包含元素钾、钠、钙、镁、氯和磷，所述矿物质微量复合物包含元素铁、锌、硒、锰、铜和碘。
在一种实施方式中，所述复合矿物质包括如下成分：按每100kJ膳食计，钠元素20.71-28.68mg、钾元素≥57.36mg、镁元素≥6mg、钙元素15.93-31.87mg、磷元素11.15-47.80mg、氯元素≥35.05mg、铁元素≥5.10mg，锌元素0.20-0.64mg，硒元素0.96-6.37μg，锰元素71.70-175.27μg，铜元素12.75-127.47μg，碘元素至少1.91-9.56μg。所述钠元素的来源选自氯化钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、柠檬酸钠、碳酸氢钠中的一种或多种；所述钾元素的来源选自磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、葡萄糖酸钾、柠檬酸钾、氯化钾中的一种或多种；所述镁元素的来源选自硫酸镁、氯化镁、氧化镁、碳酸镁、磷酸氢镁、葡萄糖酸镁中的一种或多种；所述钙元素的来源选自碳酸钙、葡萄糖酸钙、柠檬酸钙、L-乳酸钙、磷酸氢钙、氯化钙、甘油磷酸钙、磷酸三钙、氧化钙、硫酸钙中的一种或多种；所述磷元素的来源选自磷酸钙、磷酸氢钙中的一种或多种；所述氯元素的来源选自氯化钾、氯化钠、氯化锰、氯化锌、氯化镁、氯化胆碱；所述铁元素的来源选自焦磷酸铁、硫酸亚铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁、富马酸亚铁、乙二胺四乙酸铁钠、柠檬酸铁、柠檬酸铁铵中的一种或多种；所述锌元素的来源选自硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌、氧化锌、乳酸锌、氯化锌、乙酸锌、柠檬酸锌中的一种或多种；所述硒元素的来源选自亚硒酸钠、硒酸钠中的一种或多种；所述锰元素的来源选自硫酸锰、氯化锰、碳酸锰、柠檬酸锰、葡萄糖酸锰中的一种或多种；所述铜元素的来源选自硫酸铜、柠檬酸铜、葡萄糖酸铜、碳酸铜中的一种或多种；所述碘元素的来源选自碘化钾、碘酸钾、碘化钠中的一种或多种。
在一种实施方式中，所述营养强化剂包括牛黄碱、左旋肉碱、肌醇和胆碱中的一种或多种。所述胆碱选自酒石酸氢胆碱、氯化胆碱中的一种或多种。
在一种实施方式中，所述老年特殊膳食含有麦芽糊精54.7g、水解乳清蛋白9g、大豆肽7.5g、葵花籽油微囊粉15.85g、亚麻籽油微囊粉5g、鱼油微囊粉0.25g、低聚果糖8.3g、醋酸维生素A 300μg RE、维生素D3 5.0μg、dl-α-生育酚15mgα-TE、植物甲萘醌25μg、盐酸硫胺素0.8mg、核黄素0.8mg、盐酸吡哆醇1.1mg、氰钴胺4.5μg、L-抗坏血酸钠100mg、烟酰胺5mg、叶酸150μg、D-泛酸钙2.5mg、D-生物素15μg、氯化钠和柠檬酸钠共400mg、磷酸氢二钾和氯化钾共1100mg、硫酸铜250μg、碳酸镁100mg、焦磷酸铁6mg、葡萄糖酸锌6mg、硫酸锰1400μg、碳酸钙400mg、碘化钾50μg、亚硒酸钠20μg、氯化胆碱150mg、左旋肉碱30mg。可另添加香菇多糖1.875g、树舌灵芝多糖0.625g、牛樟芝多糖1.25g。
在一种实施方式中，所述老年特殊膳食含有玉米淀粉和果糖共54.7g、水解乳清蛋白8.25g、大豆肽8.25g、葵花籽油微囊粉15.85g、亚麻籽油微囊粉5.25g、低聚果糖8.3g、棕榈酸视黄酯300μg RE、胆钙化醇5.0μg、dl-α-醋酸生育酚15mgα-TE、植物甲萘醌25μg、硝酸硫胺素0.8mg、核黄素-5’-磷酸钠0.8mg、5’-磷酸吡哆醇1.1mg、盐酸氰钴胺4.5μg、L-抗坏血酸钙100mg、烟酸5mg、叶酸150μg、D-泛酸钠2.5mg、D-生物素15μg、氯化钠和碳酸氢钠400mg、磷酸二氢钾和氯化钠1100mg、硫酸铜250μg、氯化镁100mg、葡萄糖酸亚铁6mg、氧化锌6mg、碳酸锰1400μg、葡萄糖酸钙400mg、碘化钠50μg、硒酸钠20μg、酒石酸氢胆碱150mg、左旋肉碱30mg。
本发明所述膳食是粉剂、颗粒剂、糊，或与溶剂混合制成口饮料，或制成营养棒。
本发明所述老年特殊膳食的制备是将所有原料粉末混合均匀。
本发明所述膳食对老年人群具有营养支持作用，可用于制备营养配方膳食、特殊膳食。
有益效果：本发明的老年特殊膳食可以增加老年人体内骨骼肌比例；可改善老年人群活动能力，提升简易体能状况量表(SPPB)得分；可调节老年人群胃肠道功能，降低慢性便秘严重度评分量表(CSS)得分；可增加血清抗炎因子IL-10分泌；可调节老年人肠道菌群结构与物种组成。因此，本发明中所述老年特殊膳食通过改善生理功能对老年人群有营养支持作用，具有广泛的应用前景。
附图说明
图1：不同蛋白质形态及量对自然衰老小鼠体重(A)、肌肉组织(B)及空肠组织形态结构(C)的影响。
图2：菌类多糖对老年人群粪便菌群中与年轻人的差异菌群丰度的调节作用(图中为替换膳食因子培养基发酵老年人粪便菌群后的菌泥与原mGAM培养基发酵后的菌泥测得差异菌属相对丰度相减后的差值)。
图3：食用不同老年特殊膳食后老年人群体内骨骼肌含量对比图。
图4：食用不同老年特殊膳食后老年简易体能状况量表(SPPB)得分对比图。
图5：食用不同老年特殊膳食后老年人群慢性便秘严重度评分量表(CSS)得分对比图。
图6：食用不同老年特殊膳食后老年人群血清IL-10含量对比图。
具体实施方式
mGAM培养基的组分：每100g培养基粉末中包括蛋白胨5.0g，大豆蛋白胨3.0g，月示蛋白胨5.0g，消化血清10.0g，酵母浸膏2.5g，肉浸膏2.2g，肝脏浸膏1.2g，葡萄糖0.5g，氯化钠3.0g，可溶性淀粉5.0g，L-色氨酸0.2g，L-半胱氨酸0.3g，硫代乙醇酸钠0.3g，L-精氨酸1.0g，维生素K1 0.005g，氯化血红素0.01g，磷酸二氢钾2.5g。
简易体能状况量表(SPPB)：包括平衡实验、坐站实验和步行速度测验。平衡实验：志愿者穿着平底鞋不使用辅助工具，进行双脚并拢站立、半串联站立和串联站立三项测试，每项坚持时间超过10s即为正常。坐站实验：志愿者在没有扶手的凳子上按常规速度重复站坐五次，记录所需要的时间。步行速度测验：志愿者按照自己日常行走的速度行走4m，重复两次，记录最短时间。每一项分数为0～4分，三项单独得分相加得到总分，总分越低，机体活动能力越弱。
慢性便秘严重度评分量表(CSS)：包括以下七个问题：排便频率、排便费力程度、排便不尽感、腹痛次数、每次排便时间、排便辅助方法和每天去排但没有排出来的次数。每个问题均会有相应评分，得分相加后得出总分。
血清抗炎因子IL-10分泌：采用检测人血清细胞因子的ELISA试剂盒测定血清中细胞因子IL-10的含量。
实施例1：膳食蛋白的确定
采用自然衰老雌性C57BL/6J小鼠，从17月龄喂养至23月龄，以确定适合衰老机体的膳食蛋白形态及比例。
具体的，
将17月龄SPF级30g左右健康雌性C57BL/6J小鼠28只，随机分为4组：①分离乳清蛋白质和大豆分离蛋白按1:1混合，占日粮供能比15％；②水解乳清蛋白和大豆肽胺1:1混合，占日粮供能比15％；③分离乳清蛋白质和大豆分离蛋白按1:1混合，占日粮供能比21％和④水解乳清蛋白和大豆肽胺1:1混合，占日粮供能比21％。每组7只，饲养在江南大学实验动物中心，恒定温度21～26℃，湿度40～70％，噪声小于等于60dB，动物照度15～20LX。所有动物实验程序皆由江南大学动物福利与伦理管理委员会进行审查并批准。实验共24周，全程用含不同蛋白质组合的饲料喂养，实验后期三只小鼠自然死亡。期间每周对小鼠进行称重，观察粪便松散情况。
结果如附图1所示。由图A得出，第①、④组小鼠体重随着小鼠年龄的增长而下降，第②、③组小鼠的体重降幅较小，因此水解蛋白在稳定老年小鼠体重方面较整蛋白好。由图1B得出，第①组小鼠肌肉组织中肌纤维排列松散，部分失去正常形态，并且肌肉组织中出现脂肪的异常堆积(附图1B中椭圆标注)，而第②、③、④组小鼠肌肉组织形态相对正常。由图1C得出，第①、②组小鼠空肠结构完整，绒毛排列整齐，无明显病理变化，第③、④组小鼠空肠固有层结构松散，肌层较薄(附图1C中方框标注)，小肠绒毛顶端失去正常形态(附图1C中圆形标注)。
因此，蛋白质供能比14％不会损伤小鼠空肠结构，而增加蛋白质供能到21％则对空肠结构有一定的损伤。
实施例2：膳食纤维和菌类多糖的筛选
采用体外粪便菌群发酵的方法筛选可调节老年人粪便菌群结构与物种组成的膳食因子。
具体地，
随机选取老年人和年轻人，采用厌氧袋和粪便采集管收集粪便。避开尿液采集，粪便采集管的管口避免拧太紧放入含厌氧袋的自封袋中，立即将自封袋放入冰盒或4℃冰箱保存。
在24孔板内加入提前配置好的培养基，培养基分别为原mGAM培养基及以膳食因子替换mGAM培养基中碳源(包括可溶性淀粉和葡萄糖)的培养基，共计44种。将收集好的粪便用无菌PBS以1:10w/v混匀均质，经四层无菌棉纱布过滤，将所得滤液接入培养基中，接种量20％。其中，老年人的粪便菌群接入上述的44种培养基内，而年轻人的粪便菌群只接入原mGAM培养基中。于37℃，厌氧条件下发酵24h后，将每个孔内的发酵液离心以分离菌泥，用于菌群DNA测序及分析。
为探究老年人与年轻人之间肠道菌群菌属组成的差异，我们筛选除了老年人与年轻人之间的差异菌属。首先使用Python中的Scikit-Learn软件包进行特征选择。其次使用随机森林模型，构建基于筛选后的肠道菌群菌属组成的老年人与年轻人判别模型。最后基于随机森林模型的特征重要性评分对不同菌属进行重要性评价，选择排名靠前的菌属作为老年人与年轻人之间的差异菌属。
结果如表1和图2所示，结果表明，在碳源被替换松茸多糖、树舌灵芝多糖、香菇多糖、白耙齿菌多糖、牛樟芝多糖、黄精多糖、抗性淀粉或果胶的培养基中发酵老年人与年轻人粪便菌群后，Beta多样性无显著差异。大多数膳食因子可增加年轻人与老年人差异菌属中有益菌的丰度(Bifidobacterium，Parabacteroides，Bacteroides，Faecalibacterium等)，降低有害菌的丰度(Fusicatenibacter，Dorea，Escherichia-Shigella等)，其中，低聚果糖调节作用更为全面。综合所有结果显示，树舌灵芝多糖、牛樟芝多糖和香菇多糖以及低聚果糖调节老年人肠道菌群的结构和物种组成更为有效，可添加在特殊膳食中。
表1不同膳食因子发酵的老年人与年轻人粪便菌群Beta多样性差异比较(表中*代表具有显著性差异，*P<0.05，**P<0.01)
实施例3：老年特殊膳食①
按照下述配方制备特殊膳食，2.5包的该特殊膳食中含有：麦芽糊精54.7g、水解乳清蛋白9g、大豆肽7.5g、葵花籽油微囊粉15.85g、亚麻籽油微囊粉5g、鱼油微囊粉0.25g、低聚果糖8.3g、香菇多糖1.875g、树舌灵芝多糖0.625g、牛樟芝多糖1.25g、醋酸维生素A 300μg RE、维生素D3 5.0μg、dl-α-生育酚15mgα-TE、植物甲萘醌25μg、盐酸硫胺素0.8mg、核黄素0.8mg、盐酸吡哆醇1.1mg、氰钴胺4.5μg、L-抗坏血酸钠100mg、烟酰胺5mg、叶酸150μg、D-泛酸钙2.5mg、D-生物素15μg、氯化钠和柠檬酸钠共400mg、磷酸氢二钾和氯化钾共1100mg、硫酸铜250μg、碳酸镁100mg、焦磷酸铁6mg、葡萄糖酸锌6mg、硫酸锰1400μg、碳酸钙400mg、碘化钾50μg、亚硒酸钠20μg、氯化胆碱150mg、左旋肉碱30mg。
实施例4：老年特殊膳食②
按照下述配方制备特殊膳食，2.5包的该特殊膳食中含有：玉米淀粉和果糖共54.7g、水解乳清蛋白8.25g、大豆肽8.25g、葵花籽油微囊粉15.85g、亚麻籽油微囊粉5.25g、低聚果糖8.3g、棕榈酸视黄酯300μg RE、胆钙化醇5.0μg、dl-α-醋酸生育酚15mgα-TE、植物甲萘醌25μg、硝酸硫胺素0.8mg、核黄素-5’-磷酸钠0.8mg、5’-磷酸吡哆醇1.1mg、盐酸氰钴胺4.5μg、L-抗坏血酸钙100mg、烟酸5mg、叶酸150μg、D-泛酸钠2.5mg、D-生物素15μg、氯化钠和碳酸氢钠400mg、磷酸二氢钾和氯化钠1100mg、硫酸铜250μg、氯化镁100mg、葡萄糖酸亚铁6mg、氧化锌6mg、碳酸锰1400μg、葡萄糖酸钙400mg、碘化钠50μg、硒酸钠20μg、酒石酸氢胆碱150mg、左旋肉碱30mg。
实施例5：老年特殊膳食提高老年人群人体内骨骼肌比例
招募90岁≥年龄≥65岁的90名老年志愿者进行随机对照评价实验。实验方案经过江苏省无锡市梁溪区南京医科大学无锡市人民医院伦理委员会批准实施，并且在中国临床试验注册中心注册。
实验共两个月(8周)。对照组不改变原有饮食方式，其他两组每天需食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两包，上午和下午各一包，食用方式为：用160mL温水冲调成175mL的标准品。在第8周末(实验结束后)，所有志愿者需要参加人体体成分测试，仪器采用生物电阻抗法及多频检测法测定人体成分。
这些结果如附图3所示。由附图3可知，食用实施例3或实施例4制备的老年特殊膳食两个月后，由人体体成分测试中骨骼肌相关数据得出老年人的体内骨骼肌含量有增加的趋势。
实施例6：老年特殊膳食改善老年人群运动能力，提高简易体能状况量表(SPPB)得分
招募90岁≥年龄≥65岁的90名老年志愿者进行随机对照评价实验。实验方案经过江苏省无锡市梁溪区南京医科大学无锡市人民医院伦理委员会批准实施，并且在中国临床试验注册中心注册。
实验共两个月(8周)。对照组不改变原有饮食方式，其他两组每天需食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两包，上午和下午各一包，食用方式为：用160mL温水冲调成175mL的标准品。在第8周末(实验结束后)，所有志愿者需要参加平衡能力、步态速度、重复坐站5次所需时间测试。
这些结果如附图4所示。由附图4可知，食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两个月后，老年特殊膳食①组SPPB评分有提高的趋势，老年特殊膳食②组SPPB评分有显著的提高(*表示P<0.05)，表明老年志愿者们的活动能力有改善。
实施例7：老年特殊膳食调节老年人群胃肠道功能，降低慢性便秘严重度评分量表(CSS)得分
招募90岁≥年龄≥65岁的90名老年志愿者进行随机对照评价实验。实验方案经过江苏省无锡市梁溪区南京医科大学无锡市人民医院伦理委员会批准实施，并且在中国临床试验注册中心注册。
实验共两个月(8周)。每天需食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两包，上午和下午各一包，食用方式为：用160mL温水冲调成175mL的标准品。在第8周末(实验结束后)，所有志愿者需要填写慢性便秘严重度评分量表(CSS)，包括以下七个问题：排便频率、排便费力程度、排便不尽感、腹痛次数、每次排便时间、排便辅助方法和每天去排但没有排出来的次数。
这些结果如附图5所示。由附图5可知，本发明中，食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两个月后，老年志愿者们均反馈排便方面改善明显，CSS量表得分也显著降低(*表示P<0.05；***表示P<0.001)。
实施例8：老年特殊膳食提高老年人群血清抗炎因子IL-10含量
招募90岁≥年龄≥65岁的90名老年志愿者进行随机对照评价实验。实验方案经过江苏省无锡市梁溪区南京医科大学无锡市人民医院伦理委员会批准实施，并且在中国临床试验注册中心注册。
实验共两个月(8周)。每天需食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两包，上午和下午各一包，食用方式为：用160mL温水冲调成175mL的标准品。在第8周末(实验结束后)，所有志愿者需要抽取血样样本，吸取血清用于酶联免疫检测细胞因子含量。
这些结果如附图6所示，食用实施例3或4制备的老年特殊膳食两个月后，通过酶联免疫试剂盒，按照说明书步骤测定血清细胞因子含量，结果表明，老年特殊膳食①组血清抗炎因子IL-10水平有增加的趋势，老年特殊膳食②组血清抗炎因子IL-10水平显著增加(*表示P<0.05)。
虽然本发明已以较佳实施例公开如上，但其并非用以限定本发明，任何熟悉此技术的人，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内，都可做各种的改动与修饰，因此本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所界定的为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，每100kJ该膳食包括如下成分：蛋白质、碳水化合物、膳食纤维、脂肪、复合维生素、复合矿物质、营养强化剂；每100kJ该膳食，按供能百分比计，所述蛋白质供能14％-18％，所述脂肪供能20％-30％，所述碳水化合物供能55％-65％；所述蛋白质为水解乳清蛋白和大豆肽的混合蛋白；所述脂肪由葵花籽油、亚麻籽油和鱼油组成；每100kJ该膳食，按含量计，所述膳食纤维≥0.4g，所述复合维生素≥3.8mg，所述复合矿物质≥145.8mg，所述营养强化剂≥1.31mg。
2.根据权利要求1所述的老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，所述蛋白质为水解乳清蛋白和大豆肽按1:1～1.5混合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，所述脂肪中的饱和脂肪酸供能比应≤10％，亚油酸供能比应≥2.0％；α-亚麻酸供能比应≥0.5％。
4.根据权利要求1～3任一所述的老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，碳水化合物为麦芽糊精、玉米淀粉、果糖中的一种或几种的混合物；所述膳食纤维为低聚果糖，或低聚果糖和香菇多糖、牛樟芝多糖、树舌灵芝多糖。
5.根据权利要求1～4任一所述的老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，按每100kJ膳食计，复合维生素包括如下成分：维生素A12.75-47.80μg RE、维生素D 0.24-0.80μg、维生素E 0.22-11.15mgα-TE、维生素K1至少1.27μg、维生素B1至少0.02mg、维生素B2至少0.02mg、维生素B60.03-0.96mg、维生素B12至少0.04μg、维生素C 3.19-31.87mg、烟酸0.22-0.48mg、叶酸6.37-15.93μg、泛酸至少0.08mg、生物素至少0.64μg。
6.根据权利要求1或5所述的老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，按每100kJ膳食计，复合矿物质包括如下成分：钠元素20.71-28.68mg、钾元素≥57.36mg、镁元素≥6mg、钙元素15.93-31.87mg、磷元素11.15-47.80mg、氯元素≥35.05mg、铁元素≥5.10mg，锌元素0.20-0.64mg，硒元素0.96-6.37μg，锰元素71.70-175.27μg，铜元素12.75-127.47μg，碘元素至少1.91-9.56μg。
7.根据权利要求1～6任一所述的老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，营养强化剂包括牛黄碱、左旋肉碱、肌醇和胆碱中的一种或多种。
8.权利要求1-7任一项所述老年特殊膳食，其特征在于，剂型为粉剂、颗粒、糊或口服饮料，或制成营养棒。
9.权利要求1-8任一项所述老年特殊膳食的制备方法，其特征在于，将所有原料粉末混合均匀。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，将混合物料进一步制成颗粒、口服饮料、糊或制成营养棒。
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| CN110547472A (zh) * | 2018-05-31 | 2019-12-10 | 南京玉鹤鸣医学营养科技股份有限公司 | 一种含肽类特殊医学用途配方食品及其制备方法 |
| CN110214941A (zh) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-09-10 | 山东特康药业有限公司 | 一种成年人全营养特殊医学用途配方营养粉及其制备方法 |
| CN111771971A (zh) * | 2020-07-23 | 2020-10-16 | 江西人之初乳品营养有限公司 | 利于调节肠道、促进消化、改善便秘的组合物及其制备方法 |
| CN113575794A (zh) * | 2021-09-09 | 2021-11-02 | 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所 | 牛樟芝多糖在制备黄羽肉鸡抗lps应激饲料中的应用 |
| CN114107137A (zh) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-03-01 | 内蒙古科为博生物科技有限公司 | 一种丁酸梭菌及其应用和产品 |
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