CN114989491B - 可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂及其制备方法和应用,本发明通过将磷改性硅烷季铵盐以及磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的无机纳米粒子与聚醚硫酸盐反应,经去离子水洗、干燥去除溶剂制得可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂。与一般无机纳米粒子阻燃剂相比,本发明所制备的纳米阻燃剂不需要溶剂分散,即可表现出室温可流动性,添加该制备的纳米阻燃剂能够提高高分子聚合物如聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯、尼龙等的熔体流动性和降低聚合物的加工温度,且具有单分散性,能够在聚合物中高度的均匀分散,显著提升聚合物的机械性能。本发明的纳米阻燃剂能够同时赋予聚合物优异的阻燃效率、易加工性能以及高力学性能,具有非常广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及阻燃技术领域,具体的讲是一种可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着科学技术的发展,有机高分子材料已然成为是国民经济建设的各个领域内不可或缺的基础性材料。然而绝大多数有机高分子材料是由碳、氢元素组成,非常易燃,容易发生火灾,对生命和财产安全造成了巨大的威胁。因此,对这些有机高分子材料进行阻燃改性以提高其耐火性能,是非常有必要的。
二氧化硅、石墨烯、碳纳米管等无机纳米粒子不仅能够改善聚合基材的力学性能,还能提升聚合物的热性能和阻燃等功能,从而被广泛应用于聚合物的阻燃领域研究。含有无机纳米粒子阻燃剂的聚合物在燃烧时,纳米粒子能够向聚合物的表面发生迁移,在聚合物表面形成致密炭层,而能够隔绝燃烧过程中的热、质以及可燃性气体的传递,进而起到抑制阻燃的目的。然而这些纳米粒子仅靠阻隔效应提升聚合物阻燃性能有限。国内很多学者通过在无机纳米粒子表面引入其他阻燃元素或者阻燃官能团可以发挥协同作用,提升阻燃效率。如专利CN201510785625.8中,发明人将苯基磷酰二氯与4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷的缩聚物包覆在碳纳米管表面,制备了磷氮协同的纳米阻燃剂,该阻燃剂显示出良好的阻燃效率,阻燃环氧树脂复合材料的氧指数最高可达32%。专利CN202111240813.4使用聚磷腈、氢氧化镁、羟基锡酸锌制备了一种有机无机杂化型纳米阻燃剂,并将其用于阻燃聚氯乙烯材料,该阻燃剂具有良好的阻燃性能和抑制热释放和烟生成的能力。在以上的发明专利中,通过引入含磷或者氮等结构修饰的纳米阻燃剂均具有良好阻燃性,但这些改性纳米阻燃剂均为固态,与聚合物基材共混时,难以避免纳米阻燃剂粒子间的团聚,极大影响了纳米材料的优异的综合性能。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是针对以上不足,提供一种可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂及其制备方法和应用。
为解决以上技术问题,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、先将氨基硅烷分别与两种含磷有机物混合后溶解于有机溶剂中,氨基硅烷与含磷有机物的质量比为1:(1~3),在0~100℃下搅拌1~5h后,除去有机溶剂后,得到两种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷,分别为第一种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷和第二种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷;两种含磷有机物中的磷结构各不相同;
步骤2、将第一种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷与乙烯基溴化铵混合反应3~12h后,除去有机溶剂制备得到磷结构改性硅烷季铵盐,第一种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷与乙烯基溴化铵的质量比为(2~4):(2~5);
步骤3、将纳米粒子超声分散在去离子水中,加入磷结构改性硅烷季铵盐和第二种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷,其中纳米粒子、磷结构改性硅烷季铵盐和第二种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷的质量比为1:(0.3~1):(1~2),搅拌反应5~12h后,经抽滤和干燥制得磷改性季铵盐-磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的纳米粒子;
步骤4、将上步制备得到的磷改性季铵盐-磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的纳米粒子超声分散于去离子水中或溶于有机溶剂中,加入一定量的聚醚硫酸盐,在30~100℃条件下,反应12~24h后经萃取、去离子水洗、干燥和去除溶剂得到可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂。
进一步的,所述含磷有机物为二苯基氧化磷、DOPO、亚磷酸二乙酯、亚磷酸二苯酯或磷酸二苯酯。
进一步的,所述纳米粒子为羟基磷灰石、二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管和Mxene中的一种,所述纳米粒子的直径为3~50nm。
进一步的,步骤4中聚醚硫酸盐与磷改性季铵盐-磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的纳米粒子的质量比为(3~5):1。
进一步的,聚醚硫酸盐的聚合度为5~30。
可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂,由上述方法制备得到。
所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂可应用于改性热塑性聚合物如聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯等,其添加量为0.5-10%,可以提高聚合物熔融指数、和阻燃性以及力学性能。阻燃等级可达UL-94V0级,氧指数为30%以上。。拉伸强度提升30%以上,抗弯强度提升20%以上。
所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂可应用于改性热固性聚合物如环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯、酚醛树脂、苯并噁嗪等,其添加量为0.5-10%,可以提高聚合物阻燃性和力学性能,阻燃等级可达UL-94V0级,氧指数为35%以上。拉伸强度提升30%以上,抗弯强度提升30%以上。
所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂可应用于纤维纺织品的阻燃性能提升,添加量为0.5-10%,阻燃纤维纺织品的阻燃等级可实现离火即熄,燃烧后的阻燃纺织品的炭层不破裂,氧指数为30%以上。纺织品具体为棉纤维纺织品、尼龙纤维纺织品、芳纶纤维纺织品、丙烯腈纤维纺织品、天然蚕丝纤维纺织品、聚酯纤维纺织品等。
所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂可应用于纤维增强复合材料如碳纤维复合材料制品。其添加量为0.5-10%,可以提高碳纤维复合材料的阻燃性和力学性能。阻燃等级为UL-94V0级,氧指数为40%以上。拉伸强度提升30%以上,抗弯强度提升20%以上。
本发明采用以上技术方案后,与现有技术相比,具有以下优点:
1、现有报道的纳米阻燃剂,均为固体粒子,固体粒子容易发生团聚,添加到聚合物基材中,会影响聚合物基材的力学性能、熔体流动性等性能。而本发明的纳米阻燃剂不用分散在溶剂中,自身为一定粘度的液体,具有可流动性,添加到聚合物基材中时,不会破坏聚合物的熔体流动性,反而会提升聚合物熔体的流动,提升聚合物注塑成型工艺。
2、本发明所述的纳米阻燃剂由无机纳米粒子与有机磷、硅阻燃剂复合构成,因此能够发挥阻燃协同作用,构建有机磷硅气相和凝聚相阻燃效应以及无机纳米粒子阻隔效应,具有优异的阻燃效率。同时本发明的重要特色之处,纳米阻燃剂中结构中含有两种结构的含磷分子,这样就使得纳米阻燃剂含有两种不同的磷氧化态,通过调控含磷的氧化态,发挥凝聚相和气相阻燃机制的最优组合,进而使阻燃效率的最大化提升。
3、本发明所述纳米阻燃剂因粒子表面聚醚硫酸盐具有较大的位阻,使得纳米阻燃剂粒子间具有单分散性,该纳米阻燃剂能够在聚合物基材中分散均匀,不会发生团聚,能够更好地发挥纳米粒子的增强增韧效果,大幅度提升聚合物基材的力学性能。
4、本发明纳米阻燃剂也含有丰富的羟基基团,能够与聚合物形成氢键等相互作用,削弱聚合物分子链的缠结,能够显著提升聚合物的熔体流动性和降低聚合物的加工温度。
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进行详细说明。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所制备的纳米阻燃剂的TEM图;
图2为实施例1所制备的纳米阻燃剂的核磁磷谱图;
图3为实施例1所制备的纳米阻燃剂热重曲线图;
图4实施例1所制备的纳米阻燃剂制备的改性棉织物的燃烧效果图;
图5为含纳米阻燃剂的环氧树脂粘度和温度的关系图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的原理和特征进行描述,所举实例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。
实施例1:
(1)先将1份的N-2-氨乙基-3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷分别与1份的DOPO或者亚磷酸二苯酯加入到丙酮溶剂中,0℃条件下搅拌1h后,除去丙酮溶剂后制备得到DOPO改性氨基硅烷和亚磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷。紧接着2份的乙烯基溴化铵与1份的DOPO改性氨基硅烷反应3h后,得到DOPO硅烷季胺盐。
(2)先将1份Mxene超声分散在去离子水中,加入1份DOPO硅烷季胺盐以及0.5份的亚磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷,搅拌反应5h后,经抽滤、80℃干燥制得DOPO硅烷季胺盐以及亚磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷共同接枝Mxene;最后,将上步制备得到的改性Mxene超声溶解于氯仿中,加入3份的聚醚硫酸盐,在30℃条件下,反应12h,最终经萃取、去离子水洗、干燥得到多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂。
如图1所示,所制备的纳米阻燃剂粒子间不发生团聚,呈现可流动性,纳米阻燃剂的直径为2~10nm。
如图2所示,纳米阻燃剂分子中只有一种磷化学环境,磷峰的位置在8.31ppm。
如图3所示,纳米阻燃剂在0~300℃,无分解,显示出优异的热稳定性能。
如图4所示,经阻燃改性的棉织物表现出离火即熄效果,同时燃烧后,棉织物纺织品仍然保持着完整形态,且炭层不破裂。具有优异的阻燃效果。
如图5所示,添加3%本发明的纳米阻燃剂,能够大幅度降低环氧树脂体系的粘度。这就克服了添加传统纳米阻燃剂使聚合物粘度增大,影响加工成型工艺的问题。
实施例2:
(1)先将1份的N-2-氨乙基-3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷分别与3份的二苯基氧化磷或者磷酸二苯酯加入到甲苯溶剂中,50℃条件下搅拌5h后,除去甲苯溶剂制得二苯基氧化磷改性氨基硅烷以及磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷。紧接着将5份的乙烯基溴化铵与3份的二苯基氧化磷改性氨基硅烷继续反应12h后,除去溶剂制备得到二苯基氧化磷硅烷季胺盐。
(2)先将1份氧化石墨烯超声分散在去离子水中,加入3份二苯基氧化磷硅烷季胺盐以及1份的磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷,搅拌反应12h后,经抽滤、80℃干燥制得二苯基氧化磷硅烷季胺盐以及磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷共同改性氧化石墨烯;最后,将上步制备得到的改性氧化石墨烯超声溶解于甲苯中,加入5份的聚醚硫酸盐,在100℃条件下,反应24h,最终经萃取、去离子水洗、干燥得到多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂。
实施例3:
(1)先将1份的N-2-氨乙基-3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷分别与2份的亚磷酸二乙酯或者DOPO加入到四氢呋喃溶剂中,100℃下搅拌3h后,除去四氢呋喃,制备得到亚磷酸二乙酯改性氨基硅烷和DOPO改性氨基硅烷。紧接将4份的乙烯基溴化铵与2份的亚磷酸二乙酯改性氨基硅烷继续反应5h,除去有机溶剂制备得到亚磷酸二乙酯硅烷季铵盐。
(2)先将1份碳纳米管超声分散在去离子水中,加入2份的亚磷酸二乙酯硅烷季铵盐以及0.7份的DOPO改性氨基硅烷,搅拌反应8h后,经抽滤、80℃干燥制得亚磷酸二乙酯硅烷季铵盐以及DOPO改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的碳纳米管;最后,将上步制备得到的接枝纳米粒子溶解于乙腈中,加入2份的聚醚硫酸盐,在50℃条件下,反应15h,最终经萃取、去离子水洗、干燥得到多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂。
实施例4:
(1)先将1份的N-2-氨乙基-3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷分别与1份的亚磷酸二苯酯或者二苯基氧化磷加入到氯仿溶剂中,80℃下搅拌2h后,除去氯仿制备得到亚磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷和二苯基氧化磷改性氨基硅烷。紧接着将3份的乙烯基溴化铵与1份的亚磷酸二苯酯改性氨基硅烷继续反应5h,除去有机溶剂制备得到亚磷酸二苯酯硅烷季铵盐。
(2)先将2份二氧化硅超声分散在去离子水中,加入2份的亚磷酸二苯酯硅烷季铵盐以及1份的二苯基氧化磷改性氨基硅烷,搅拌反应10h后,经抽滤、80℃干燥制得亚磷酸二苯酯硅烷季铵盐和二苯基氧化磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝二氧化硅;最后,将上步制备得到的改性二氧化硅溶解于苯中,加入4份的聚醚硫酸盐,在80℃条件下,反应20h,最终经萃取、去离子水洗、干燥得到多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂。
实施例5:将实施例1所得的阻燃剂用于聚碳酸酯材料中,阻燃剂的含量为1%,对聚碳酸酯复合材料的阻燃性、熔融指数以及力学性能进行研究。聚碳酸酯复合材料的垂直燃烧等级通过UL-94V0级,氧指数为32%,熔融指数为50g/min,拉伸强度为70MPa,弯曲强度为140MPa,冲击强度为70KJ/m2。
实施例6:将实施例1所得的阻燃剂用于环氧树脂中,纳米阻燃剂的含量为3%,所制备的环氧树脂可通过UL-94V0等级,氧指数达33%以上。拉伸强度为80MPa,弯曲强度为130MPa,冲击强度为25KJ/m2。
实施例7:将实施例1所得的纳米阻燃剂与乙醇配置成稀溶液,其中纳米阻燃剂的含量为10%,利用该稀溶液对棉纤维纺织品进行浸泡处理,烘干后得到阻燃棉纤维纺织品。该阻燃棉纺织品可实现离火自熄,氧指数达到34%。
实施例8:将实施例1所得的阻燃剂与乙醇配置成稀溶液,其中阻燃剂的含量为10%,利用该稀溶液对碳纤维织物进行浸泡处理,烘干后得到表面阻燃纳米改性的碳纤维织物。再通过与环氧树脂复合制备碳纤维复合材料,该复合材料阻燃性能为离火自熄,达到UL-94V0级,力学性能比未改性碳纤维复合材料拉伸强度提升30%,抗弯强度提升20%。
以上所述为本发明最佳实施方式的举例,其中未详细述及的部分均为本领域普通技术人员的公知常识。本发明的保护范围以权利要求的内容为准,任何基于本发明的技术启示而进行的等效变换,也在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、先将氨基硅烷分别与两种含磷有机物混合后溶解于有机溶剂中,氨基硅烷与含磷有机物的质量比为1:(1~3),在0~100 ℃下搅拌1~5 h后,除去有机溶剂后,得到两种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷,分别为第一种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷和第二种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷;两种含磷有机物中的磷结构各不相同;
步骤2、将第一种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷与乙烯基溴化铵混合反应3~12 h后,除去有机溶剂制备得到磷结构改性硅烷季铵盐,第一种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷与乙烯基溴化铵的质量比为(2~4):(2~5);
步骤3、将纳米粒子超声分散在去离子水中,加入磷结构改性硅烷季铵盐和第二种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷,其中纳米粒子、磷结构改性硅烷季铵盐和第二种磷结构改性的氨基硅烷的质量比为1:(0.3~1):(1~2),搅拌反应5~12 h后,经抽滤和干燥制得磷改性季铵盐-磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的纳米粒子;
步骤4、将上步制备得到的磷改性季铵盐-磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的纳米粒子超声分散于去离子水中或溶于有机溶剂中,加入一定量的聚醚硫酸盐,在30~100 ℃条件下,反应12~24 h后经萃取、去离子水洗、干燥和去除溶剂得到可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂;
所述含磷有机物为二苯基氧化磷、DOPO、亚磷酸二乙酯、亚磷酸二苯酯或磷酸二苯酯;所述纳米粒子为羟基磷灰石、二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管和Mxene中的一种,所述纳米粒子的直径为3~50 nm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4中聚醚硫酸盐与磷改性季铵盐-磷改性氨基硅烷共同接枝的纳米粒子的质量比为(3~5):1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂的制备方法,其特征在于,聚醚硫酸盐的聚合度为5~30。
4.可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂,其特征在于,由权利要求1-3中任一项方法制备得到。
5.权利要求4所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂在制备改性热塑性聚合物中的应用。
6.权利要求4所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂在制备改性热固性聚合物中的应用。
7.权利要求4所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂在制备阻燃纤维纺织品中的应用。
8.权利要求4所述的可流动的多元素协同的纳米阻燃剂在制备纤维增强复合材料中的应用。
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