CN114933619A - 一类硫代糖苷列净类似物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一类硫代糖苷列净类似物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
- C07H15/203—Monocyclic carbocyclic rings other than cyclohexane rings; Bicyclic carbocyclic ring systems
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/26—Acyclic or carbocyclic radicals, substituted by hetero rings
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Abstract
本发明公开了一类分子结构新颖的SGLT2(2型钠葡萄糖转运蛋白)抑制剂及其制备方法和应用。所述SGLT2抑制剂为硫代糖苷列净类似物,其结构通式如下:
Description
技术领域
本发明属于医药和糖化学合成技术领域,具体涉及一类硫代糖苷列净类似物及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
列净(gliflozin)类药物是基于SGLT-2抑制剂开发的用于治疗2型糖尿病的药物。这些药物通过抑制肾脏中SGLT-2对葡萄糖的转运,使葡萄糖随尿液排出体外,从而达到降低血糖的目的。这些药物在使用时不但具有降低体重和减少低血糖发生风险的优点,新研究发现它们还对肾脏和心血管具有保护作用。目前,FDA已经批准了7个列净类药物,其中已在国内上市的恩格列净(Empagliflozin)、达格列净(Dapagliflozin)、和坎格列净(Canagliflozin)的结构如下所示:
恩格列净、达格列净和坎格列净是目前世界上治疗2-型糖尿病三种最畅销药物,文献报道的它们对SGLT2的半抑制浓度分别为3.1nM,1.2nM和2.7nM。在2021年,它们在全球销售额分别约为41亿美元,21亿美元和8亿美元,分别排在全球小分子药物销售额排行榜第9位,第32位和第105位。列净类药物都是基于根皮苷结构发展而来。根皮苷是最早发现的天然的SGLT2抑制剂,对SGLT2的半抑制浓度为21nM。然而根皮苷及随后基于根皮苷结构发展合成的葡萄糖氧苷衍生物,都易于被小肠内的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解,最终无法成药。目前上市的列净类药物都是碳苷,结构稳定,不能被小肠内β-葡萄糖苷酶水解。硫代糖苷的糖基和苷元由硫原子联接而成,由于在酸性和酶促条件下对水解稳定,常用作酶的抑制剂。
本申请发明人曾首次公开了硫代糖苷列净类似物的合成(申请号为:202011424879.4),以达格列净和坎格列净的分子结构为模板制备了硫代糖苷类似物A和B,但生物活性测试表明,尽管A和B可以耐受β-葡萄糖苷酶的水解,但在100μM的高浓度下,对SGLT2的抑制率仅在50-60%左右。本申请发明人又以恩格列净的分子为模板合成了硫代糖苷类似物C,生物活性测试表明,在100μM浓度下,C对SGLT2的抑制率也仅在60%左右。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术存在的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一类硫代糖苷列净类似物及其制备方法和应用。所述硫代糖苷列净类似物表现出了良好的SGLT2的半抑制浓度,且无细胞毒性,能耐受β-葡萄糖苷酶的水解,因而极有可能被发展为一类治疗2型糖尿病的新列净类药物。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一类硫代糖苷列净类似物,其特征在于,分子结构如下:
其中,R1为氢、烷基、卤素中的一种或多种;R2为芳基
优选的,所述烷基为甲基、乙基、卤代甲基、卤代乙基中的一种或多种。
一类硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)四乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物的制备:将四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇、碘代芳基衍生物和钯催化剂按比例溶于四氢呋喃,在充分搅拌下加入三乙胺,然后在室温下反应1~4小时,浓缩后用二氯甲烷和水萃取,再将有机相浓缩,柱层析纯化,制得四乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物;
(2)硫苷列净类似物的制备:将步骤(1)中所得四乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物溶于配制好的氢氧化钠甲醇溶液中,常温下搅拌2~4小时,加入氢离子交换树脂中和,浓缩后经柱层析纯化,制得硫苷列净类似物。
优选的,所述步骤(1)中,四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇的浓度为0.1~0.2mmol/L。
优选的,所述步骤(1)中,四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇、碘代芳基衍生物、三乙胺的摩尔比为1:0.5~1.5:0.5~1.5。
优选的,所述步骤(1)中,四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇与钯催化剂的比例为1:0.04~0.08。
优选的,所述步骤(2)中,氢氧化钠甲醇溶液中甲醇的用量为5mL/mmol的乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物。
优选的,所述步骤(2)中,氢氧化钠甲醇溶液的浓度为0.01mol/L。
同时,本发明要求保护制备得到的所述硫代糖苷列净类似物在制备治疗2型糖尿病药物中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1、本发明提供了一类分子结构新颖的硫代糖苷列净类似物,其中葡萄糖1-硫醇连接在苷元苯环烷基的邻位;本发明提供的物质D、E、F和G在浓度为100μM时对SGLT2的抑制率几乎达到了100%,测得的半抑制浓度与列净类药物相当,是非常好的SGLT2抑制剂;而相对应间位结构的物质A、B和C在浓度为100μM时对SGLT2的抑制率不超过62%,是很差的SGLT2抑制剂,所以本发明在提高硫代糖苷列净类似物对SGLT2的抑制活性方面有着显著的进步。
2、本发明提供的硫代糖苷列净类似物无细胞毒性,耐β-葡萄糖苷酶水解,对SGLT2的抑制活性高,有极大潜力被开发为治疗2型糖尿病的新列净类药物。
3、本发明提供的合成硫代糖苷列净类似物的方法与合成碳苷列净的方法相比,反应条件温和,合成步骤少,总收率高,降低了合成成本,有着良好的发展前景。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚,以下结合实施例,对本发明作进一步的详细说明。当然,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用于解释本发明。本领域技术人员应该明了,所述实施例仅仅是帮助理解本发明,不应视为对本发明的具体限制。
本发明中的步骤虽然用标号进行了排列,但并不用于限定步骤的先后次序,除非明确说明了步骤的次序或者某步骤的执行需要其他步骤作为基础,否则步骤的相对次序是可以调整的。可以理解,本文中所使用的术语“和/或”涉及且涵盖相关联的所列项目中的一者或一者以上的任何和所有可能的组合。
如无特殊说明外,本发明中的化学试剂和材料均通过市场途径购买或通过市场途径购买的原料合成。
实施例1
一类硫代糖苷舍格列净类似物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)氮气保护条件下向瓶内加入四乙酰化硫代葡萄糖(150mg,0.41mmol),碘苯衍生物H(133mg,0.41mmol)和钯催化剂(15mg,0.016mmol),再加入四氢呋喃(2mL)。混合物搅拌均匀后,滴加三乙胺(56μL,0.41mmol)至瓶内,室温反应4小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩柱层析,得到乙酰基保护的硫代糖苷舍格列净类似物(87%,201mg)。
(2)步骤A得到产物(201mg,0.36mmol)溶于氢氧化钠甲醇溶液(1mL,0.01M)。将反应混合物在氮气保护下于室温搅拌2小时。然后将混合物用Amberlite IR-120(H+)离子交换树脂中和并过滤。柱层析后得到硫代糖苷舍格列净类似物D(97%,136mg)。1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ7.70–7.68(m,1H),7.19–7.17(m,2H),7.13–7.10(m,1H),7.07(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),6.80(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),4.59(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.14(S,2H),3.85(dd,J=12.1,2.1Hz,1H),3.74(S,3H),3.66(dd,J=12.1,5.2Hz,1H),3.40-3.33(m,2H),3.29–3.25(m,2H).13C NMR(101MHz,CD3OD)δ159.4,143.8,135.1,134.1,133.2,131.1,131.0,128.4,127.9,114.7,89.7,81.9,79.7,78.5,74.1,71.3,62.8,55.6,39.8ppm。
其中,碘苯衍生物H和硫代糖苷舍格列净类似物D的结构如下所示:
实施例2
一类硫代糖苷达格列净类似物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)氮气保护条件下向瓶内加入四乙酰化硫代葡萄糖(150mg,0.41mmol),碘苯衍生物I(153mg,0.41mmol)和钯催化剂(30mg,0.032mmol),再加入四氢呋喃(2mL)。混合物搅拌均匀后,滴加三乙胺(56μL,0.41mmol)至瓶内,室温反应2小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩柱层析,得到乙酰基保护的硫代糖苷达格列净类似物(83%,207mg)。
(2)步骤A得到产物(207mg,0.34mmol)溶于氢氧化钠甲醇溶液(1mL,0.01M)。将反应混合物在氮气保护下于室温搅拌3小时。然后将混合物用Amberlite IR-120(H+)离子交换树脂中和并过滤。柱层析后得到达格列净硫代糖苷类似物E(99%,147mg)。1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ7.68(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.31(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.19(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.99(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),6.74(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),4.61(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.42–4.31(m,2H),3.99–3.94(m,2H),3.83(d,J=12.4Hz,1H),3.64(dd,J=12.1,4.9Hz,1H),3.38-3.22(m,4H),1.33(t,J=7.0Hz,3H).13C NMR(101MHz,CD3OD)δ158.6,140.4,138.7,136.3,132.2,131.4,130.4,129.4,129.0,115.3,89.5,82.0,79.7,74.0,71.2,64.4,62.7,37.1,15.2ppm。
其中,碘苯衍生物I和硫代糖苷达格列净类似物E的结构如下:
实施例3
一类硫代糖苷恩格列净类似物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)氮气保护条件下向瓶内加入四乙酰化硫代葡萄糖(150mg,0.41mmol),碘苯衍生物J(170mg,0.41mmol)和钯催化剂(30mg,0.032mmol),再加入四氢呋喃(2mL)。混合物搅拌均匀后,滴加三乙胺(56μL,0.41mmol)至瓶内,室温反应4小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩柱层析,得到乙酰基保护的硫代糖苷恩格列净类似物(86%,229mg)。
(2)步骤A得到产物(229mg,0.35mmol)溶于氢氧化钠甲醇溶液(1mL,0.01M)。将反应混合物在氮气保护下于室温搅拌3小时。然后将混合物用Amberlite IR-120(H+)离子交换树脂中和并过滤。柱层析后得到硫代糖苷恩格列净类似物F(99%,169mg)。1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ7.69(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.33(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.21(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.02(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),6.75(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),4.93(s,1H),4.61(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.42-4.31(m,2H),3.95-3.81(m,5H),3.65(dd,J=12.0,4.9Hz,1H),3.38-3.22(m,4H),2.23-2.04(m,1H).13C NMR(101MHz,CD3OD)δ157.1,140.3,138.7,136.3,132.8,131.5,130.5,129.5,129.1,116.3,89.5,82.0,79.7,78.5,74.0,74.0,71.2,68.1,62.8,37.1,33.8ppm。
其中,碘苯衍生物J和硫代糖苷恩格列净类似物F的结构如下所示:
实施例4
一类硫代糖苷坎格列净类似物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)氮气保护条件下向瓶内加入四乙酰化硫代葡萄糖(225mg,0.63mmol),碘苯衍生物K(234mg,0.57mmol)和钯催化剂(63mg,0.046mmol),再加入四氢呋喃(1mL)。混合物搅拌均匀后,滴加三乙胺(80μL,0.63mmol)至瓶内,室温反应4小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩柱层析,得到乙酰基保护的硫代糖苷恩格列净类似物(93%,346mg)。
(2)步骤A得到产物(346mg,0.54mmol)溶于氢氧化钠甲醇溶液(1mL,0.01M)。将反应混合物在氮气保护下于室温搅拌3小时。然后将混合物用Amberlite IR-120(H+)离子交换树脂中和并过滤。柱层析后得到硫代糖苷坎格列净类似物G(97%,251mg)。1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ7.66(dd,J=7.2,2.1Hz,1H),7.55–7.48(m,2H),7.21–7.13(m,2H),7.10–7.02(m,3H),6.61(d,J=3.5Hz,1H),4.66–4.45(m,2H),3.85(dd,J=12.1,2.2Hz,1H),3.67(dd,J=12.1,5.4Hz,1H),3.42–3.21(m,5H),2.35(s,3H).13C NMR(101MHz,CD3OD)δ143.24,140.78,139.74,137.54,134.11,131.13,131.09,130.78,129.72,126.96,126.75,126.67,125.49,122.38,115.32,115.10,88.88,80.56,78.35,72.66,69.87,61.42,31.12,19.07ppm。
其中,碘苯衍生物K和硫代糖苷坎格列净类似物G的结构如下所示:
对于实施例1~4中所得产品的耐β-葡萄糖苷酶水解性、细胞毒性和体外细胞水平的抗糖尿病活性进行测试,如下所示:
(1)耐β-葡萄糖苷酶水解性
测试方法:
1)硫苷类似物分别与β-葡萄糖苷酶在Tri-盐酸缓冲溶液中混匀后放置于37℃恒温摇床,振荡反应10天;
2)设置4-硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG,β-葡萄糖苷酶底物)对照组,PNPG与β-葡萄糖苷酶在Tri-盐酸缓冲溶液中混匀后放置于37℃恒温摇床,振荡反应10天。反应结束后的混合液通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)洗脱。
结果分析:PNPG均被β-葡萄糖苷酶水解,表明所用β-葡萄糖苷酶活性良好;而本发明制备的硫苷类似物均未被水解,表明它们具有良好耐β-葡萄糖苷酶水解性。
(2)细胞毒性
测试方法:采用MTT比色法测定化合物的体外细胞毒性。样品设置7个数量值(10,50,100,200,300,500和1000μM)。将HEK293细胞接种在96孔板上,每孔细胞数约为1×104,放置于37℃、5%CO2恒温培养箱内培养24h。吸弃孔中上清液,用PBS洗2遍,每组设3个复孔,分别加入MEM培养基稀释得到的一系列浓度样品,另外设阴性对照组(0μmol/L)和空白对照组。将细胞板继续放入培养箱内孵育24h,吸弃上清液,用PBS洗2遍。向每孔加入20μL MTT溶液(5mg/mL,即0.5%MTT)和80μL无血清培养基,培养4h后终止培养。吸弃上清液,每孔加入150μL DMSO,放置在摇床上低速震荡10min。用酶标仪测定各孔在490nm处的吸光度值(OD值)。按以下公式计算细胞的相对增殖率(relative growth rate,RGR):RGR%=(OD样品-OD空白)/(OD对照-OD空白)×100%。并根据美国药典评定各浓度药液的细胞毒性。
结果分析:本发明制备的硫苷类似物在浓度低于500μM时,对细胞毒性的评价等级在0~1级,浓度达到500μM以上时,表现出一定的细胞毒性,毒性评价等级为2级,浓度在100μM及以下时,细胞增值率均在99%以上,毒性分级为0级。
(3)体外细胞水平的SGLT2抑制活性
测试方法:2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-DG)是天然的葡萄糖衍生物,通过葡萄糖转运蛋白进入细胞。荧光标记的2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-(N-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并恶二唑-4-氨基)-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,2-NBDG)被证实其与2-DG相似,也可通过葡萄糖转运蛋白进入活细胞。2-NBDG激发波长460~490nm,发射波长530~550nm,能够被荧光酶标仪。实验使用的HEK293细胞是一个衍生自人胚胎肾细胞的细胞系。HEK293细胞中包含的转运葡萄糖的蛋白主要是SGLT2和GLUT这两种,因此需要排除实验中因抑制GLUT蛋白而导致的葡萄糖摄取量下降。已知松弛素B是GLUT的特异性抑制剂,在实验中设置松弛素B对照组,扣除因抑制GLUT导致的葡萄糖转运的减少。分别测试硫苷类似物对SGLT2的抑制活性,并设置坎格列净阳性对照组。采用2-NBDG作为底物进行葡萄糖转运实验,具体实验方法如下:
1)配制样品/2-NBDG母液:样品/2-NBDG溶于DMSO配制成浓度为100mM的溶液,低温保存于-20℃冰箱。使用时用无血清培养基稀释至所需浓度,且DMSO﹤0.1%。
2)用无葡萄糖、无血清培养基将细胞松弛素B原液稀释至20μM浓度,待用。
3)将HEK293细胞接种在96孔板上,每孔细胞数约为2×104,放置于37℃、5%CO2恒温培养箱内培养12h。吸弃孔中上清液,用无葡萄糖、无血清培养基洗2遍。
4)每孔加入100μL不同浓度的样品,每组设5个复孔,另外设空白对照组、阴性对照组(0μM)和细胞松弛素B对照组。置于37℃、5%CO2恒温培养箱内孵育6h。吸弃孔中上清液,用无葡萄糖、无血清培养基洗2遍。
5)每孔加入100μL稀释至100μM浓度的2-NBDG,避光在37℃、5%CO2恒温培养箱内孵育30min。吸弃孔中上清液,用冷的PBS洗2遍。
6)每孔加入70μL的0.1M磷酸钾缓冲溶液(PPS),PPS的pH=10.0,在暗处孵育10min。
7)每孔加入70μL DMSO,吹打均匀。用酶标仪测定各孔的吸光度值(OD值),筛选的最佳波长:激发波长467nm,发射波长543nm。利用以下公式计算样品抑制率:Inhibition%=(OD样品-OD空白)/(OD对照-OD空白)×100%。
结果分析:硫苷类似物A、B和C浓度为100μM时,对SGLT2的抑制率分别是54%、57%和62%,抑制效果不理想。但是,浓度为100μM时,化合物D、E、F和G对SGLT2的抑制率都近似100%。通过测试D、E、F和G在不同浓度下对SGLT2的抑制率得到它们的半抑制浓度(IC50),分别为6.5nM、3.7nM、3.4nM和3.5nM。以坎格列净的测试为对照组,测得对SGLT2的IC50值为3.4nM,文献报道值为2.7nM,说明测定方法可靠。
所属技术领域的技术人员应该明了,对本发明的任何改进,对本发明产品各原料的等效替换及辅助成分的添加、具体方式的选择等,均落在本发明的保护范围和公开范围之内。
Claims (8)
2.一类权利要求1所述的硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)四乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物的制备:将四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇、碘代芳基衍生物和钯催化剂按比例溶于四氢呋喃,在充分搅拌下加入三乙胺,然后在室温下反应1~4小时,浓缩后用二氯甲烷和水萃取,再将有机相浓缩,柱层析纯化,制得四乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物;
(2)硫苷列净类似物的制备:将步骤(1)中所得四乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物溶于配制好的氢氧化钠甲醇溶液中,常温下搅拌2~4小时,加入氢离子交换树脂中和至中性,浓缩后经柱层析纯化,制得硫苷列净类似物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一类硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇的浓度为0.1~0.2mmol/L。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一类硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇、碘代芳基衍生物、三乙胺的摩尔比为1:0.5~1.5:0.5~1.5。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一类硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,四乙酰基葡萄糖1-硫醇与钯催化剂的质量比为1:0.04~0.08。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一类硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,氢氧化钠甲醇溶液中甲醇的用量为5mL/mmol的乙酰基保护的硫苷列净类似物。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一类硫代糖苷列净类似物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,氢氧化钠甲醇溶液的浓度为0.007~0.013mol/L。
8.一类由权利要求1所述的硫代糖苷列净类似物在制备治疗2型糖尿病药物中的应用。
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