CN114908125A - Method for comprehensively utilizing rural wastes - Google Patents
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- CN114908125A CN114908125A CN202210666360.XA CN202210666360A CN114908125A CN 114908125 A CN114908125 A CN 114908125A CN 202210666360 A CN202210666360 A CN 202210666360A CN 114908125 A CN114908125 A CN 114908125A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
- C12P5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons acyclic
- C12P5/023—Methane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/02—Biological treatment
- C02F11/04—Anaerobic treatment; Production of methane by such processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of environmental engineering, and discloses a method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste, which comprises the following steps: (1) sorting rural wastes to obtain straws and excrement, and crushing the obtained straws to obtain straw scraps; (2) pyrolyzing the crushed straws at low temperature to obtain pyrolysis gas and biochar, and recovering the obtained pyrolysis gas; (3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (2) into the feces obtained in the step (1) to perform anaerobic fermentation treatment to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry; (4) carrying out aerobic composting on the biogas residue obtained in the step (3) to obtain humus; (5) and fully mixing the humus soil, the biochar and the biogas slurry to obtain the semi-solid slow-release fertilizer. The invention comprehensively utilizes rural waste, realizes straw carbonization and returning to the field, fully converts the rural common waste, and solves the problems of low efficiency, easy generation of secondary pollution and the like in the prior art.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of environmental engineering, in particular to a method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste.
Background
The improvement of rural human living environment is a key task for implementing the rural revivification strategy, and the broad masses of farmers are thoroughly welfare. The straw and the excrement are two wastes with large production amount and wide range in rural areas. In order to improve the air quality, the work of forbidding open-air incineration and straw returning is carried out nationwide. On one hand, however, the phenomena of random discarding and burning of straws in partial areas are still repeated, so that huge waste of resources is caused, severe air pollution is caused, and traffic safety is seriously influenced. On the other hand, because the cultivated land area in China is small, most of agricultural land has no condition to realize alternate cultivation and alternate rest, and the returned straws are difficult to completely rot in cultivation gaps, so that certain plant diseases and insect pests are caused and the growth of crops is influenced. Meanwhile, a large amount of chemical fertilizer is used in the agricultural cultivation process of China, and excessive use of the chemical fertilizer causes soil erosion, acidification and salinization. The manure produced in the rural breeding process is a traditional organic fertilizer, but if the manure is not used properly, the serious ecological environment influence is easily caused, and meanwhile, the fertilizer efficiency cannot be guaranteed. The comprehensive utilization of straw and excrement is a fundamental way to solve the pollution problem of straw and excrement in rural areas and is a permanent strategy.
Patent CN202110902202.5 provides a method for harmless and resource treatment of rural organic garbage, which comprises: carry out the preliminary treatment to kitchen garbage, excrement and urine and straw respectively, obtain preliminary treatment kitchen garbage, preliminary treatment excrement and urine and preliminary treatment straw to carry out modification treatment to the active carbon, modification treatment includes: mixing the activated carbon and urine, and filtering to obtain filter residue which is modified activated carbon; mixing the pretreated kitchen waste, the excrement and the straw to obtain a mixture, adding the modified activated carbon and the inoculum into the mixture, and performing anaerobic fermentation to generate methane.
However, the above patent does not relate to comprehensive utilization of rural waste, and does not realize straw carbonization and returning, and does not fully convert rural common waste.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems that the prior art takes the generation characteristics of rural waste, the fertilizer utilization characteristics, the water utilization characteristics and the energy utilization characteristics of the rural waste and the treatment and utilization processes of various wastes into consideration as a coordinated whole when the rural waste is treated, so that the efficiency is low, secondary pollution is easy to generate and the like, and provides a comprehensive utilization method for preparing agricultural water, fertilizer and fuel gas by fully utilizing the common rural waste.
The invention aims to provide a method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste, which comprises the following steps:
(1) sorting rural waste to obtain straws and excrement, and crushing the obtained straws to obtain crushed straws;
(2) pyrolyzing the crushed straws at low temperature to obtain pyrolysis gas and biochar, and recovering the obtained pyrolysis gas;
(3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (2) into the excrement obtained in the step (1) for anaerobic fermentation treatment to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry;
(4) carrying out aerobic composting on the biogas residue obtained in the step (3) to obtain humus;
(5) and fully mixing the humus soil, the biochar and the biogas slurry to obtain the semi-solid slow-release fertilizer.
Preferably, the crushing treatment in the step (1) is coarse crushing. The straw chips after coarse crushing are more beneficial to the separation of volatile matters in the subsequent pyrolysis process and the control of the particle size of the prepared biochar to be 5 mm-5 cm, and meanwhile, the straw chips after coarse crushing have larger specific surface area, can be better mixed with biogas residues and are beneficial to the fermentation of aerobic compost.
Preferably, the pyrolysis gas in a high temperature state obtained in the step (2) is recycled as an energy source for low temperature pyrolysis. And the pyrolysis gas in a high-temperature state obtained by pyrolysis is timely recycled to supply energy for low-temperature pyrolysis treatment, so that the energy is efficiently recycled.
Preferably, in the step (2), the temperature of the low-temperature pyrolysis is 300-500 ℃. The prepared biochar biomass can keep specific structures such as hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, aliphatic double bond, aromatization and the like by pyrolysis at relatively low temperature, so that the biological affinity of the biochar is improved, the enrichment effect of fermentation microorganisms of the biochar in subsequent anaerobic fermentation strengthening and aerobic composting strengthening processes is enhanced, and the biochar can be applied to soil to realize water retention, fertilizer retention and biological flora retention.
Preferably, the pyrolysis gas obtained in the step (2) is purified to obtain the agricultural fuel gas.
Preferably, the biogas obtained in the step (3) is purified to obtain agricultural fuel gas.
Preferably, in the step (4), the straw scraps are added in the fermentation process of aerobic composting, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N in the fermentation process of aerobic composting is adjusted to be 20-50: 1.
preferably, in the step (5), the humus soil and the biochar are mixed to obtain a solid mixture, and then the solid mixture is fully mixed with the biogas slurry.
Further preferably, the weight ratio of the solid mixture to the biogas slurry is 0.5-0.6: 1.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the straw chips after coarse crushing are more beneficial to the separation of volatile matters in the subsequent pyrolysis process and the control of the particle size of the prepared pyrolytic carbon, and meanwhile, the straw chips after coarse crushing have larger specific surface area, can be better mixed with anaerobic biogas residues, and are beneficial to the implementation of the aerobic composting process.
2. The prepared biochar biomass can better retain specific structures such as hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, aliphatic double bonds, aromatization and the like by pyrolysis at a relatively low temperature, the biological affinity of the biochar is improved, the enrichment effect of fermentation microorganisms of the biochar in the subsequent anaerobic fermentation strengthening and aerobic composting strengthening processes is enhanced, and the biochar has the functions of water retention, fertilizer retention and biological flora retention after being applied to soil.
3. Adding biochar to strengthen anaerobic fermentation of the excrement to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry. The biochar obtained by pyrolysis is alkaline, has a large specific surface area and provides a biological carrier for microorganisms, so that the buffer capacity of a fermentation system can be effectively improved, the acidification problem of an anaerobic system is relieved, the methane production lag phase is shortened, and the stability and the methane yield in the anaerobic fermentation process are improved.
4. The semi-solid slow release fertilizer is obtained by mixing humus soil, biochar and biogas slurry. The alkaline surface and the large specific surface area of the biochar can improve the internal structure of the soil, improve the water retention capacity of the soil, simultaneously contribute to improving the soil acidification problem and improve the crop yield.
5. The pyrolysis gas in the high-temperature state can be used as an energy source for low-temperature pyrolysis, and the rest pyrolysis gas can be used as agricultural fuel gas after being purified. Part of biogas can be used for combustion to supply heat for low-temperature pyrolysis treatment, biogas slurry can be used for agricultural irrigation water and liquid fertilizer, and biogas residues can be used for obtaining humus through aerobic composting.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the comprehensive utilization method of rural waste of the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below with reference to embodiments of the present invention, and it should be apparent that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. The equipment and reagents used in the present invention are, unless otherwise specified, conventional commercial products in the art.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, the method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste in this embodiment 1 includes the following steps:
(1) sorting rural wastes to obtain straws and excrement, and coarsely crushing the obtained straws to obtain straw scraps, wherein the straw scraps can also be called straw powder; the particle size of the straw scraps obtained after the coarse crushing treatment is 1 cm;
(2) pyrolyzing the straw scraps at 300 ℃ to obtain pyrolysis gas and biochar, and recovering the obtained pyrolysis gas; wherein the pyrolysis gas in a high-temperature state is recycled as an energy source for low-temperature pyrolysis, and the residual pyrolysis gas can be purified and then used as agricultural fuel gas;
(3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (2) into the feces obtained in the step (1), and performing anaerobic fermentation treatment under the conditions of pH7.1, fermentation temperature of 33 ℃, addition amount of the biochar of 7% and dry matter concentration of the feces of 10% to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry; part of the obtained biogas is used for burning to supply heat for low-temperature pyrolysis treatment, the rest biogas is purified to obtain agricultural fuel gas, and the biogas slurry can be used for agricultural irrigation water and liquid fertilizer;
(4) carrying out aerobic composting on the biogas residue obtained in the step (3) to obtain humus; adding straw scraps in the fermentation process of the aerobic compost, and adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N in the fermentation process of the aerobic compost to be 25: 1.
(5) and (3) mixing the humus soil and the biochar to obtain a solid mixture, and fully mixing the solid mixture with the biogas slurry obtained in the step (3) to ensure that the weight ratio of the solid mixture to the biogas slurry is 0.75:1 to obtain the semi-solid slow-release fertilizer.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 1, the method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste in this embodiment 2 includes the following steps:
(1) sorting rural wastes to obtain straws and excrement, and coarsely crushing the obtained straws to obtain straw scraps, wherein the straw scraps can also be called straw powder; the particle size of the straw scraps obtained after the coarse crushing treatment is 5 cm;
(2) pyrolyzing the straw scraps at 500 ℃ to obtain pyrolysis gas and biochar, and recovering the obtained pyrolysis gas; wherein, the pyrolysis gas in a high-temperature state is recycled as energy for low-temperature pyrolysis, and the rest pyrolysis gas can be purified and used as agricultural fuel gas;
(3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (2) into the feces obtained in the step (1), and performing anaerobic fermentation treatment under the conditions of pH7.2, fermentation temperature of 30 ℃, addition of 7% of biochar and 10% of dry matter concentration of the feces to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry; part of the obtained biogas is used for burning to supply heat for low-temperature pyrolysis treatment, the rest biogas is purified to obtain agricultural fuel gas, and the biogas slurry can be used for agricultural irrigation water and liquid fertilizer;
(4) carrying out aerobic composting on the biogas residue obtained in the step (3) to obtain humus; adding straw scraps in the fermentation process of the aerobic compost, and adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N in the fermentation process of the aerobic compost to be 30: 1.
(5) and (3) mixing the humus soil and the biochar to obtain a solid mixture, and fully mixing the solid mixture with the biogas slurry obtained in the step (3) to ensure that the weight ratio of the solid mixture to the biogas slurry is 1:1 to obtain the semi-solid slow-release fertilizer.
Example 3
Referring to fig. 1, the method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste in this embodiment 3 includes the following steps:
(1) sorting rural wastes to obtain straws and excrement, and coarsely crushing the obtained straws to obtain straw scraps, wherein the straw scraps can also be called straw powder; the grain size of the straw scraps obtained after the coarse crushing treatment is 5 mm;
(2) pyrolyzing the straw scraps at 400 ℃ to obtain pyrolysis gas and biochar, and recovering the obtained pyrolysis gas; wherein, the pyrolysis gas in a high-temperature state is recycled as energy for low-temperature pyrolysis, and the rest pyrolysis gas can be purified and used as agricultural fuel gas;
(3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (2) into the feces obtained in the step (1), and performing anaerobic fermentation treatment under the conditions of pH7.0, fermentation temperature of 35 ℃, addition amount of the biochar of 7% and dry matter concentration of the feces of 10% to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry; burning part of the obtained biogas to supply heat for low-temperature pyrolysis treatment, purifying the rest biogas to obtain agricultural fuel gas, and using the biogas slurry for agricultural irrigation water and liquid fertilizer;
(4) carrying out aerobic composting on the biogas residue obtained in the step (3) to obtain humus; adding straw scraps in the fermentation process of the aerobic compost, and adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N in the fermentation process of the aerobic compost to be 40: 1.
(5) and (3) mixing the humus soil and the biochar to obtain a solid mixture, and fully mixing the solid mixture with the biogas slurry obtained in the step (3) to ensure that the weight ratio of the solid mixture to the biogas slurry is 0.5:1, so as to obtain the semi-solid slow-release fertilizer.
The invention is suitable for comprehensive utilization of rural waste, comprehensively utilizes the rural waste, and converts the waste into agricultural gas, semi-solid fertilizer and irrigation water/liquid fertilizer. Compared with the prior art, the method realizes the synthesis of rural wastes, takes the biochar as a carrier to produce slow release fertilizer and soil conditioner, and realizes the carbonization and returning of straws to the field. Can improve soil, fertilize soil, repair farmland, improve crop yield and quality, inhibit soil degradation and improve farmland quality.
The above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping understanding the technical solution of the present invention and the core idea thereof, and it should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several improvements and modifications to the present invention without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The method for comprehensively utilizing the rural wastes is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) sorting rural wastes to obtain straws and excrement, and crushing the obtained straws to obtain straw scraps;
(2) pyrolyzing the straw scraps at low temperature to obtain pyrolysis gas and biochar, and recovering the obtained pyrolysis gas;
(3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (2) into the feces obtained in the step (1) to perform anaerobic fermentation treatment to obtain biogas, biogas residues and biogas slurry;
(4) carrying out aerobic composting on the biogas residue obtained in the step (3) to obtain humus;
(5) and fully mixing the humus soil, the biochar and the biogas slurry to obtain the semi-solid slow-release fertilizer.
2. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crushing treatment in the step (1) is coarse crushing, and the particle size of the straw scraps obtained after the coarse crushing treatment is 5 mm-5 cm.
3. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis gas in the high temperature state obtained in step (2) is recycled as an energy source for low temperature pyrolysis.
4. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the temperature of the low-temperature pyrolysis is 300-500 ℃.
5. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis gas obtained in the step (2) is purified to obtain agricultural fuel gas.
6. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein the biogas obtained in the step (3) is purified to obtain agricultural fuel gas.
7. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the straw chips are added in the fermentation process of aerobic compost, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N in the fermentation process of aerobic compost is adjusted to be 20-50: 1.
8. the method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the humus soil and the biochar are mixed to obtain a solid mixture, and then the solid mixture is fully mixed with the biogas slurry.
9. The method for comprehensively utilizing rural waste as claimed in claim 8, wherein the weight ratio of the solid mixture to the biogas slurry is 0.5-1: 1.
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