CN114805822B - 一种具有多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种具有多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷,聚合物主链上通过连接子接枝多嵌段侧链,侧链的每个嵌段具有不同的功能,如载体性、亲水性、靶向性、跨膜性等,所得到的聚合物分子刷集多种功能于一体,可以用于制备药物载体、生物探针、分子识别材料。本发明采用ATRP或RAFT聚合反应,依次聚合不同的单体分子,再利用click反应,将多嵌段侧链接枝于聚合物主链接枝。该制备方法操作简单,适用于制备具有多种功能的多嵌段侧链聚合物分子刷。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于高分子材料领域,具体涉及一种具有多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷及其制备方法和应用。
技术背景
聚合物分子刷是一种带有高密度侧链的刷形聚合物,当其接枝密度达到一定程度时,侧链的空间效应可以使其主链充分伸展,形成纳米尺度的具有蠕虫状形貌的高分子材料。聚合物分子刷具有很多优点,比如其具有可准确调控的纳米尺度,其化学结构包括主链和侧链的化学结构广泛可调,可以在其侧链引入数量众多种类广泛的活性官能团从而实现功能化等。这些优点使其在很多领域具有良好的应用前景,在生物医药领域可以作为药物或探针的载体实现药物的靶向递送或疾病的诊断和检测。
现有的聚合物分子刷侧链结构较为单一,所带活性官能团数量较少,无法偶联足够数量的功能分子如药物分子、荧光分子或共轭配体等,另外侧链亲水性较差,复杂的生物环境中聚合物分子刷易于发生聚集。现有的制备方法也并未考虑引入靶向性或跨膜性功能基,在生物应用方面受到很大限制。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术不足,提供了一种具有多嵌段侧链聚合物分子刷,聚合物主链上通过连接子接枝多嵌段侧链,侧链的每个嵌段具有不同的功能,如载体性、亲水性、靶向性、跨膜性等,所得到的聚合物分子刷集多种性能于一体,可负载众多的功能分子如药物分子,用于药物递送、生物探针标记、分子识别材料。
本发明具体技术方案如下:
一种具有多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷,所述聚合物主链的多嵌段侧链包括载体嵌段,还包括亲水嵌段、靶向嵌段、跨膜嵌段中的至少一种,所述多嵌段侧链的各嵌段单体具有侧基,所述载体嵌段的单体具有可反应性侧基,所述亲水嵌段的单体具有亲水性侧基,所述靶向性嵌段的单体具有靶向性侧基,所述跨膜嵌段的单体具有跨膜性侧基。
所述聚合物主链单体相同或者不同选自取代或非取代的丙烯酸酯类单体中的一种或几种,侧链各个嵌段的单体相同或者不同,选自取代或非取代的丙烯酸酯类单体中的一种或几种。可以选择本领域常用的单体分子,如具有侧基的丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯类的单体,可以为丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、2-甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-甲基丙烯酸乙酯、2-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述侧链单体为带有甜菜碱、磷酰胆碱、硼酸苯基、半乳糖苷基、甘露糖基或F代烷基等侧基的丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯。
所述聚合物分子刷,所述载体嵌段的单体具有可反应性侧基,选自炔基、叠氮基团、环氧基团、氨基、羧基、羟基、巯基、卤素、马来酰亚胺中的一种或几种基团;可与待连接的化合物上的基团反应,待连接化合物可以为药物、探针、共轭配体等,可反应性侧基与待连接化合物上的基团可以互为如下可反应的基团对:炔基-叠氮基团、氨基-羧基、羟基-羧基、巯基-双键、巯基-马来酰亚胺、卤素-氨基、卤素-羟基、卤素-羧基等。
所述亲水嵌段的单体骨架分子具有亲水性侧基,优选为两性离子基团,目的在于提高聚合物分子刷的水溶性,两性离子基团优选为羧基甜菜碱、磺基甜菜碱、磷酰胆碱中的一种或几种基团。
所述跨膜嵌段具有跨膜性侧基,选自F、1个或多个F原子取代的C1-C10的烷基、C1-C10的烷基中的一种或几种,目的在于增强聚合物分子刷跨细胞膜的能力。优选的,可以为F、1或多个F原子取代的C1-C6的烷基、C1-C6的烷基中的一种或几种,如F、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、七氟丙基、九氟丁基、十一氟戊基、十三氟己基,甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基中的一种或几种。
本发明所述的聚合物分子刷,侧链中的各个嵌段可任意排序连接,一个优选的方案,所述侧链依次包括载体嵌段、亲水嵌段、靶向性嵌段和跨膜嵌段。
本发明一个优选的方案,所述聚合物分子刷具有如下通式:
其中,A1-A2……-An代表聚合物主链,A1~An相同或者不同,代表主链单体分子,选自丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯,优选丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、2-甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-甲基丙烯酸乙酯、2-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯;
Y代表多嵌段侧链;
R4代表H、Br、Cl。
本发明所述聚合物主链可以为本领域聚合物分子刷常用的主链聚合物,如聚丙烯酸酯或聚甲基丙烯酸酯中的一种或几种。
本发明的具体实施例公开了如下聚合物分子刷:
本发明另一目的在于提供本发明所述聚合物分子刷在制备药物载体、生物探针、分子识别材料中的应用。通过聚合物分子刷所携带的数量众多的活性官能团可有效提高药物分子、荧光分子或共轭配体的负载量,进而提高在疾病治疗、诊断和金属离子识别等方面的应用性能。
本发明另一目的在于提供本发明所述聚合物分子刷的制备方法。
一个优选的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)聚合物主链的制备:
选择具有炔基、叠氮基团、羟基、羧基、氨基、环氧基团的聚合物主链单体或者将具有环氧基团的聚合物主链单体通过开环反应引入炔基、叠氮基团;
(a)基于原子转移自由基聚合反应,加入催化剂、引发剂A,所述引发剂A选自有机卤化物;或者(b)基于可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应,加入引发剂B和链转移剂,所述引发剂B选自偶氮或有机过氧化物,所述链转移剂选自三硫代碳酸酯或二硫代甲酸酯;制备得到聚合物主链;
对于具有环氧基团的聚合物主链,可进一步通过开环反应引入炔基、叠氮基团;
(2)多嵌段侧链的制备:
根据嵌段排列顺序依次聚合各嵌段,选择具有不同侧基的各嵌段的单体,
(c)基于原子转移自由基聚合反应,加入催化剂、引发剂C,所述引发剂选自具有反应性官能团和卤素基团的化合物;或者(d)基于可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应,加入引发剂D和链转移剂,所述引发剂D选自偶氮或有机过氧化物,所述链转移剂选自三硫代碳酸酯或二硫代甲酸酯;制备得到带有活性反应基团的多嵌段侧链;
(3)多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷的制备:
基于“点击化学”反应、酯化反应或酰胺化反应,将具有活性反应基团的多嵌段侧链接枝到聚合物主链上。
优选的,聚合物主链的采用可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应制备,多嵌段侧链采用原子转移自由基聚合反应制备,多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷采用“点击化学”反应制备。
本发明一个优选的方案,所述可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应的引发剂为AIBN,链转移剂为4-氰基-4-(苯基硫代甲酰硫基)戊炔酸;原子转移自由基聚合反应中催化剂为CuBr、CuCl或者Cu,优选使用铜离子的配体五甲基二乙烯三胺,促进催化剂的溶解;“点击化学”反应的催化剂为五水硫酸铜,还原剂为抗坏血酸。
可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应或原子转移自由基聚合反应聚合溶剂选自苯甲醚、DMF、甲醇中的一种或几种,聚合温度为25-70℃,“点击化学”反应的溶剂为DMF、甲醇、DMSO中的一种或几种,温度40-50℃。
本发明所述的方法可以通过控制单体引发剂投料比、反应时间、反应温度调整主链和侧链各嵌段的聚合度。
为保证载体嵌段有足够的载化合物(药物,探针、共轭配体)位点、良好的水溶性以及足够的功能化,本发明优选控制载体嵌段聚合度在≤30,优选15-25亲水嵌段聚合度为载体嵌段的3-4倍,靶向嵌段、跨膜嵌段聚合度均控制在≤30优选15-25。
本发明优点:
本发明所述制备方法中所应用到的ATRP,RAFT,CLICK等均为高效简单易控的反应,侧链接枝率可达到50%-90%,分子刷长度广泛可调,功能化程度高,用于负载药物时,载药量可达到20%-30%,且可在高载药量的同时保证高水溶性和稳定性,生物相容性良好,抗蛋白吸附能力强,能特异性靶向肿瘤部位,在肿瘤细胞中摄取量更高,在肿瘤治疗方面具有巨大的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为主链聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯CPADB-PGMA的核磁氢谱。
图2为主链环氧基团开环前后的红外光谱。
图3为侧链载体嵌段PBIB-PGMA的核磁氢谱。
图4为载体嵌段连接亲水嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu的核磁氢谱。
图5为载体嵌段-亲水嵌段连接靶向嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-POEGMA-Bpin的核磁氢谱。
图6为载体嵌段-亲水嵌段连接跨膜嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-PFHEMA的核磁氢谱。
图7为载体嵌段-亲水嵌段连接跨膜嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-PFHEMA的核磁氟谱。
图8为侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-靶向嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(PBA)的核磁氢谱。
图9为侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-跨膜嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(F)的核磁氢谱。
图10为侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-靶向嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(PBA)的AFM表征
图11为侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-跨膜嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(F)的AFM表征。
图12为人肝癌HepG2细胞对FITC-Brush(PBA)和其对照组FITC-Brush(PCB)摄取量的流式细胞仪定量结果。
图13为人肝癌HepG2细胞对FITC-Brush(F)和其对照组FITC-Brush(H)摄取量的流式细胞仪定量。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例说明本发明的具体步骤,但不受实施例限制。
在本发明中使用的术语,除非另有说明,一般具有本领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义。
下面结合具体实施例并参照数据进一步详细描述本发明,应理解,这些实施例只是为了举例说明本发明,而非以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
在以下实施例中,未详细描述的各种过程和方法是本领域中公知的常规方法。
本发明以主链单体为甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯GMA,载体嵌段单体为甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯GMA,亲水嵌段单体为羧酸甜菜碱PCB,靶向嵌段单体为连接硼酸苯基的甲基丙烯酸酯OEGMA-Bpin(结构式如下),跨膜嵌段单体为甲基丙烯酸-1H,1H-全氟代辛酯为例进一步详细说明本发明,但应注意本发明的范围并不受这些实施例的任何限制。
实施例1主链聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯CPADB-PGMA的制备
5g GMA(0.035mol)单体,5mL无水苯甲醚,10.9mg(0.039mmol)4-氰基-4-(苯基硫代甲酰硫基)戊炔酸,1.28mg(0.008mmol)偶氮二异丁腈AIBN依次称取置于25mL的Schlenk瓶中。迅速冻抽三次,70℃反应10h后通入空气停止反应。在冰的正己烷中沉淀三次除去未反应单体,真空干燥后得粉红色粉末固体。核磁共振氢谱如图1所示,积分计算得示聚合度为227,GPC表征PDI=1.14。
实施例2主链环氧基团开环后CPADB-PGA的制备
PGMA 2g(0.014mol环氧基团)溶于45mL DMF中,依次称取加入2.74g(0.042mol)NaN3,2.25g(0.042mmol)NH4Cl3,50℃反应24h,在水中沉淀三次除去杂质,真空干燥后得到白色粉末固体。CPADB-PGA的红外表征如图2所示2100cm-1叠氮的振动吸收峰明显。
实施例3侧链载体嵌段PBIB-PGMA的制备
炔丙基2-溴异丁酸酯PBIB 107mg(0.522mmol),GMA 11.505g(81.432mmol),11mL苯甲醚,CuBr 74mg(0.522mmol),PMDETA 90mg(0.522mmol)依次称取置于25mL的Schlenk瓶中,迅速冻抽三次,反应2h后停止反应。过中性氧化铝柱除去铜盐,在冰的正己烷中沉淀三次,真空干燥得白色粉末状固体。核磁氢谱如图3所示,积分计算得聚合度27。
实施例4载体嵌段连接亲水嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu的制备
PBIB-PGMA 200mg(0.0494mmol),CB-tBu 3.293g(9.349mmol),8mL DMF,CuBr 7mg(0.0494mmol),PMDETA 8.5mg(0.0494mmol)依次称取置于10mL的Schlenk瓶中,迅速冻抽三次,反应24h后停止反应。过中性氧化铝柱除去铜盐,在丙酮:乙醚=1:1中沉淀三次后,真空干燥得白色粉末固体。核磁氢谱如图4所示,按转化率算得聚合度为55。
实施例5载体嵌段-亲水嵌段连接靶向嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-POEGMA-Bpin的制备
PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu 1g(0.043mmol),OEGMA-Bpin 233mg(0.43mmol),3mL DMF,3mL MeOH,10cm铜丝,7.5mg(0.043mmol)PMDETA依次称取置于10mL的Schlenk瓶中,迅速冻抽三次,反应24h后停止反应。过中性氧化铝柱除去铜盐,在乙醚中沉淀三次后,真空干燥得淡黄色粉末固体。核磁氢谱如图5所示,按转化率算得聚合度为12。
实施例6载体嵌段-亲水嵌段连接跨膜嵌段PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-PFHEMA的制备
PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu 1g(0.043mmol),FHEMA 402mg(0.86mmol),3mL DMF,3mLMeOH,10cm铜丝,7.5mg(0.043mmol)PMDETA依次称取置于10mL的Schlenk瓶中,迅速冻抽三次,反应24h后停止反应。过中性氧化铝柱除去铜盐,在乙醚中沉淀三次后,真空干燥得淡黄色粉末固体。核磁氢谱氟谱分别如图6、图7所示。按转化率算得聚合度为10。
实施例7侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-靶向嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(PBA)的制备
将实施例5制得的PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-POEGMA-Bpin 500mg(0.018mmol),CPADB-PGA 1.67mg(0.009mmol),铜丝10cm,PMDETA10mg(0.0577mmol),2mL DMF,2mL MeOH依次称取置于10mL的Schlenk瓶中,迅速冻抽三次,避光反应48h后停止反应。10000Da透析三天除去未反应侧链,冻干得淡黄色固体。Brush(PBA)核磁氢谱如图8所示。内嵌段修饰完成后,直接把聚合物分子刷溶于在三氟乙酸中室温反应两小时,旋蒸除去三氟乙酸,用甲醇溶解在冰乙醚中沉淀三次,真空干燥得淡黄色粉末固体。脱保护后AFM表征如图10所示,平均长度87nm。
实施例8侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-跨膜嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(F)的制备
PBIB-PGMA-PCB-tBu-PFHEMA 506mg(0.018mmol),CPADB-PGA1.67mg(0.009mmol),铜丝10cm,PMDETA10mg(0.0577mmol),2mL DMF,2mL MeOH依次称取置于10mL的Schlenk瓶中,迅速冻抽三次,避光反应48h后停止反应。10000Da透析三天除去未反应侧链,冻干得淡黄色固体。Brush(F)核磁氢谱如图9所示。内嵌段修饰完成后,直接把聚合物分子刷溶于在三氟乙酸中室温反应两小时,旋蒸除去三氟乙酸,用甲醇溶解在冰乙醚中沉淀三次,真空干燥得淡黄色粉末固体。脱保护后AFM表征如图11所示,平均长度87nm。
实施例9 FITC标记的聚合物分子刷的制备
参照实施例1-8的方法,靶向嵌段单体选择甲基丙烯酸酯(不含靶向侧基硼酸苯基)制备得到侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-靶向嵌段的聚合物分子刷Brush(PCB)。
或者跨膜嵌段单体选择聚甲基丙烯酸正丁酯(不含有跨膜侧基)制备得到侧链具有载体嵌段-亲水嵌段-跨膜嵌段的聚合物Brush(H)。
分别将10mg Brush(PCB)、Brush(PBA)、Brush(F)、Brush(H)溶于0.3mL DMF中,分别加入0.2mg异硫氰酸酯荧光素,10μL三乙胺,室温反应一夜后加水超滤浓缩。
制备得到FITC-Brush(PCB)、FITC-Brush(PBA)、FITC-Brush(F)、FITC-Brush(H)
实施例10考察人肝癌HepG2细胞对FITC标记的不同聚合物分子刷的摄取量
将人肝癌HepG2细胞以6×105/孔的密度接种在24孔板内,37℃、含5%CO2的培养箱中全湿度培养24h。细胞培养基为10%胎牛血清的DMEM。待细胞长满后,吸出培养基,分别加入含0.05mg/mL FITC-Brush(PCB)、FITC-Brush(PBA)、FITC-Brush(F)或FITC-Brush(H)的培养基。培养4h后,PBS溶液洗三次,加入胰酶使细胞消化下来,离心收集,用流式细胞仪对每个实验组的细胞摄取量进行定量。结果如图12、图13所示,FITC-Brush(PBA)的实验组细胞摄取量是其对照组FITC-Brush(PCB)的2.48倍,FITC-Brush(F)的实验组细胞摄取量是其对照组FITC-Brush(H)的1.41倍。这说明Brush(PBA)能通过与细胞表面的唾液酸结合而特异性靶向细胞,提高细胞摄取量;Brush(F)通过跨膜嵌段对细胞膜亲和性更高的特点,提高细胞摄取量。
Claims (7)
1.一种具有多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷,其特征在于所述聚合物分子刷具有如下通式:
其中,A1-A2……-An代表聚合物主链,A1~An相同或者不同,代表主链单体分子,选自丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯;
Y代表多嵌段侧链;
R4代表H、Br、Cl,
所述Y依次为载体嵌段、亲水嵌段和靶向性嵌段,或者所述Y依次为载体嵌段、亲水嵌段和跨膜嵌段;
侧链各个嵌段的单体相同或者不同,选自取代或非取代的丙烯酸酯类单体中的一种或几种;
所述载体嵌段的单体具有可反应性侧基,选自炔基、叠氮基团、环氧基团、氨基、羧基、羟基、巯基、卤素、马来酰亚胺中的一种或几种基团;
所述亲水嵌段的单体具有亲水性侧基,选自两性离子基团;
所述靶向性嵌段的单体具有靶向性侧基,选自硼酸苯基、半乳糖苷基、甘露糖基中的一种或几种基团;
所述跨膜嵌段的单体具有跨膜性侧基,选自F、1或多个F原子取代的C1-C10的烷基、C1-C10的烷基中的一种或几种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚合物分子刷,其特征在于所述两性离子基团选自羧基甜菜碱、磺基甜菜碱、磷酰胆碱中的一种或几种;所述跨膜嵌段的单体具有跨膜性侧基,选自F、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、七氟丙基、九氟丁基、十一氟戊基、十三氟己基,C1-C6的烷基中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的聚合物分子刷,其特征在于所述;侧链各个嵌段的单体相同或者不同,选自具有侧基的丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、2-甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-甲基丙烯酸乙酯、2-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的聚合物分子刷在制备药物载体、生物探针、分子识别材料中的应用。
5.权利要求1-3任一项所述的聚合物分子刷的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)聚合物主链的制备:
选择具有炔基、叠氮基团、羟基、羧基、氨基、环氧基团的聚合物主链单体或者将具有环氧基团的聚合物主链单体通过开环反应引入炔基、叠氮基团;
(a)基于原子转移自由基聚合反应,加入催化剂、引发剂A,所述引发剂A选自有机卤化物;或者(b)基于可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应,加入引发剂B和链转移剂,所述引发剂B选自偶氮或有机过氧化物,所述链转移剂选自三硫代碳酸酯或二硫代甲酸酯;制备得到聚合物主链;
对于具有环氧基团的聚合物主链,可进一步通过开环反应引入炔基、叠氮基团;
(2)多嵌段侧链的制备:
根据嵌段排列顺序依次聚合各嵌段,选择具有不同侧基的各嵌段的单体,
(c)基于原子转移自由基聚合反应,加入催化剂、引发剂C,所述引发剂选自具有反应性官能团和卤素基团的化合物;或者(d)基于可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应,加入引发剂D和链转移剂,所述引发剂D选自偶氮或有机过氧化物,所述链转移剂选自三硫代碳酸酯或二硫代甲酸酯;
制备得到带有活性反应基团的多嵌段侧链;
(3)多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷的制备:
基于“点击化学”反应、酯化反应或酰胺化反应,将具有活性反应基团的多嵌段侧链接枝到聚合物主链上。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于聚合物主链的采用可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应制备,多嵌段侧链采用原子转移自由基聚合反应制备,多嵌段侧链的聚合物分子刷采用“点击化学”反应制备。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
所述可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应的引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈,链转移剂为4-氰基-4-(苯基硫代甲酰硫基)戊炔酸;原子转移自由基聚合反应中催化剂为CuBr、CuCl或者铜丝;“点击化学”反应的催化剂为无水硫酸铜,还原剂为抗坏血酸;
可逆加成断裂链转移聚合反应或原子转移自由基聚合反应聚合溶剂选自苯甲醚、DMF、甲醇中的一种或几种,聚合温度为25-70℃,“点击化学”反应的溶剂为DMF、甲醇、DMSO中的一种或几种,温度40-50℃。
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