CN114793735B - Method for shortening maturation period of Feizixiao litchi fruits - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for shortening the ripening period of Feizixiao litchi fruits, which comprises the following steps: (1) tip raising; (2) tip control, tip killing and flower promotion; (3) flower adjustment; (4) flower thinning; (5) fruit retention; (6) fruit strengthening. The Feizixiao litchi obtained by the method has the advantages of high female flower proportion, high fruit setting rate, short fruit maturity period, early marketing and high economic value.

Description

Method for shortening maturation period of Feizixiao litchi fruits

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of litchis, and particularly relates to a method for shortening the ripening period of Feizixiao litchi fruits.

Background

The existing litchi cultivation method is as follows:

harvesting, namely harvesting 2-3 leaves of the cluster and the lower section of the cluster simultaneously; the autumn tips are promoted, including dressing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; root irrigation was performed using 20% polyethylene glycol; controlling winter tips, girdling, spraying 95% ethanol with girdling parts and spraying 2% -4% lime water with blades; spraying compound cytokinin for 1-2 times in the bud sprouting period; flower and bud thinning, spraying a mixed solution of ethephon and paclobutrazol in a bud emergence period to perform bud thinning; spraying a mixed solution of calcium phosphate, glycine and sucrose fatty acid in the flowering phase to perform flower thinning; stabilizing fruits, and spraying a mixed solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 6-benzyl aminopurine, naphthylacetic acid, ethylene glycol, sucrose, borax and 95% ethanol in the fruit development stage.

The existing litchi planting accompanying method II:

a. the soil with rich organic matters and good drainage property and the pH value of the soil is 6.5-7 is selected for planting;

b. applying a first fertilizer to a planting field one month after the young litchi tree is planted in the planting field, applying a second fertilizer when the leaf color of the young litchi tree is changed from red to light green, and applying a third fertilizer when the leaf color of the young litchi tree is completely changed from red to green;

c. pruning the litchi sapling when the litchi sapling grows to 3-4 meters, leaving 3-4 main branches, pruning cross branches, over-dense branches and bent branches;

d. placing 1-2 groups of bees in each mu of litchi garden in the flowering period of litchi plants, and stopping spraying insecticidal pesticide in the flowering period;

e. and (3) fertilizing and managing 10-15 days after the flowers of the litchi plants are shed, and 7-10 days before fruit picking.

Both methods have the defects of late control of the tips, low female flower proportion, late fruit maturity, late marketing and low selling price. In addition, the first method has the defects of excessive medicine usage, high cost, low operability and the like.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for shortening the ripening period of Feizixiao litchi fruits, which has the advantages of high female flower proportion, high fruit setting rate, short fruit ripening period, early marketing and high economic value.

The above object of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical solutions: a method for shortening the ripening period of the fruits of Feizixiao litchis, comprising the following steps:

(1) Tip raising: spraying insecticidal and bactericidal medicines after litchi is picked, then applying tip raising fertilizer, then trimming branches of Feizixiao litchi trees, raising tips, spraying the insecticidal and bactericidal medicines for 2-3 times per tip pumping, and pumping the tips twice in total;

(2) Tip control, tip killing and flower promotion: the method comprises the steps of firstly using paclobutrazol aqueous solution to control the tips before the second batch of tips are aged, enabling the tips to be aged together in the tip control period, then using oxyfluorfen aqueous solution to kill the tips mainly in the tip control period, adding ammonium nitrate calcium and ethephon aqueous solution to control the tips while killing the tips after the air temperature enters below 18 ℃ at night in the later period, adopting the combination of tip killing and tip control, promoting flower bud differentiation, spraying once in a certain period of time, forming flower buds and cutting flowers in advance, and reducing the number of flowers at the same time;

(3) Flower adjustment: after flower buds, removing leaves and promoting female flower differentiation by using diammonium phosphate and ethephon water solution, and increasing female flower proportion;

(4) Flower thinning: after the flower buds are separated from female flowers, flower thinning is carried out by using fluoroglycofen-ethyl and ethephon aqueous solution;

(5) Fruit preservation: after pollination is completed, firstly, using paclobutrazol and amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution to preserve fruits, and spraying forchlorfenuron aqueous solution after fruit combination to preserve fruits;

(6) Strengthening fruits: and applying potassium compound fertilizer after the fruits enter the swelling period, and simultaneously, watering to keep soil moist to promote fruit strengthening and coloring.

In the method for shortening the ripening period of the Feizixiao litchi fruits:

preferably, the insecticidal and bactericidal medicament in the step (1) is a mixed aqueous solution of beta-cypermethrin and carbendazim or a lime sulphur.

Preferably, the tip raising fertilizer in the step (1) comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 40 to 60 percent of sheep manure, 2 to 3 percent of urea, 1 to 2 percent of compound fertilizer and 0.5 to 1 percent of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.

Preferably, the compound fertilizers are 3-15 compound fertilizers.

Preferably, when the paclobutrazol aqueous solution is used for tip control in the step (2), the paclobutrazol concentration is (25-30) g paclobutrazol/30 jin of water.

The paclobutrazol is a plant growth retardant, can control the nutrition growth of litchi, accumulate nutrition, is beneficial to the differentiation of litchi flower buds, controls the tips of the whole garden to be aged uniformly after the tips of the second batch turn green, and kills the tips and controls the tips to kill the young leaves which are just unfolded.

Preferably, when the oxyfluorfen aqueous solution is adopted for tip killing in the step (2), the concentration of the oxyfluorfen is 240 g/L of oxyfluorfen (2-4) mL/30 jin of water.

The oxyfluorfen is used for killing the tips in a small amount, the effect is quick, the old leaves are not damaged basically, the prior art uses the tip killer to kill the tips when the tips are killed, the cost is high, the tip killer contains components such as ethephon, and the like, and the damage to the old leaves is large.

Preferably, when calcium ammonium nitrate and ethephon aqueous solution are added in the step (2) for tip control, the concentration of the calcium ammonium nitrate is (90-110 g of calcium ammonium nitrate with the mass percent of 98 percent)/30 jin of water, and the concentration of the ethephon is 3-5 mL of ethephon with the mass percent of 40 percent)/30 jin of water.

The calcium ammonium nitrate and the ethephon aqueous solution can control the shoots together so as to promote flower bud differentiation and be beneficial to early flowers.

Preferably, when the diammonium phosphate and ethephon aqueous solution are used for removing leaves and promoting female flower differentiation in the step (3), the concentration of the diammonium phosphate is (90-100 g of diammonium phosphate with the mass percentage of 98 percent)/30 jin of water, and the concentration of the ethephon is (3-4 mL of ethephon with the mass percentage of 40 percent)/30 jin of water.

Compared with the single medicine for regulating flowers, the adoption of the diammonium phosphate and ethephon for regulating flowers together can improve the pure flower rate and the female flower proportion.

Preferably, when the fluoroglycofen-ethyl and the ethephon aqueous solution are used for flower thinning in the step (4), the concentration of the fluoroglycofen-ethyl is (0.4-0.6 mL of fluoroglycofen)/30 jin of water, and the concentration of ethephon is (4-6 mL of ethephon with the mass percentage content of 40 percent)/30 jin of water.

The fluoroglycofen-ethyl can kill tender flowers and branches, while ethephon has the function of removing flower buds, and the flower killing effect of the fluoroglycofen-ethyl and ethephon is better than that of single use.

Preferably, in the step (5), the concentration of the paclobutrazol and the amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution are used for fruit retention, wherein the concentration of the paclobutrazol is (20-30 g of paclobutrazol with the mass percentage content of 40 percent)/30 jin of water, and the concentration of the amino acid foliar fertilizer is (20-30 mL of amino acid foliar fertilizer)/30 jin of water.

Paclobutrazol can delay the nutrition growth of plants, promote the nutrition accumulation later period and supply the fruits, the growth of the fruits requires protein and other organic substances, and the amino acid foliar fertilizer can rapidly supplement amino acid of the tree body synthetic protein; the single use of paclobutrazol only supplies the original protein and other organic nutrition of the tree body to the fruit, and the external application of amino acid is equivalent to the additional addition of organic nutrition to the tree body, and the combination of the paclobutrazol and the amino acid is more beneficial to fruit preservation.

Preferably, when the fruits in the step (5) are combined and sprayed with the aqueous solution of the forchlorfenuron for fruit preservation, the concentration of the forchlorfenuron is (40-50 mL of forchlorfenuron with the mass percentage of 0.1 percent)/30 jin of water.

The forchlorfenuron can inhibit the formation of fruit stem abscission layer, enhance photosynthesis and protein synthesis, is easy to absorb, takes effect quickly and has low cost.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:

(1) Unlike the three-tip control of most orchards, the method adopts two-tip control, early tip control and the combination of tip control and tip control after tip killing are adopted, and the two-tip control can lead to early flowers, less spikes, early fruits and early marketing;

(2) The method combines the flower regulation and flower thinning, can improve the proportion of female flowers, and can advance the process of early fruits by regulating flowers and combining flower thinning to form early fruits;

(3) The method has the advantages of high female flower proportion, high fruit setting rate, short fruit maturity period, early marketing, high economic value, strong operability, low concentration of used medicines, low cost and great benefit.

Detailed Description

Example 1

(1) Tip raising: after harvesting, spraying the insecticidal and bactericidal agent once, pruning can be carried out after the cypermethrin and carbendazim or the lime sulphur agent are cleaned once, the middle upright branches are thinned, and the tree body is retracted according to the line sealing condition, if the line sealing is retracted to the two-year-old branches, the line sealing is not retracted. Applying tip raising fertilizer once again before trimming, and applying pesticide comprising 60 jin of sheep manure organic fertilizer, 2 jin of urea, 1 jin of 3 15 compound fertilizers, 1 jin of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 3 times of tip spraying per pumping per tree of Feizixiao litchi.

(2) Tip control, tip killing and flower promotion: before the second crop of the whole garden is aged, 30g of paclobutrazol (30 jin of water is prepared, the following medicine dosage is controlled by concentration, and the medicine dosage is sprayed according to a conventional method) is used for tip control, the purpose of tip control is to enable the tips of the whole garden to be aged uniformly, an oxyfluorfen water solution (the dosage of 2-4mL+30jin of water for the effective component content of 240 g/L) is used for tip control in the early stage of tip control, the tip control is mainly carried out by using the oxyfluorfen water solution, and the ammonium calcium nitrate and the ethephon water solution (the mass percent of ammonium calcium nitrate 100g+4 ml of which is 40% ethephon+30 jin of water) are added at the same time when the later air temperature enters below 18 ℃ at night for tip control, the tip control is carried out by spraying once every 10 days, flower buds (white point exposure) are formed in advance, and the flower spike number is reduced (see table 1).

TABLE 1 flower bud formation time (dew point)

	Two-tip control flower-promoting method (experimental group)	Method for promoting flower by controlling tip of three tips (control group)
			White spot exposure time	11 middle and last ten days of month	12 middle ten days of month
Full-garden dew point plant rate	93％	90％
			Flower spike number/branch	2.6 pieces	5.0 branch

(3) Flower adjustment: after white spots (flower buds) are exposed, diammonium phosphate and ethephon aqueous solution (90 g of diammonium phosphate with the mass percentage of 98 percent+3 ml of ethephon with the mass percentage of 40 percent+30 jin of water) are used for removing leaves, promoting the differentiation of female flowers and improving the proportion of female flowers, and the table 2 below shows.

TABLE 2 flower mixing experiment results

	Experimental group	Spraying 3 ml ethephon	Spraying 90g of diamine phosphate	Clear water control
					Flower zone leaf rate\plant	5％	13％	6％	45％
Female flower proportion\strain	71％	60％	47％	35％

(4) Flower thinning: after flower bud separation of female and male flowers, flower thinning was performed using fluoroglycofen-ethyl and ethephon aqueous solution (0.4 ml fluoroglycofen-ethyl + 5ml ethephon +30 jin water with mass percentage content of 40%) and the flower thinning effect data are shown in table 3 below.

TABLE 3 flower thinning data

	Experimental group	Spraying 5ml ethephon	Spraying 0.4 ml of fluoroglycofen-ethyl	Clear water control
					Bud drop rate \ear	61％	42％	15％	4％

(5) Fruit preservation: after pollination is completed, the fruit is preserved by using paclobutrazol and an amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution (25 g of paclobutrazol with the mass percentage of 40 percent+25 ml of amino acid foliar fertilizer+30 jin of water), and the fruit is sprayed with a forchlorfenuron aqueous solution (45 ml of forchlorfenuron with the mass percentage of 0.1 percent+30 jin of water) after being combined with the fruit.

The method is characterized in that paclobutrazol and amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution and fruit are used as experimental groups, a chlorpyrimide aqueous solution is sprayed after the fruit is combined and then preserved, 2.4-D of traditional fruit-preserving medicaments, gibberellic acid, guoguang amino acid and clear water are used as control groups 1-4, 5 treatments are adopted, three repetitions are arranged for each treatment, spraying is carried out after the female flowers of Feizixiao litchis are opened, and spraying is carried out once again after ten days or fruit is combined and then carried out twice. The results of the observation statistics after the fruit has about the size of the tail finger are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 fruit retention data comparison

	Experimental group	Control group 1	Control group 2	Control group 3	Control 4
						Fruit branch rate	92％	81％	80％	68％	35％
Average fruit number/spike	21	14	12	7	5

(6) The fruits are strengthened, potassium compound fertilizer (commercially available) is applied after the fruits enter the swelling period, and meanwhile, watering is carried out to keep soil moist to promote the fruits to be strengthened and colored, and the mature period and the price of the fruits are shown in the table 5 below.

TABLE 5 fruit maturity and price comparison

	Two-pin test set	Three-tip control group
			Maturity of fruit	4 months and 20 days	5 months and 10 days
Average sales price	7.0 yuan/jin	4.0 yuan/jin

Example 2

(1) Tip raising: after harvesting, spraying the insecticidal and bactericidal agent once, pruning can be carried out after the cypermethrin and carbendazim or the lime sulphur agent are cleaned once, the middle upright branches are thinned, and the tree body is retracted according to the line sealing condition, if the line sealing is retracted to the two-year-old branches, the line sealing is not retracted. Applying the tip raising fertilizer once again before trimming, wherein 40 jin of sheep manure organic fertilizer, 3 jin of urea, 1 jin of 3 15 compound fertilizers, 1 jin of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 2 times of pesticide spraying are applied to each Feizixiao litchi fruit tree;

(2) Tip control, tip killing and flower promotion: before the second crop of the whole garden is mature, 25 g of paclobutrazol (30 jin of water is prepared, 6-8 trees can be sprayed generally) is used for tip control, the purpose of the tip control is to enable the tips of the whole garden to be uniformly mature, before the tip control, oxyfluorfen (the dosage of the oxyfluorfen with the active ingredient content of 240 g/L is 4mL+30 jin of water) is used for tip control, after the air temperature enters below 18 ℃ at night in the later stage, ammonium calcium nitrate ethephon solution (90 g of ammonium calcium nitrate with the mass percentage of 98 percent and 40 percent ethephon+30 jin of water) is added for tip control at the same time, the tip control is sprayed once every 10 days, flower buds (dew white spots) are formed early, and the number of flowers is reduced (see table 6 below).

TABLE 6 flower bud formation time (dew point)

	Two-tip control flower-promoting method (experimental group)	Method for promoting flower by controlling tip of three tips (control group)
			White spot exposure time	11 middle and last ten days of month	12 middle ten days of month
Full-garden dew point plant rate	91％	89％
			Flower spike number/branch	2.4 branches	4.5 branches

(3) Flower adjustment: after white spots (flower buds) were exposed, defoliation and female flower differentiation promotion were carried out using a diammonium phosphate ethephon aqueous solution (100 g of diammonium phosphate with a mass percentage of 98% and 4ml of ethephon with a mass percentage of 40% and 30 jin of water) to increase the female flower proportion, see table 7 below.

TABLE 7 flower setting experiment results

	Experimental group	Spraying 4ml ethephon	Spraying 100g of diamine phosphate	Clear water control
					Flower zone leaf rate\plant	4％	11％	7％	47％
Female flower proportion\strain	75％	62％	43％	32％

(4) Flower thinning: after flower bud separation of female flowers, flower thinning was performed using a fluoroglycofen-ethyl ethephon solution (0.5 ml fluoroglycofen-ethyl + 4ml ethephon +30 jin water) formulation solution, and flower thinning effect data is shown in table 8 below.

TABLE 8 flower thinning data

	Experimental group	Spraying 4ml ethephon	Spraying 0.5 ml of fluoroglycofen-ethyl	Clear water control
					Bud drop rate \ear	65％	40％	15％	7％

(5) Fruit preservation: after pollination is completed, a paclobutrazol amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution (30 g of paclobutrazol with the mass percentage content of 40 percent+20 ml of amino acid foliar fertilizer plus 30 jin of water) is used for fruit preservation, and a forchlorfenuron aqueous solution (45 ml of forchlorfenuron with the mass percentage content of 0.1 percent+30 jin of water) is sprayed after fruit combination for fruit preservation.

The method is characterized in that a paclobutrazol amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution and fruits are used as an experiment group, a chlorpyrimide aqueous solution is sprayed after the fruits are combined and then the fruits are preserved, 2.4-D of a traditional fruit-preserving medicament, gibberellic acid, guoguang amino acid and clear water are used as a comparison group 1-4, 5 treatments are carried out, three repetitions are arranged for each treatment, spraying is carried out after the flowers of the Feizixiao litchi female flowers are opened, and the fruits are sprayed once again after the fruits are combined and then the fruits are sprayed twice. The results of the observation statistics after the fruit had about the size of the tail finger are shown in Table 9.

Table 9 fruit retention data comparison

	Experimental group	Control group 1	Control group 2	Control group 3	Control 4
						Fruit branch rate	93％	80％	78％	65％	31％
Average fruit number/spike	19	13	10	6	4

(6) And (3) strengthening fruits, applying a potassium compound fertilizer after the fruits enter an expanding period, and simultaneously, watering to keep soil moist to promote fruit strengthening and coloring. The maturity and the price of the fruits are shown in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 fruit maturity and price comparison

	Two-pin test set	Three-tip control group
			Maturity of fruit	4 months and 22 days	5 months and 8 days
Average sales price	7.0 yuan/jin	4.0 yuan/jin

By the method disclosed by the invention, the female flowers of the Feizixiao litchi can be high in proportion, the fruit setting rate is high, the fruit maturity period is short, the market is early, and the economic value is high.

The above examples are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above examples, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications that do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be made in the equivalent manner, and the embodiments are included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. A method for shortening the ripening period of Feizixiao litchi fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) Tip raising: spraying insecticidal and bactericidal drugs after litchi is picked, then applying tip raising fertilizer, then trimming branches of Feizixiao litchi trees, raising tips, spraying the insecticidal and bactericidal drugs for 2-3 times per tip drawing, and drawing the tips twice in total;

(2) Tip control, tip killing and flower promotion: the method comprises the steps of firstly using paclobutrazol aqueous solution to control the tips before the second batch of tips are aged, enabling the tips to be aged together in the tip control period, then using oxyfluorfen aqueous solution to kill the tips in the tip control period, adding ammonium calcium nitrate and ethephon aqueous solution to control the tips while killing the tips after the air temperature enters below 18 ℃ at night in the later period, adopting the combination of tip killing and tip control, promoting flower bud differentiation, spraying once in a certain period of time, forming flower buds in advance, extracting flower buds, and reducing the number of flower ears at the same time;

(3) Flower adjustment: after flower buds, removing leaves and promoting female flower differentiation by using diammonium phosphate and ethephon water solution, and increasing female flower proportion;

(4) Flower thinning: after the flower buds are separated from female flowers, flower thinning is carried out by using fluoroglycofen-ethyl and ethephon aqueous solution;

(5) Fruit preservation: after pollination is completed, firstly, using paclobutrazol and amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution to preserve fruits, and spraying forchlorfenuron aqueous solution after fruit combination to preserve fruits;

(6) Strengthening fruits: and applying potassium compound fertilizer after the fruits enter the swelling period, and simultaneously, watering to keep soil moist to promote fruit strengthening and coloring.

2. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the tip raising fertilizer in the step (1) comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 40-60 parts of sheep manure, 2-3 parts of urea, 1-2 parts of compound fertilizer and 0.5-1 part of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.

3. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and (3) when the paclobutrazol aqueous solution is used for tip control in the step (2), the concentration of the paclobutrazol is 25-30 g paclobutrazol/30 jin of water.

4. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: when the oxyfluorfen aqueous solution is adopted to kill the tips in the step (2), the concentration of the oxyfluorfen is 2-4 mL/30 jin of water, and the content of the active ingredients of the oxyfluorfen is 240 g/L.

5. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and (2) adding ammonium calcium nitrate and ethephon water solution for tip control, wherein the concentration of the ammonium calcium nitrate is 90-110 g of 98% ammonium calcium nitrate/30 jin of water by mass percent, and the concentration of the ethephon is 3-5 mL of 40% ethephon/30 jin of water by mass percent.

6. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and (3) when the diammonium phosphate and ethephon aqueous solution are used for removing leaves and promoting female flower differentiation, the concentration of the diammonium phosphate is 90-100 g of diammonium phosphate with the mass percent content of 98% per 30 jin of water, and the concentration of the ethephon is 3-4 mL of ethephon with the mass percent content of 40% per 30 jin of water.

7. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: when the fluoroglycofen-ethyl and ethephon aqueous solution are used for flower thinning in the step (4), the concentration of the fluoroglycofen-ethyl is 0.4-0.6 mL of fluoroglycofen-ethyl/30 jin of water, and the concentration of ethephon is 4-6 mL of ethephon with the mass percentage content of 40% and 30 jin of water.

8. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step (5), firstly, when the paclobutrazol and amino acid foliar fertilizer aqueous solution are used for fruit preservation, the concentration of the paclobutrazol is 20-30 g, the mass percentage content of the paclobutrazol is 40% and the concentration of the amino acid foliar fertilizer is 30 jin, and the concentration of the amino acid foliar fertilizer is 20-30 mL.

9. The method for shortening the ripening period of the fruit of Feizixiao litchi according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and (5) spraying an aqueous solution of forchlorfenuron after the fruits are combined in the step (5) to preserve fruits, wherein the concentration of forchlorfenuron is 40-50 mL, and the mass percentage content of forchlorfenuron is 0.1 percent/30 jin of water.