CN114761370A - 用于制造碱性粗陶瓷耐火制品的配合料、这种制品及其制造方法、工业炉的衬里以及工业炉 - Google Patents
用于制造碱性粗陶瓷耐火制品的配合料、这种制品及其制造方法、工业炉的衬里以及工业炉 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114761370A CN114761370A CN202080078755.7A CN202080078755A CN114761370A CN 114761370 A CN114761370 A CN 114761370A CN 202080078755 A CN202080078755 A CN 202080078755A CN 114761370 A CN114761370 A CN 114761370A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制造碱性粗陶瓷耐火的成型制品的干配合料、这种制品及其制造方法、工业炉的衬里以及工业炉。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造碱性粗陶瓷耐火成型制品的干配合料,这种制品及其制造方法以及工业炉的衬里和工业炉。
背景技术
本发明范围中的术语“耐火”不应局限于根据ISO 836或DIN 51060的定义,其定义示温锥当量>1500℃。根据DIN EN ISO 1893:2008-09,本发明意义上的耐火制品的压力软化点T0.5≥600℃,优选是T0.5≥800℃。因此,本发明意义上的耐火或抗火的颗粒状材料或颗粒是适合于具有上述压力软化点T0.5的耐火制品的材料或颗粒。
根据本发明的耐火制品用于保护集料形式的骨料结构,其中温度主要在600至2000℃之间,特别是1000至1800℃之间。
众所周知,粗陶瓷制品是指由粒度达6mm,在特殊情况下也可达25mm的颗粒制成的众所周知的制品(见“Gerald Routschka/Hartmut Wuthnow,实践手册“FeuerfesteWerkstoffe(《耐火材料》)”,第五版,Vulkan出版社(以下仅称为《实践手册》),第二章)。
在本发明中,术语“颗粒”或“颗粒状材料”包括由许多小的固体颗粒组成的可倾倒的固体。如果颗粒的粒径≤200μm,则该颗粒为粉或粉末。如果颗粒是通过机械破碎产生的,例如粉碎和/或研磨,则其是粉碎的粒料或破碎的颗粒。然而,颗粒也可以有粒状颗粒或丸状颗粒,这些颗粒是通过造粒或丸化产生的,而没有机械粉碎。颗粒的粒度分布通常通过筛分来调整。
此外,除非另有说明,本发明范围内规定的粒度是根据DIN66165-2:2016-08确定的。
在本发明的范围内,颗粒级分或颗粒分级也有在两个规定的测试粒度之间的粒度。因此,指定颗粒级分或颗粒分级意味着没有颗粒留在上层筛上,也没有颗粒通过下层筛。因此,不存在过大颗粒,也不存在过小颗粒。
相比之下,“颗粒组”一词包括一些颗粒留在上层筛上(过大颗粒),一些颗粒通过下层筛(过小颗粒)。
此外,本领域使用的颗粒级分或颗粒组有不同尺寸的颗粒。因此,它们有颗粒分布或粒度分布。它们不是单一的颗粒级分或颗粒组。
就粗陶瓷制品而言,还对成型和非成型的制品进行了区分。
成型的粗陶瓷制品是指未经烧制的、经过退火的或陶瓷烧制的产物,优选是在陶瓷厂制造的产物,特别是砖或板。它们有确定的几何形状,并可随时进行安装。成型是通过例如压制、夯实、打桩或淤泥浇注来完成。成型的制品,特别是砖,与砂浆一起铺设或不含砂浆(“脆性”)地铺设,以便例如形成衬里。粗陶瓷的成型的制品的制造过程通常分为以下几个步骤(《实践手册》,第15页/第2.1点)。
-准备
-混合
-成型
-干燥
-(如有必要)热处理至800℃,烧制或烧结
-后处理(如有必要)
非成型制品是指通常在用户处,例如通过浇注、振动、戳打、夯实或注射等方式,由非成型的物料或团块获得最终形状的制品。未成型的制品通常在使用点放置在较大场地的壁板后,并在硬化后形成衬里的一部分。例如,未成型的制品是注射物料、夯实物料、浇注物料、振动物料或灌浆物料。
成型和非成型制品都是以本身已知的方式由粗陶瓷配合料制成。
此外,众所周知,耐火制品有非碱性制品(《实践手册》,4.1)和碱性制品(《实践手册》,4.2)之分。根据DIN EN ISO 10081:2005-05,特别是基于化学反应特性,对非碱性和碱性耐火制品进行了区分。非碱性制品的制品组包括SiO2-Al2O3系列的材料和其他不能根据其化学反应特性进一步分类的材料,如SiC和碳产物。大多数碱性制品的基本特征是,MgO和CaO氧化物的总和占主导地位。此外,铬铁砖、镁铬砖、尖晶石砖和镁橄榄石砖也被算作碱性制品,尽管它们几乎是中性的。成型的碱性制品特别是包括含有氧化镁的制品,特别是氧化镁制品、镁铬铁矿制品、镁尖晶石制品、镁锆制品、镁铁尖晶石制品(Magnesiapleonasterzeugnisse)、镁锰尖晶石制品、镁铁铝尖晶石制品(Magnesiahercyniterzeugnisse)、镁白云石制品(Magnesiadolomaerzeugnisse)(例如参见《实践手册》第99/100页,表4.26和4.27)。碱性非成型制品是指其骨料基本上由氧化镁、白云石、铬菱镁矿、铬矿和尖晶石组成的制品(例如参见《实践手册》第146页)。
由于其碱性特性和MgO的高熔点,镁砖具有较高的热强度和良好的抗碱性外来物质的能力。然而,镁砖通常非常脆,因为它们具有相对较高的弹性模量(E模量)和不利的剪切模量(G模量)。因此,它们对应力变化很敏感,特别是由于热冲击造成的应力变化很敏感,因此具有较低的抗温度冲击性(TWB)。
由于这个原因,人们致力于设置较低的弹性模量,以提高热机械耐久性。例如,众所周知,在配合料中加入所谓的增弹剂或增弹剂成分。增弹化制品例如有镁铬铁矿制品、镁尖晶石制品、镁锆制品、镁铁铝尖晶石制品和镁锰尖晶石制品,特别是砖(《实践手册》第101页/No.1)。增弹剂成分也可以仅在陶瓷烧制过程中在配合料中产生弹性产物。这被称为原地弹性化。对于未烧制的制品,在使用过程中进行原地弹性化。
因此,增弹剂是颗粒状的、耐火的矿物材料,其通常以基本材料的化合物为基础,其在配合料中的含量通常为相对于增弹剂和主要成分之和的3至30质量%。它们通常会在基体中或在由配合料形成的耐火制品的结构中,在高温和随后的冷却的情况下,由于不同的膨胀系数而导致所谓的微裂纹的形成。这种弹性化降低了弹性模量和剪切模量,从而降低了陶瓷制品的脆性。由此增加了抗温度冲击性。
因此,作为增弹剂可以使用热膨胀系数大大高于或低于氧化镁的原料。例如,可以使用铬矿、尖晶石组的原料(如铁尖晶石、镁铁尖晶石、MA尖晶石)、氧化锆、六铝酸钙和刚玉粉(Smirgel)作为增弹剂。
如前所述,弹性化制品的例子是镁尖晶石砖。
镁尖晶石砖是烧制的碱性制品,其在矿物学上主要由方镁石(MgO)和尖晶石(MgO·Al2O3)组成。根据分类,它们至少含有40质量%的MgO,以区别于尖晶石砖。镁尖晶石砖中的MA尖晶石要么来自单独的预合成,要么来自在砖的烧制过程中,Al2O3添加剂(氧化铝原料)与镁砂原料的MgO(如烧结的镁砂)的原位形成(《实践手册》,第4.2.4.1点)。
镁砂或镁砂原料或镁砂种类是一种主要含有(>50质量%)氧化镁(方镁石)的原料。因此,碳酸镁和MA尖晶石不是镁砂原料。
由于其化学/矿物学组成,镁尖晶石制品对温度冲击有很强的抵抗力。由于与纯氧化镁制品相比,它们的E-模量和G-模量较低,所以其能够更好地缓解热应力和机械应力。
因此,镁尖晶石制品被用于烧制水泥、石灰、白云石和菱镁矿的回转炉和竖炉的烧成带的衬里。
在这方面,US 4,971,934公开了一种耐火的配合料,其包括至少70质量%的MgO、4至30质量%的Al2O3和1.4至7.5质量%的MnO2。Al2O3的至少主要部分是以MgAl2O4尖晶石的形式存在,而以任何其他形式存在的Al2O3的份额不超过10质量%。
提供MgO的镁砂原料在此至少具有90质量%的MgO,优选是96-98质量%的MgO。提供Al2O3的氧化铝原料也可以是纯氧化铝和/或铝土矿,它是配合料中粗颗粒级分的一部分。但在这种情况下,上述两种原料在整个组合物中提供的Al2O3含量不超过10质量%。此外,粗级分具有直至4.7mm的粒度。
US 4,954,463公开了一种用于原位形成铝酸镁尖晶石的耐火配合料,该配合料包括65至99质量%的镁砂,其MgO含量至少为92质量%,以及35至1质量%的烧结铝土矿,其Al2O3含量至少为83质量%并且SiO2含量低于7质量%。因此,配合料的总SiO2含量低于4质量%。根据US4,954,46的示例,配合料含有10至20质量%的烧结铝土矿,其粒度小于0.224mm。
DE 43 19 741C2公开了一种基于氧化镁的耐火制品的制造方法,其从含有至少95质量%MgO的烧结和/或熔融镁砂颗粒出发。镁砂颗粒与尺寸至少为0.5mm的多孔氧化铝颗粒混合,成型并烧制。优选是使用煅烧过的矾土作为氧化铝原料。还公开了片状矾土和熔融刚玉。此外优选的是,氧化铝原料的Al2O3含量至少为97质量%。由于纯度高,根据DE 43 19741 C2,用它制成的砖的高耐火性得到保证。
此外,从WO 2004/056718 A2中已知,使用CaO/Al2O3比率在0.14和0.2之间,特别是化学式为CaAl12O19的铝酸钙作为增弹剂成分。优选的是,该增弹剂成分具有氧化物公式CaO·6Al2O3,或缩写公式CA6。
根据WO 2007/096246 A2,一种镁橄榄石材料或形成镁橄榄石材料的混合物被用作弹性添加剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于制造碱性粗陶瓷的耐火成型制品的配合料,其中该制品应当有良好的抗热冲击性以及足够的耐温性,并能以低成本制造。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种由所述配合料制成的制品,其制造方法,以及具有这种制品的工业炉的衬里和具有这种衬里的工业炉。
这些目的由具有权利要求1的特征的配合料、具有权利要求16的特征的制品、具有权利要求29的特征的方法、具有权利要求31的特征的衬里和具有权利要求35的特征的工业炉来解决。本发明的有利的进一步实施方案在随后的各从属权利要求中进行描述。
该目的特别是通过用于制造粗陶瓷的、耐火的、成型的、烧制或未烧制的镁尖晶石制品的配合料来解决,其特别是用于大容积工业炉的工作衬套或背衬,工业炉优选是水泥窑、石灰竖炉或石灰回转炉、菱镁矿或白云石炉,或热力炉或用于能源生产的炉或钢铁生产炉或有色金属工业的炉,所述配合料具有干物质混合物,其具有以下组分:
a)由至少一种MgO含量<91.5质量%,优选<90质量%,特别优选<89质量%的镁砂组成的颗粒状镁砂成分作为主要成分,,以及
b)颗粒状的增弹剂成分,其用量为2至10质量%,优选3至8质量%,特别优选4至6质量%,由至少一种烧结铝土矿组成,其中,根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08,增弹剂成分的粒度≤2.5mm,优选≤2mm,并且增弹剂成分包括,根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08,粒度≤0.5mm的颗粒,其最大用量为≤25质量%,优选≤20质量%,优选≤15质量%。
优选的是,主要成分的MgO含量<90质量%,特别优选<89质量%。
此外,干配合料还可以具有进一步的颗粒状的镁砂成分,其由至少一种具有比主要成分更高的MgO含量的镁砂组成。
因此,该目的也可以通过以下解决:用于制造粗陶瓷的、耐火的、成型的、烧制或未烧制的镁尖晶石制品的配合料,其特别是用于大容积工业炉的工作衬套或背衬,所述工业炉优选是水泥窑、石灰竖炉或石灰回转炉、菱镁矿或白云石炉,或热力炉或用于能源生产的炉或钢铁生产炉或有色金属工业的炉,
所述配合料具有干物质混合物,其具有以下组分:
a)由至少一种MgO含量<91.5质量%,优选<90质量%,特别优选<89质量%的镁砂组成的颗粒状镁砂成分,作为主要成分,颗粒状镁砂成分的用量≥70质量%,优选≥85质量%,
b)颗粒状的增弹剂成分,其用量为2至10质量%,优选3至8质量%,特别优选4至6质量%,所述增弹剂成分由至少一种烧结铝土矿组成,根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08,增弹剂成分的粒度≤2.5mm,优选≤2mm,并且增弹剂成分具有,根据DIN66165-2:2016-08,粒度≤0.5mm的颗粒,所述颗粒的量为≤25质量%,优选≤20质量%,优选≤15质量%,以及
c)另外的颗粒状镁砂成分,其由至少一种具有比主要成分更高的MgO含量的镁砂组成。
根据优选的实施方案,主要成分的MgO含量为<90质量%,并且干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型的平均MgO含量总计≤91.5质量%。
根据另一优选的实施方案,主要成分的MgO含量为85至<90质量%,并且干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型的平均MgO含量总计≤91.5质量%。
根据另一个优选的实施方案,主要成分的MgO含量为<89质量%,并且干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型的平均MgO含量总计≤91.5质量%,优选≤90质量%。
根据另一个优选的实施方案,主要成分的MgO含量为87至<89质量%,并且干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型的平均MgO含量总计≤91.5质量%,优选≤90质量%。
附图说明
在下文中,以示例性方式参考附图更详细地解释本发明。在附图中:
图1示出了在制造烧制后根据本发明的砖中由烧结铝土矿形成的增弹剂颗粒的光学显微照片;
图2示出了在根据本发明的砖(左)中的由烧结铝土矿形成的增弹剂颗粒中的Al和Mg的分布和在非根据本发明的砖(右)中由矾土形成的增弹剂颗粒中的Al和Mg的分布;
图3示出了在根据本发明的砖(左)中由烧结铝土矿形成的增弹剂颗粒中的Ca和Si的分布和在非根据本发明的砖(右)中由矾土形成的增弹剂颗粒中的Ca和Si的分布。
具体实施方式
在本发明的范围中令人惊奇地发现,当将由烧结铝土矿组成的增弹剂成分用于原位增弹化时,可以由含有矿物干混合物的配合料制造出具有良好机械和热力学性能以及足够耐火性的镁尖晶石制品,该矿物干混合物含有不纯的、颗粒状的镁砂成分作为主要成分。
在此,不纯是指镁砂成分由MgO含量仅<91.5质量%,优选<90质量%,特别优选<89质量%的至少一种镁砂组成。根据本发明,颗粒状的不纯镁砂成分在配合料的干物质混合物中的含量为≥70质量%,优选≥85质量%。
因此,根据本发明,不纯镁砂的MgO含量优选为85至<91.5质量%,优选为85至<90质量%,特别优选为87至<89质量%。
除非另有说明,MgO含量、Al2O3含量、SiO2含量和原料中的伴生氧化物含量是根据DIN 12667:2013-2通过X射线荧光分析法确定的。
此外,不纯镁砂成分中的至少一种镁砂优选是粉碎的颗粒。优选的是,不纯镁砂成分中的镁砂完全由粉碎的颗粒组成。
通常情况下,使用不纯的原料时,耐火性会下降。这是因为不纯的原料含有相对较高份额的伴生氧化物或次要成分或杂质。镁砂特别是含有CaO、SiO2和Fe2O3作为伴生氧化物。这些杂质会对烧制过程中发生的原位反应产生不利的影响。后果是结构缺陷和耐火性降低。超出预期微裂纹的裂纹形成会导致强度损失,造成使用中的剥落。因此,一般不鼓励本领域技术人员使用不纯的原料,尽管它们通常价格较低。
在本发明的范围内,现在已经出人意料地发现,如果使用由至少一种烧结铝土矿组成的颗粒状增弹剂成分进行原位MA尖晶石的形成,可以获得具有良好机械和热力学性能以及足够耐火性的镁尖晶石制品。根据本发明,在配合料的干物质混合物中,基于干物质混合物的干质量,增弹剂成分的含量为2至10质量%,优选3至8质量%,特别优选4至6质量%。
此外,根据本发明,根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08,增弹剂成分的粒径≤2.5mm,优选是≤2.0mm。
根据本发明还发现,增弹剂成分的极细颗粒部分不能过高。这是因为反应性的极细颗粒部分会导致粘结剂相中的矿物相组成发生改变。
根据本发明,增弹剂成分具有按DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度≤0.5mm的颗粒,其最大的量不超过25质量%,优选不超过20质量%,特别优选不超过15质量%。或者根据DIN66165-2:2016-08粒度≤0.5mm的颗粒的量为0至25质量%,优选0至20质量%,特别优选0至15质量%。
优选的是,出于上述原因,该增弹剂成分还具有按DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度≤0.2mm的颗粒,其最大的量不超过10质量%,优选不超过7质量%,特别优选不超过5质量%。或者根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度≤0.2mm的颗粒的量为0至10质量%,优选0至7质量%,特别优选0至5质量%。
此外,增弹剂成分优选包含按DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度>2mm的颗粒,其最大的量≤25质量%,优选≤20质量%,特别优选≤10质量%。或者根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度>2mm的颗粒的量优选为0至25质量%,优选为0至20质量%,特别优选为0至10质量%。
当然,上述数量数据基于增弹剂成分的总量。
此外,至少一种烧结铝土矿也优选是粉碎的颗粒。优选的是,该增弹剂成分仅具有粉碎颗粒。
特别令人惊讶的是,可以用两种不纯的原料,即不纯的镁砂和不纯的氧化铝原料,即烧结铝土矿,制造出具有良好机械和热力学性能以及足够耐火性的镁尖晶石制品。这是因为与矾土相比,烧结铝土矿本身是一种不纯的氧化铝原料,优选只具有70至92质量%的Al2O3,优选是78至91质量%的Al2O3。因此,由于镁砂原料和烧结铝土矿中伴生的氧化物含量都很高,实际上本该预期的是,无法实现良好的机械、热力学性能和耐火性。
令人惊讶的是,在本发明的范围内还发现,用更纯的氧化铝原料无法实现良好的性能。这将在实施例的范围内进行更详细的讨论。
优选的是,主要成分中的至少一种镁砂是烧结的或熔融的镁砂。优选的是烧结的镁砂。
此外,主要成分中的至少一种镁砂优选具有以下特性,其中根据本发明这些特性可以单独或以任何组合实现。
表1:主要成分镁砂的次要氧化物含量
优选 | ||
SiO<sub>2</sub>含量[质量%] | 0.5至3 | 0.7至2.5 |
CaO含量[质量%] | 0.5至4 | 1.0至3.5 |
Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>含量[质量%] | 0.2至10.0 | 0.5至9.5 |
MnO含量[质量%] | 0至1.5 | 0.1至0.7 |
此外,主要成分的粒度分布对于制造粗陶瓷镁尖晶石制品,优选是镁尖晶石砖而言是通常的。也就是说,主要成分有细颗粒部分和粗颗粒部分。在这种情况下,细颗粒部分和粗颗粒部分优选都有连续的粒度分布。
在本发明的范围中,细颗粒部分指的是所有≤1mm的颗粒。粗颗粒部分相应地具有>1mm的粒度。
优选的是,主要成分还具有最大粒度≤7mm,优选≤6.5mm。
有利的是,不纯的镁砂具有高的Fe2O3含量。研究发现,镁砂中含有的镁铁矿是稳定的相,不会干扰结构。这可以对强度和制备行为产生有利的影响。优选的是,不纯的镁砂的Fe2O3含量为0.2至10质量%,优选是0.5至9.5质量%。
正如已经解释过的,增弹剂成分包括至少一种烧结铝土矿(=耐火铝土矿)。烧结铝土矿显然是一种例如相比矾土更为不纯的氧化铝原料。因此,根据本发明,更令人惊讶的发现,使用烧结铝土矿时,由配合料制成的制品的性能比使用矾土时明显更好。同时,烧结铝土矿也是一种相对廉价的氧化铝原料。
增弹剂成分的至少一种烧结铝土矿优选具有以下特性,其中根据本发明这些特性可以单独或以任何组合方式实现。
表2:增弹剂成分的烧结铝土矿的特性
优选 | ||
SiO<sub>2</sub>含量[质量%] | 4至20 | 6至15 |
CaO含量[质量%] | 0.1至1.5 | 0.2至0.5 |
Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>含量[质量%] | 0.5至4 | 0.9至2 |
TiO<sub>2</sub>含量[质量%] | 0.5至4 | 2至3.5 |
原则上可以认为,耐火性会随着CaO和/或SiO2含量的增加而降低,因此,实际上本领域技术人员不会考虑使用这种原料作为增弹剂成分。
此外,增弹剂成分的粒度分布在规定范围内。粒度径分布优选是连续的。
此外,根据本发明的配合料除了主要成分外,还可以含有另外的颗粒状的镁砂成分。另外的镁砂成分包括至少一种MgO含量高于主要成分的MgO含量的镁砂。优选的是,基于干物质混合物的干质量,另外的颗粒状镁砂成分在干物质混合物中的含量为5至28质量%,优选10至22质量%。
干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型的平均MgO含量,即主要成分和(如果存在)另外的镁砂成分总计的平均MgO含量,在此优选为85至91.5质量%,优选为87至90质量%,特别是优选为87至89质量%。
或者,干物质混合物的所有镁砂类型的平均MgO含量,即主要成分和(如果存在)另外的镁砂成分总计的平均MgO含量,优选≤91.5质量%,优选≤90质量%,优选≤89质量%。
此外,另外的颗粒状镁砂成分中的至少一种镁砂也优选为破碎的颗粒。优选的是,另外的颗粒状镁砂成分只具有破碎的颗粒。
优选的是,干物质混合物只具有破碎的颗粒。
特别是,所有镁砂总计,即主要成分和(如果存在)另外的镁砂成分总计,具有优选是连续的颗粒分布,这是制造粗陶瓷镁尖晶石制品,优选是镁尖晶石砖的通常情况。这意味着,这些镁砂类型同时具有细颗粒部分和粗颗粒部分。因此,细颗粒部分和粗颗粒部分优选都有连续的颗粒分布。
优选的是,镁砂类型的最大粒度≤7mm,优选是≤6.5mm。
干物质混合物的所有组份的CaO/SiO2比率优选是1.2至3.0,优选是1.5至2.5。为了确定所有组份的CaO/SiO2比率,将各个组份的CaO-或SiO2含量分别汇总,并由此计算出CaO/SiO2比率。
此外,干配合料的所有组份的平均MnO含量优选为<1.0质量%,优选为<0.8质量%。
优选的是,配合料在此不包含任何主要由MnO或MnO2或Mn2O3组成的原料。
如前所述,令人惊讶的是,由根据本发明的配合料制成的耐火制品具有良好的抗热冲击性(TWB),低的E模量和G模量,以及良好的冷压强度和良好的冷弯曲强度,同时具有良好的耐火性。
为了制造耐火制品,根据本发明的配合料可以具有附加或添加给矿物干料混合物的至少一种干的或固体的粘结剂。添加是指以添加的方式加入粘结剂的量,并且其与干物质混合物的总干质量相关。
根据本发明的配合料优选含有干式粘结剂,基于干物质混合物的干质量,其总量为0至4质量%,优选为0至3质量%。
至少一种干式粘结剂是适用于耐火制品的粘结剂。例如,在《实践手册》第28页/第3.2点中对这些粘结剂进行了说明。
此外,配合料还可以含有附加或添加给矿物干混合物的至少一种用于耐火材料的干式添加剂,相对于干混合物,优选地,其总量为<5质量%(=0至<5质量%),优选是<3质量%(=0至<3质量%)。
干式添加剂是一种适用于耐火制品的添加剂。所述添加剂可以是矿物或化学品。例如,在《实践手册》第28页/第3.3点中说明了合适的添加剂。它们被用来改善可加工性或可成型性,或对制品结构进行改性,从而达到特殊的性能。然而,优选的是,配合料不包含添加剂。
不言而喻,配合料中干物质混合物的份额非常高,以至于可以由其制造出镁尖晶石制品。优选的是,基于配合料的总质量,根据本发明的配合料包括至少90重量%,优选至少95重量%,特别优选至少98重量%,特别是100重量%的干物质混合物。
为了由根据本发明的配合料制造出成型的镁尖晶石制品,特别是镁尖晶石砖,由干配合料和至少一种液体粘结剂和/或水来制造混合物或压制物料或新鲜的配合料物料。如果配合料含有液体粘结剂,则不必加水,但加水仍是可行的。此外,如果配合料含有至少一种干式粘结剂,则不必添加液体粘结剂,但添加液体粘结剂仍是可行的。
新鲜的配合料物料或压制物料中的液体粘结剂的总量优选是2至6质量%,优选是3至5质量%,基于干物质混合物的干质量。
优选的是,至少一种液体粘结剂是来自以下组中的粘结剂:热固性合成树脂粘结剂、特别是酚醛树脂或糖蜜或木质素磺酸盐,或无硫粘结剂,特别是基于葡萄糖、有机酸、蔗糖、Al2O3粘合剂、磷酸、磷酸盐粘合剂、水玻璃、硅酸乙酯、或硫酸盐(如硫酸镁或硫酸铝)的粘结剂,或溶胶-凝胶系统。
如果有必要,还可以加入至少一种液体添加物,也以添加方式被加入到干物质混合物中。
该液体添加物是例如润湿剂。
基于干物质混合物的干质量,新鲜的配合料物料中液体添加物的总量优选为<1.0质量%(=0至<1质量%),优选为<0.5质量%(=0至<0.5质量%)。
为了使粘结剂和/或水以及(如果存在)至少一种添加物得到最佳的分布,混合的时长例如为3至10分钟。
混合物被放入模具并压制,这样就形成了成型体。压制力在通常范围内,例如60-180MPa,优选是100-150MPa。
优选是在压制后进行干燥,例如在60至200℃之间,特别是90至140℃之间。干燥优选进行到残余水分在0.1-0.6质量%之间,特别是0.2-0.5质量%之间,根据DIN 51078:2002-12确定。
根据本发明的成型体,特别是砖,可以不经烧制或经退火或烧制使用。然而,优选是使用烧制。
生坯的压制砖在陶瓷烧制炉中例如在200-800℃之间,特别是500-800℃之间进行退火。
为了烧制,优选是干燥的压制砖在陶瓷烧制炉(例如隧道炉)中进行陶瓷烧制,优选是在>800至1800℃之间,特别是1400至1700℃之间。优选是氧化烧制,但根据材料组成,还原烧制也是有利的。
烧制的成型的制品,特别是砖,具有非常好的冷压强度,根据DIN EN993-5:1998-12,优选是40至120MPa,特别是50至90MPa。
根据本发明的烧制的成型的制品(特别是砖)的冷弯曲强度,根据DIN EN 993-6:1995-04,优选为3至10MPa,特别是4至7MPa。
此外,烧制的成型的制品,特别是砖,优选具有根据DIN EN ISO 1893:2008-09的1100至1750℃,优选是1200至1600℃的压力软化点T0.5。
此外,烧制的成型的制品,特别是砖,优选具有根据DIN EN ISO 1893:2008-09的,在1700℃时0.5至5lin.%的锻粗比(Stauchung)Zmax,优选是1至4lin.%的锻粗比。
此外,根据本发明的烧制的成型的制品,特别是砖,优选具有15至35GPa的E模量(弹性模量),优选是18至30GPa的E模量(弹性模量)。
根据本发明的烧制的成型的制品(特别是砖)的G模量(剪切模量)优选为7至16GPa,优选为8至14GPa。
E模量和G模量是通过用GrindoSonic MK6确定的。
在1200℃的高温试验温度下,于空气中根据DIN EN 993-11:2008-03测定的,根据本发明的烧制的成型的制品(特别是砖)的抗热冲击性优选>30次淬火循环,特别是>50次淬火循环。
此外,烧制的成型的制品,特别是砖,优选具有12-28体积%的开口孔隙率,优选是13-20体积%的开口孔隙率,根据DIN EN 993-1:1995-04确定。
而且/或者它们优选具有2.60至3.15克/厘米3(g/cm3),特别是2.75至3.10克/厘米3的表观密度,根据DIN 993-1:1995-04确定。
根据本发明的制品的所有上述特性,包括配合料,根据本发明都是各自和任意组合地。
良好的机械和热性能特别是由于在烧制过程中没有发生结构干扰而出现。这也特别表现在烧制过程中没有明显的体积增加。
结合下面的实施例来说明本发明。
在第一试验序列中,由MgO含量>94质量%的两种不同地纯的镁砂类型制作砖来作为对照例。使用Al2O3含量为96.5质量%的矾土(BSA=棕色烧结氧化铝)作为增弹剂成分。
在第二试验序列中,由MgO含量<88质量%的不纯镁砂制造砖,作为另外的对照例。同样,使用Al2O3含量为96.5质量%的矾土作为增弹剂成分。
在第三试验序列中,由两种纯镁砂类型和不纯镁砂制造的砖作为对照例。使用Al2O3含量分别为90.5质量%和79.6质量%并且颗粒级分为0-1mm的两种不同的烧结铝土矿作为增弹剂成分。
在第四试验序列中,根据本发明的砖由具有根据本发明的颗粒级分的不纯的镁砂和两种烧结铝土矿制造。
所用原料的特性列于下表。
表3:使用的镁砂原料的特性
表4:使用的氧化铝原料的特性
砖是按以下方式制备:
用各个配合料制备压制物料。混合4分钟,以达到粘结剂的最佳分布。压制物料被放入模具并压制,从而形成砖。压制后,在110℃下干燥8小时,使残余水分达到0.1质量%,其根据DIN 51078:2002-12确定。随后,对砖进行氧化烧制。
在下表中给出所使用的配合料和用它制造的砖的特性以及烧制温度。在烧结铝土矿和矾土的情况下,标明的颗粒涉及颗粒级分,而在镁砂种类的情况下其涉及颗粒组。
表5:试验序列1的配合料和制品
表6:试验序列2的配合料和制品
表7:试验序列3的配合料和制品
表8:试验序列4的配合料和制品
试验序列1的结果表明,用两种纯镁砂种类和矾土可以很容易地制造出具有良好机械性能和良好耐火性的砖。
另一方面,由不纯的镁砂和矾土制成的试验序列2的砖,令人惊讶地没有显示出良好的机械强度。在烧制过程中,这些砖明显地生长。这导致了明显的结构缺陷(裂缝)。由于结构缺陷,这些砖的强度不良。
在试验序列3中表明,当使用颗粒过细的烧结铝土矿与不纯的镁砂结合时,不能获得足够的耐火性。
在试验序列4的范围内,根据本发明制造了大量具有良好机械性能和良好耐火性的砖。在此,烧结铝土矿的含量是不同的。此外,根据本发明,只使用具有较低份额的<0.5mm的颗粒的颗粒级分。
在制造烧制过程中,根据本发明的砖出现了适度的收缩。根据本发明的砖的强度与典型的镁尖晶石砖相对应。耐火性(压力软化)对于用于工业炉的烧成区的砖来说是有利的,因为在机械负载的炉中使用时可以使用这种热塑性特性。
在本发明的范围下,猜测根据本发明的砖的令人惊讶的良好性能尤其是由于在MgO基体和增弹剂晶粒之间形成了过渡区(=反应区)。为了证明这一点,通过光学显微照相、X射线衍射和微X射线荧光光谱法对砖进行了检查。用微X射线荧光光谱法分析单个增弹剂晶粒,可以对元素分布进行空间分辨率分析。
图1示出了根据本发明的砖的MgO基体2中的由具有90.5质量%Al2O3的烧结铝土矿形成的增弹剂晶粒1的光学显微照片。可以清楚地看到内环3和外环4,它们已经围绕增弹剂颗粒1形成,并形成过渡区和反应区。此外,还可以看到孔隙5。
X射线粉末衍射的结果显示在下表中。
从X射线衍射和微X射线荧光光谱分析的结果可以得出,内环3包含尖晶石,它是在烧制过程中由镁砂与增弹剂颗粒1在其边缘区域的反应形成的。外环还包含烧结铝土矿中的杂质或伴生的氧化物。所得出的是,由于外环4的形成,增弹剂颗粒1与镁砂的反应被阻止,因此烧制过程中体积的增加被阻止,砖也因此不会被损坏。
X射线粉末衍射也表明,由于CaO含量高,在具有矾土的砖中不仅形成了原位尖晶石,还形成了黑铝钙石(CA6)。黑铝钙石(CA6)的形成通常是不期望的,因为它导致了体积的增加。从微X射线荧光光谱分析的结果,可以推断出,在过渡区形成了黑铝钙石(CA6)。相比之下,在根据本发明的砖中没有检测到黑铝钙石(CA6)。
图2和图3示出了,在1430℃的陶瓷烧制后,在由具有90.5质量%Al2O3的烧结铝土矿(左)制成的增弹剂颗粒内和周围的以及在由矾土(左)制成的增弹剂颗粒内和周围的通过微X射线荧光光谱法测定的铝、镁、钙和硅的分布。为了具有可比性,在两种情况下都使用了相同的尺度(原子%)来表示各自的元素。
根据所使用的氧化铝原料,可以看到各自过渡区的形成存在差异。
在矾土的情况下,化学上几乎没有变化的核心和尖晶石的外环之间的区域明显比使用烧结铝土矿时要宽。在矾土的情况下,特别是在过渡区能识别到CaO和SiO2的富集。
在矾土的情况下,还形成了铝酸钙区(10-14%的CaO),它又被不含CaO的MA尖晶石(34%的MgO)边缘所包围。在铝酸钙区,SiO2富集(高达2.8%),但在MA尖晶石的周围环中则没有。
在烧结铝土矿的情况下,可以观察到SiO2含量从中心到边缘的连续下降。过渡区的CaO的富集程度明显低于矾土的情况。其也与MA尖晶石环相邻。在烧结铝土矿中,增弹剂晶粒的SiO2含量在12-22%的范围内变化。相对较低的Al2O3含量表明,除了通过X射线检测到的MA尖晶石相之外,还形成了相当比例的黄长石(C2AS)和镁硅钙石(C3MS2),在选定的烧制温度下,它们可以作为熔融相存在。在烧结铝土矿的情况下,由于熔融相和/或钙镁硅酸盐或钙铝硅酸盐的形成,CaO的活性可能会因原料中的SiO2份额而降低。这可以防止形成不期望的黑铝钙石(CA6),并防止烧制过程中体积的增加。烧结铝土矿通过形成次要相来缓冲对黑铝钙石(CA6)的反应,因此反应性更迟缓。
Claims (35)
1.用于制造粗陶瓷的、耐火的、成型的、烧制或未烧制的镁尖晶石制品的干配合料,其特别是用于大容积工业炉的工作衬套或背衬,所述工业炉优选是水泥窑、石灰竖炉或石灰回转炉、菱镁矿或白云石炉,或热力炉或用于能源生产的炉或钢铁生产炉或有色金属工业的炉,
所述配合料具有干物质混合物,其具有以下组分:
a)由至少一种MgO含量<91.5质量%,优选<90质量%,特别优选<89质量%的镁砂组成的颗粒状镁砂成分作为主要成分,所述颗粒状镁砂成分的量≥70质量%,优选≥85质量%,
b)颗粒状的增弹剂成分,其量为2至10质量%,优选3至8质量%,特别优选4至6质量%,所述增弹剂成分由至少一种烧结铝土矿组成,其中,所述增弹剂成分的粒度根据DIN66165-2:2016-08≤2.5mm,优选≤2mm,并且所述增弹剂成分具有根据DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度≤0.5mm的颗粒,其最大量为≤25质量%,优选≤20质量%,优选≤15质量%,以及
c)可任选的另外的颗粒状镁砂成分,其由至少一种具有比主要成分更高的MgO含量的镁砂组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述增弹剂成分具有按DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度≤0.2mm的颗粒,所述颗粒的量最高为≤10质量%,优选≤7质量%,优选≤5质量%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述增弹剂成分具有按DIN 66165-2:2016-08粒度>2mm的颗粒,所述颗粒的量最高为≤25质量%,优选≤20质量%,优选≤10质量%。
4.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
主要成分中的所述至少一种镁砂的MgO含量为85至<91.5质量%,优选为85至<90质量%,优选为87至<89质量%。
5.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述至少一种烧结铝土矿的Al2O3含量为70-92质量%,优选为78-91质量%。
6.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型总计的平均MgO含量为85-91.5质量%,优选为87-90质量%,特别优选为87-89质量%。
7.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型总计的平均MgO含量为≤91.5质量%,优选为≤90质量%,优选≤89质量%。
8.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述干物质混合物的所有组分总计的CaO/SiO2比率为1.2至3.0,优选为1.5至2.5。
9.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述干物质混合物具有另外的镁砂成分,其量为5-28质量%,优选为10-22质量%。
10.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述配合料不含MnO或MnO2或Mn2O3原料。
11.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述配合料除了干物质混合物之外,还具有至少一种干式粘结剂和/或至少一种干式添加剂。
12.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
基于配合料的总干质量,所述配合料包含至少90质量%,优选至少95质量%,优选至少98质量%,特别优选100质量%的干物质混合物。
13.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述增弹剂成分仅具有破碎的颗粒。
14.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
所述干物质混合物仅具有破碎的颗粒。
15.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料,
其特征在于,
主要成分的粒度分布和/或增弹剂成分的粒度分布和/或另外的颗粒状镁砂成分的粒度分布和/或干物质混合物中所有镁砂类型总计的粒度分布是连续的。
16.粗陶瓷的、耐火的、成型或未成型的、烧制或未烧制的镁尖晶石制品,其特别是用于大容积工业炉的工作衬套或背衬,所述工业炉优选是水泥窑、石灰竖炉或石灰回转炉、菱镁矿或白云石炉,或热力炉或用于能源生产的炉或钢铁生产炉或有色金属工业的炉,
其特征在于,
该制品由根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的配合料制成。
17.根据权利要求16所述的制品,
其特征在于,
所述制品由含有其中一种所述配合料和至少一种液体粘结剂和/或水的压制物料制成。
18.根据权利要求17所述的制品,
其特征在于,
所述液体粘结剂是来自以下组的粘结剂:
热固性合成树脂粘结剂、特别是酚醛树脂或糖蜜或木质素磺酸盐,或无硫粘结剂,特别是基于葡萄糖、有机酸、Al2O3粘合剂、磷酸、磷酸盐粘合剂、水玻璃、硅酸乙酯,或硫酸盐(如硫酸镁或硫酸铝)的粘结剂,或溶胶-凝胶系统。
19.根据权利要求16至18中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
成型的制品是生坯的、特别是压制的成型体,优选是砖。
20.根据权利要求16至18中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
成型的制品是退火的成型体,优选是砖。
21.根据权利要求16至18中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
成型的制品是烧制的成型体,优选是砖。
22.根据权利要求21所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选砖,具有15至35GPa,优选18至30GPa的弹性模量。
23.根据权利要求21或22所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选砖,具有7至16GPa,优选8至14GPa的剪切模量。
24.根据权利要求21至23中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选砖,具有根据DIN EN 993-5:1998-12的40至120MPa的冷压强度,特别是50至90MPa的冷压强度。
25.根据权利要求21至24中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选砖,具有根据DIN EN 993-6:1995-04的3至10MPa的冷弯曲强度,特别是4至7MPa的冷弯曲强度。
26.根据权利要求21至25中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选是砖,具有根据DIN ENISO 1893:2008-09的1100至1750℃的压力软化点T0.5,优选1200至1600℃的压力软化点T0.5。
27.根据权利要求21至26中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选是砖,具有根据DIN EN 993-1:1995-04确定的12-28体积%的开口孔隙率,优选13-20体积%的开口孔隙率。
28.根据权利要求21至27中任意一项所述的制品,
其特征在于,
烧制的成型体,优选是砖,具有根据DIN EN ISO 1893:2008-09的0.5至5lin.%,优选1至4lin.%的在1700℃时的锻粗比Zmax。
29.用于制造根据权利要求16至28中任意一项所述的耐火的成型制品的方法,
其特征在于,
具有下列方法步骤:
a)将所述配合料与至少一种液体粘结剂和/或水混合,以形成压制物料,
b)将所述压制物料成型特别是压制为生坯的成型体,
c)优选干燥所述生坯的成型体,
d)优选对生坯的成型体进行退火或烧制。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,
其特征在于,
干燥至残余水分为0.1至0.6质量%,特别是0.2至0.5质量%,根据DIN51078:2002-12确定。
31.大容量工业炉的衬里,所述工业炉优选是非金属工业的窑炉,优选是水泥窑、石灰竖炉或石灰回转炉、菱镁矿或白云石炉,或热力炉或用于能源生产的炉或钢铁生产炉或有色金属工业的炉,
其特征在于,
所述衬里至少具有根据权利要求16至28中任意一项所述的制品和/或根据权利要求29或30制造的制品。
32.根据权利要求31所述的衬里,
其特征在于,
所述衬里包括具有至少一种所述的耐火的制品的工作衬套。
33.根据权利要求32所述的衬里,
其特征在于,
所述工作衬套安装在单层或多层砌体中。
34.根据权利要求31至33中任意一项所述的衬里,
其特征在于,
所述衬里包括具有至少一种所述的耐火的制品的隔绝背衬。
35.大容量工业炉,优选是非金属工业的窑炉,优选是水泥窑、石灰竖炉或石灰回转炉、菱镁矿或白云石炉,或热力炉或用于能源生产的炉或钢铁生产炉或有色金属工业的炉,
其特征在于,
所述工业炉具有根据权利要求31至34中任意一项所述的衬里。
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