CN114732943A - 基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于壳聚糖‑活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料及其制备方法与应用，涉及灭菌敷料技术领域，本发明所使用的凝胶材料是壳聚糖和聚乙二醇活性酯，均是被FDA认可的无毒生物材料，可安全的用于伤口敷料。此外，本发明采用冷冻干燥后形成的敷料，具有极强的吸水性和透气性，可保证感染性伤口干燥，有利于伤口的愈合；本发明与现有的其他凝胶抗菌材料相比，具有更好的杀菌效果，因为里面负载有上转换纳米光动力材料，用980nm近红外光作为激发光源，具有一定的穿透深度，可以高效满足产生单线态氧的光源要求。
Description
技术领域：
本发明涉及灭菌敷料技术领域，具体涉及一种基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术：
壳聚糖是天然来源的高分子聚合物，主要提取于甲壳类动物的外壳，通过甲壳素的碱性脱乙酰化获得的线性聚合物。壳聚糖是由β-1,4糖苷键连接的N-乙酰基-D-氨基葡萄糖和氨基葡萄糖的共聚物。壳聚糖分子具有三个官能团：即伯、仲羟基和胺基，这些基团影响其生物、机械和物理化学特性，包括溶解度、亲水性和结晶度。壳聚糖作为天然材料具有良好的生物利用度、生物相容性和生物降解性，可以作为抗氧化剂、抗菌剂，具有低毒性和低过敏性，在抗炎、伤口愈合、组织再生、骨骼替代物、废水处理和生物传感器等方面得到了广泛的应用。
目前应用壳聚糖作为抑菌材料时有报道，主要是利用壳聚糖可形成聚阳离子特性，通过静电吸附带负电荷的细菌表面基团，影响细菌内外物质交换，从而达到抑制细菌的目的。但是单纯的壳聚糖材料本身抗菌效果低，因此有必要改进其合成方法，优化其抗菌活性，开发出一种生物安全性高、高效无毒的壳聚糖杀菌材料。
稀土上转换发光纳米颗粒(UCNPs)具有反斯托克斯效应，可将近红外光转换为可见光，这一特性使之成为生物医学领域的有用工具，例如生物检测、生物治疗、生物成像等领域。稀土上转换纳米材料具有非常出众的光学性能：发光稳定、体积小、生物相容性好、易于修饰、灵敏度高和光谱窄等优点。基于UCNPs负载光敏剂的光动力(PDT)疗法因其组织穿透深、生物相容性好而受到研究者青睐。把UCNPs的光动力系统与壳聚糖-聚乙二醇凝胶系统整合在一个系统中，利用凝胶系统的高吸水性、可拉伸性和光动力系统的高杀菌性能，形成抗菌敷料，可以加速感染性伤口的愈合。
Li Siwen等在2017年的《NANOSCALE》上报道了基于核壳上转换纳米颗粒的负载有光敏剂的壳聚糖包覆的OC-UCNP-ZnPc系统，旨在增强对深层组织中多重耐药菌的抗菌功效。Li等人在2021年的《ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE INTERNATIONAL EDITION》上报道了镧系掺杂上转换纳米颗粒(UCNPs)作为能量供体的光动力治疗，将溶菌酶与UCNP-PDT系统结合，使其对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌具有异常强的杀菌能力和显著的抑菌作用。上述这些研究均是制成单个颗粒作为体内抗菌材料，尚无以壳聚糖-上转换光动力为基础的凝胶材料，因此开发一种抗菌的外用敷料非常有必要。
发明内容：
本发明所要解决的技术问题在于提供一种基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料及其制备方法，制备的抗菌材料可以在促进感染性伤口愈合的同时达到抗菌效果，因此可以应用于制备感染性伤口抗菌敷料。
本发明所要解决的技术问题采用以下的技术方案来实现：
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料，以壳聚糖为基质，聚乙二醇活性酯为交联剂，壳聚糖与聚乙二醇活性酯反应形成凝胶，并在凝胶上负载上转换纳米颗粒。
所述上转换纳米颗粒是先制备具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒，再在纳米颗粒表面包覆介孔二氧化硅，然后在介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒上负载光敏剂。
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料的制备方法，先将壳聚糖溶液与聚乙二醇活性酯溶液搅拌反应形成凝胶，再加入上转换纳米颗粒，混合均匀，得到抗菌材料。
所述壳聚糖与聚乙二醇活性酯的质量比为1:5～2:15。
所述聚乙二醇活性酯为NHS-PEG-NHS(琥珀酰亚胺酯-聚乙二醇-琥珀酰亚胺酯)。
所述上转换纳米颗粒的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)NaYF4:Yb,Er纳米晶体的合成：
将YCl3·6H2O、YbCl3·6H2O、ErCl3·6H2O、油酸和十八烯混合后加热至150℃搅拌，形成澄清透明溶液，冷却至室温后加入含NaOH和NH4F的甲醇溶液，加热除去甲醇，升温至100℃真空一段时间，在惰性气体保护下继续升温至300℃恒温反应，反应完毕后冷却至室温，用乙醇沉淀纳米晶体，用乙醇/水洗涤，将纳米晶体溶于环己烷中备用；
(2)具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒的合成：
将YCl3·6H2O、油酸和十八烯混合后加热至150℃搅拌，形成清澈透明溶液，冷却至室温后加入步骤(1)制备的NaYF4:Yb,Er环己烷溶液，加热除去环己烷，然后加入含NH4F和NaOH的甲醇溶液，加热至50℃搅拌，在惰性气体保护下继续升温至300℃恒温反应，反应完毕后冷却至室温，离心收集纳米晶体，将纳米晶体分散于环己烷中备用；
(3)介孔二氧化硅的表面包覆：将步骤(2)制备的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4环己烷溶液与CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)和超纯水混合，将混合物剧烈搅拌，蒸发除去环己烷，形成澄清溶液，然后将该澄清溶液加入由超纯水、乙醇和NaOH溶液配制而成的混合溶液中，加热至70℃后滴加TEOS(正硅酸四乙酯)，继续反应，反应结束后离心收集纳米颗粒，用乙醇洗涤，干燥；
(4)光敏剂的负载：室温下将步骤(3)制备的介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒浸泡在含有ZnPc(酚菁锌)的吡啶溶液中，离心收集纳米颗粒，用PBS溶液洗涤，干燥，得到上转换纳米颗粒。
本发明的第三个目的是提供一种基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料在制备感染性伤口抗菌敷料和抗肿瘤敷料中的应用。
所述感染性伤口抗菌敷料和抗肿瘤敷料敷料的制备方法是将上述制备的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料倾倒至玻璃容器上，冷冻干燥，将形成的敷料从玻璃容器上剥离下来。
本发明基于聚乙二醇活性酯可以与壳聚糖分子中的氨基发生反应的结构特性，使壳聚糖与聚乙二醇活性酯经化学交联形成凝胶；在制备的具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒表面包覆介孔二氧化硅，再负载光敏剂，形成上转换纳米颗粒；最后凝胶和上转换纳米颗粒结合起来，形成抗菌材料。利用980nm近红外光作为激发光源，可以发射540nm绿光、654nm红光，654nm波长光可以激发ZnPc产生单线态氧，从而产生杀菌功能。
本发明的有益效果是：
1、本发明所使用的凝胶材料是壳聚糖和聚乙二醇活性酯，均是被FDA认可的无毒生物材料，可安全的用于伤口敷料。此外，本发明采用冷冻干燥后形成的敷料，具有极强的吸水性和透气性，可保证感染性伤口干燥，有利于伤口的愈合。
2、本发明与现有的其他凝胶抗菌材料相比，具有更好的杀菌效果，因为里面负载有上转换纳米光动力材料，用980nm近红外光作为激发光源，具有一定的穿透深度，可以高效满足产生单线态氧的光源要求。
3、本发明制备的敷料具有一定的拉伸性，可切割成任意大小和形状，与伤口完美贴合。
附图说明：
图1为本发明制备的凝胶敷料的扫描电镜图片，包括平面(图A)和横截面(图B)；
图2为本发明制备的上转换纳米颗粒；图A是具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒的TEM图，图B是具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒的高分辨TEM图，图C是介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒的TEM图，图D是介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒的高分辨TEM图；
图3为介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒负载光敏剂前后在980nm近红外光激发下的光谱变化；
图4为抗菌敷料作用后杀死细菌的扫描电镜图，图A是金黄色葡萄球菌，图B是大肠杆菌。
具体实施方式：
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解，下面结合具体实施例和图示，进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1
1、制备凝胶储备溶液：2wt％壳聚糖溶液和15wt％NHS-PEG-NHS溶液
称取壳聚糖粉末2.0g，然后加入去离子水90mL，因壳聚糖可溶于酸中，一边搅拌一边加入1mL醋酸溶液使壳聚糖粉末直至完全溶解，然后用l M的NaOH溶液调节壳聚糖溶液pH值至6，最后定容至100mL。
称取NHS-PEG-NHS粉末15g，加入PBS溶液使之溶解，室温搅拌溶解，最后定容至100mL。
2、制备具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒
总共2mmol体系的YCl3·6H2O(1.56mmol)、YbCl3·6H2O(0.40mmol)和ErCl3·6H2O(0.04mmol)与20mL油酸和30mL十八烯混合在100mL三颈烧瓶中。将溶液加热至150℃保持30min，形成澄清透明溶液，然后冷却至室温。缓慢加入20mL含5mmol NaOH和8mmol NH4F的甲醇溶液，45℃保持30min，去除甲醇，升温至100℃真空保持10min，然后继续升温至300℃，在氩气保护下保持1h。冷却至室温，用乙醇沉淀纳米晶体，用乙醇/水(1:1v/v)洗涤三次，最后溶于环己烷4mL中备用。
将YCl3·6H2O(1mmol)加入到50mL三颈烧瓶中。随后加入油酸6mL和十八烯15mL，加热至150℃保持30min，形成清澈透明溶液，冷却至室温。将2mmol NaYF4:Yb，Er环己烷溶液加入反应体系中。除去环己烷后，加入10mL含4mmol NH4F和2.5mmol NaOH的甲醇溶液，然后将溶液在50℃保持30min。氩气保护下继续加热至300℃反应1h，冷却至室温。离心收集纳米晶体，然后再分散在6mL环己烷中。
3、在纳米颗粒表面包覆介孔二氧化硅并负载光敏剂
将5mL NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒的环己烷溶液(浓度为10mg/mL)与0.1g CTAB和20mL超纯水混合。然后将混合物剧烈搅拌，蒸发环己烷溶剂，从而产生澄清溶液。将10mL澄清溶液加入20mL超纯水、3mL乙醇和150μL 2M NaOH溶液的混合物中，将混合物在搅拌下加热至70℃。然后滴加150μL正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)，继续反应10min。将纳米颗粒离心并用乙醇洗涤3次。
将100mg介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒浸泡在1mL含有ZnPc的吡啶(浓度为0.5mg/mL)溶液中，室温下浸泡24h，然后通过离心收集，并用PBS溶液洗涤3次，得到上转换纳米颗粒。
由图1可以看出，本发明合成的凝胶经过冷冻干燥后形成的敷料，平面和横截面均有很多大大小小的孔径，这些孔径有利于敷料本身具有透气性和吸水性，同时可负载UCNPs@mSiO2@ZnPc。
由图2可以看出，本发明成功合成了可高效负载ZnPc的上转换纳米颗粒。
由图3可以看出，因ZnPc可吸收UCNPs的654红光，产生FRET效应，淬灭了上转换的红光。同时ZnPc产生了单线态氧。
4、制备抗菌敷料
将壳聚糖溶液与NHS-PEG-NHS溶液按照体积比1:1均匀混合，加入上转换纳米颗粒在500rpm下搅拌30s，将混合溶液慢慢倾倒至15cm×15cm×0.5cm玻璃容器上，静置后15min后形成凝胶。形成的凝胶放入-80℃进行预冷后，将样品置于冷冻干燥机的冷冻舱的隔板上，冷冻干燥24h形成敷料，最后用刀片轻轻的从玻璃容器上刮下。
5、抗菌敷料体外抗菌实验
将抗菌敷料用打孔器开孔成6mm直径大小的圆片。将105CFU/mL的大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌液在980nm近红外光照射10min，取20uL进行涂板。24h后进行菌落计数。
由图4可以看出，金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的细菌表面不完整、破裂，细菌死亡。
实施例2
同实施例1。
将C57BL/6雌性小鼠的皮肤用镊子夹起，用皮肤开孔器打10mm的孔，涂抹金黄色葡萄球菌菌液，然后用准备好的抗菌敷料圆片贴于创口处，定期观察创口愈合情况，第2天可见伤口干燥结痂，第5天伤口缩小，第9天伤口基本愈合，少量痂皮，第14天伤口全部愈合。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解，本发明不受上述实施例的限制，上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理，在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下，本发明还会有各种变化和改进，这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (8)
1.一种基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料，其特征在于：以壳聚糖为基质，聚乙二醇活性酯为交联剂，壳聚糖与聚乙二醇活性酯反应形成凝胶，并在凝胶上负载上转换纳米颗粒。
2.权利要求1所述的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料的制备方法，其特征在于：先将壳聚糖溶液与聚乙二醇活性酯溶液搅拌反应形成凝胶，再加入上转换纳米颗粒，混合均匀，得到抗菌材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料的制备方法，其特征在于：所述壳聚糖与聚乙二醇活性酯的质量比为1:5～2:15。
4.根据权利要求2所述的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料的制备方法，其特征在于：所述聚乙二醇活性酯为NHS-PEG-NHS。
5.根据权利要求2所述的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料，其特征在于：所述上转换纳米颗粒是先制备具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒，再在纳米颗粒表面包覆介孔二氧化硅，然后在介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒上负载光敏剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料的制备方法，其特征在于：所述上转换纳米颗粒的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)NaYF4:Yb,Er纳米晶体的合成：
将YCl3·6H2O、YbCl3·6H2O、ErCl3·6H2O、油酸和十八烯混合后加热至150℃搅拌，形成澄清透明溶液，冷却至室温后加入含NaOH和NH4F的甲醇溶液，加热除去甲醇，升温至100℃真空一段时间，在惰性气体保护下继续升温至300℃恒温反应，反应完毕后冷却至室温，用乙醇沉淀纳米晶体，用乙醇/水洗涤，将纳米晶体溶于环己烷中备用；
(2)具有核壳结构的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4纳米颗粒的合成：
将YCl3·6H2O、油酸和十八烯混合后加热至150℃搅拌，形成清澈透明溶液，冷却至室温后加入步骤(1)制备的NaYF4:Yb,Er环己烷溶液，加热除去环己烷，然后加入含NH4F和NaOH的甲醇溶液，加热至50℃搅拌，在惰性气体保护下继续升温至300℃恒温反应，反应完毕后冷却至室温，离心收集纳米晶体，将纳米晶体分散于环己烷中备用；
(3)介孔二氧化硅的表面包覆：将步骤(2)制备的NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4环己烷溶液与CTAB和超纯水混合，将混合物剧烈搅拌，蒸发除去环己烷，形成澄清溶液，然后将该澄清溶液加入由超纯水、乙醇和NaOH溶液配制而成的混合溶液中，加热至70℃后滴加TEOS，继续反应，反应结束后离心收集纳米颗粒，用乙醇洗涤，干燥；
(4)光敏剂的负载：室温下将步骤(3)制备的介孔二氧化硅包覆的纳米颗粒浸泡在含有ZnPc的吡啶溶液中，离心收集纳米颗粒，用PBS溶液洗涤，干燥，得到上转换纳米颗粒。
7.权利要求1所述的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料或者权利要求2-6任意一项制备的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料在制备感染性伤口抗菌敷料和抗肿瘤敷料中的应用。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用，其特征在于：所述感染性伤口抗菌敷料和抗肿瘤敷料的制备方法是将上述制备的基于壳聚糖-活性酯凝胶的抗菌材料倾倒至玻璃容器上，冷冻干燥，将形成的敷料从玻璃容器上剥离下来。
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