CN114728501A - 装饰性镶板和由所述镶板组成的装饰性地板覆盖物 - Google Patents

装饰性镶板和由所述镶板组成的装饰性地板覆盖物 Download PDF

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CN114728501A
CN114728501A CN202080078023.8A CN202080078023A CN114728501A CN 114728501 A CN114728501 A CN 114728501A CN 202080078023 A CN202080078023 A CN 202080078023A CN 114728501 A CN114728501 A CN 114728501A
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panel
layer
tongue
upward
panel according
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艾迪·阿尔贝里克·伯克
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I4F Licensing NV
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I4F Licensing NV
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Abstract

一种装饰性镶板，特别是地板镶板、天花板镶板或墙壁镶板，所述装饰性镶板包括：具有上侧和下侧的芯层；连接到芯层的所述上侧的装饰性顶层；包括第一联接轮廓的第一镶板侧边缘和包括第二联接轮廓的第二镶板侧边缘，第二联接轮廓设计成在水平方向和竖直方向上都与第二相同镶板的第一联接轮廓相互连接；其中芯层包括泡沫混凝土层，该泡沫混凝土层由混凝土材料基体构成，在该基体中存在小孔形式的气穴。

Description

装饰性镶板和由所述镶板组成的装饰性地板覆盖物
技术领域
本发明涉及一种镶板，特别是装饰性镶板、地板镶板、天花板镶板或墙壁镶板。本发明还涉及一种由多个相互联接的镶板组成的地板覆盖物。
背景技术
在装饰性地板覆盖物领域，已知装饰性镶板具有基于MDF(中密度板)或HDF(高密度板)的芯层，装饰性基板附接在芯层上方以向镶板提供期望的外观。这些已知镶板的主要缺点是芯层的吸湿性，这会影响此类镶板的寿命和耐用性。出于这个原因，传统的基于MDF/HDF的镶板越来越多地被基于聚氯乙烯(PVC)的镶板所取代，其中基于PVC的镶板也在上方设置有装饰性基板。与基于MDF/HDF的镶板相比，这些基于PVC的镶板具有相对防水的优势。
然而，这些基于PVC的镶板的缺点是耐温性非常差，因此，如果这些镶板暴露于加热源(如供暖散热器或甚至是灯)，这些镶板通常很容易变形(弯曲)。此外，基于MDF/HDF的镶板和基于PVC的镶板的一个共同的附加重要缺点是这些镶板的易燃性。家具的易燃性令人担忧，例如，香烟和蜡烛事故很容易引发家庭火灾。
因此，在装饰性地板领域普遍需要进一步开发一种装饰性镶板以克服上述缺点中的至少一个，特别是开发一种相对防火的装饰性镶板。还需要开发一种在常规使用期间经受温度波动时具有改进的尺寸稳定性的装饰性镶板。
此外，考虑到它们的实际应用，一般要求镶板在隔热、吸声和抗压强度方面应具有令人满意的、最好是优异的性能。
在上述背景下，本发明的目的是部分或全部满足上述一般需要和要求。
发明内容
本发明的上述目的通过提供一种装饰性镶板，特别是地板镶板、天花板镶板或墙壁镶板来实现，所述装饰性镶板包括：
具有上侧和下侧的芯层；
连接到芯层的所述上侧的装饰性顶层；
包括第一联接轮廓的第一镶板侧边缘和包括第二联接轮廓的第二镶板侧边缘，第二联接轮廓设计成在水平方向和竖直方向上都与第二相同镶板的第一联接轮廓相互连接；
其中芯层包括泡沫混凝土层，该泡沫混凝土层由混凝土材料基体构成，在该基体中存在小孔形式的气穴。
当用作根据本发明的镶板中的芯层的一部分时，泡沫混凝土层赋予镶板若干优点，特别是：
降低导热率，因此增加热隔离；
足够的抗压强度；
相对较轻量的镶板；
足够的吸声性能；
优异的耐火性能；
镶板对于冻融循环具有足够的尺寸稳定性；
使用木工工具对侧边缘进行切割和仿形加工时具有良好的可加工性。
以上列出的优点通过下面呈现的一些优选实施例得以进一步增强。
关于根据本发明的镶板的基本设计，优选地，镶板是平坦的并且具有矩形轮廓，包括四个侧边缘。此外，优选地，在镶板中，第一镶板侧边缘和第二镶板侧边缘是镶板的相对侧边缘。
当通过相互连接大量此类镶板来创建地板、天花板或墙壁覆盖物时，此类镶板是最实用的。
优选地，在根据本发明的镶板中：
泡沫混凝土中的小孔占泡沫混凝土总体积的60vol.％至85vol.％(体积百分数)；或者
泡沫混凝土的密度在400kg/m3至800kg/m3的范围内。
这种镶板实际上是轻量的，并被证明可以实现令人满意的吸声和隔热。
在根据本发明的镶板中，优选地，大部分小孔都是闭孔类型，所述大部分优选是小孔的至少80％，最优选是至少90％。
这种镶板对于冻融循环具有足够的尺寸稳定性，因为任何水合水都从混凝土基体中蒸发并冷凝在闭孔中，这是因为水不能与其他小孔中的水聚集。因此，泡沫混凝土的任何单个小孔中的含水量都保持在较低水平，从而将冻融循环期间结构损坏的风险保持在最低水平。
此外，在根据本发明的镶板中，泡沫混凝土中的大部分小孔的尺寸都足够小以通过毛细作用吸水。
发现这种包括具有相对较小的孔的泡沫混凝土层的镶板具有良好的可加工性和抗压强度。
泡沫混凝土也可以称为加气混凝土、蒸压多孔混凝土(ACC)、加气蒸压混凝土(AAC)和/或蒸压轻质混凝土(ALC)。
通常优选的是，根据本发明的镶板中的泡沫混凝土是通过在高温和高压下对混凝土材料施加高压蒸气而获得的。
这种对混凝土材料施加高压蒸气的过程已被证明提供了非常适合在镶板的芯层中使用的泡沫混凝土材料。
关于在根据本发明的镶板的泡沫混凝土层中形成基体的混凝土材料，优选地，该混凝土材料包含颗粒材料与作为粘合剂的胶结剂的混合物。
对于上述混凝土材料，特别优选的是：
胶结剂是钙基的，即包含氧化钙和/或氢氧化钙的无机化合物，和/或胶结剂是硅酸钙基的，即，包含氧化钙和/或氢氧化钙并且还包含硅酸盐的无机化合物；
胶结剂是一种硅酸钙水合物矿物质，例如托贝莫来石(Tobermorite)，即Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O或Ca5Si6(O,OH)18·5H2O；
颗粒材料包含沙子、粉状燃料灰、飞灰、石灰和/或铝(氧化物)粉末；
颗粒材料包含基于纤维素的颗粒，优选是基于木质纤维素的颗粒，例如木质颗粒。
在泡沫混凝土的生产过程中，将(仍未发泡的)混凝土混合并浇注成型，发生若干化学反应，使泡沫混凝土具有较轻的重量(通常为混凝土重量的20％)和热学性能。铝粉与氢氧化钙和水发生反应，产生氢气。氢气发泡并使原料混合物的体积加倍，从而产生直径达3mm的气泡。在发泡过程结束时，氢气逸出到大气中并被空气取代。
进一步优选的是，包含在颗粒材料中的上述基于纤维素的颗粒的至少一部分由纤维形成。
可以包含在混凝土材料中的附加或替代颗粒材料是所谓的胶结材料，包括磨碎的粒状高炉矿渣、硅灰、天然火山灰、偏高岭土和煅烧页岩或粘土。
木质颗粒形式的基于纤维素的颗粒可以是木粉、木刨花、木丝和/或木屑。代替木材，可以使用另一种天然纤维来源，例如大麻。
在优选实施例中，芯层包括至少一个加强层，例如织物层、纤维素层，特别是纸层、碳纤维层和/或玻璃纤维层。加强层可以是织造层或非织造层。在更优选的实施例中，芯层包括至少两个泡沫混凝土层，其中至少一个加强层位于两个泡沫混凝土层之间。可以想到的是，至少一个加强层集成在一个或多个泡沫混凝土层内和/或可以将泡沫混凝土层细分为两个(虚拟的)泡沫混凝土(子)层。可以想到的是，泡沫混凝土部分或全部地渗入加强层中形成的孔中。
优选地，在根据本发明的镶板中，加强层包括在芯层中。
加强层进一步增强了在镶板的小表面积上发生弯曲或突然冲击时，镶板的稳定性。所述至少一个加强层优选是非织造层或织造层，特别是例如由玻璃纤维制成的布，并且可以具有0.2mm至0.4mm的厚度。加强层可以包含天然纤维，例如黄麻，或者替代地，加强层包含合成纤维，特别是聚合物纤维，例如尼龙纤维。
加强层优选为平面结构，其具有取向基本上平行于芯层的平面。
进一步优选的是，根据本发明的镶板的芯层包含至少50wt.％(重量百分数)、优选50wt.％至90wt.％之间的泡沫混凝土。此外，优选地，芯层包括1wt.％至10wt.％之间的加强层。
有利地，根据本发明的镶板包括位于芯层和顶层之间的防水层，防水层优选为将顶层粘合到芯层上的防水粘合剂的形式。
因此，镶板的芯层进一步被保护而免受环境空气中存在的并且可能通过顶层进入的湿气的影响。防水层可以是聚合物，或合成或天然树脂。防水粘合剂例如可以是双组分胶或热熔粘合剂。
优选地，在根据本发明的镶板中，顶层包括至少一个装饰层和覆盖所述装饰层的至少一个透明耐磨层。
在本文中，合适的耐磨层具有高于100摄氏度的熔化温度，并且优选地由聚氨酯制成。
装饰层将是可见的，并将用于为镶板提供有吸引力的外观。为此，装饰层可以具有设计图案，例如可以是木纹设计，类似于大理石、花岗岩或任何其他天然石纹的矿物纹设计，或者颜色图案、颜色混合或单色，仅举几个设计可能性。
装饰性顶层优选是印刷的装饰性顶层。这意味着顶层的印刷装饰图像通过喷涂和/或(喷墨)印刷、特别是数字印刷来实现。装饰图像可以直接印刷在芯层的上方。然而，通常更优选的是，印刷的装饰层包括基层或薄膜，特别是热塑性基层或热塑性薄膜，装饰图像印刷在该基层或薄膜上。在印刷步骤之前或之后，将基层直接或间接地附接到芯层上，例如通过熔合或胶合来实现。
装饰性顶层优选地仅覆盖芯层的上侧的至少一部分，而芯层的侧壁和后表面优选地基本上没有所述装饰性顶层。
根据本发明的镶板优选包括附接到芯层的下侧的背衬层。背衬层在芯层的下侧具有保护和适应功能，尤其是当镶板与下方的表面接触以形成地板、天花板或墙壁覆盖物时。
背衬层优选地由柔性材料制成，例如弹性体。背衬层的厚度通常在约0.1mm至2.5mm之间变化。用于背衬层的合适材料包括聚乙烯、软木、聚氨酯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯。
此外，根据本发明的镶板的厚度在3mm至10mm之间，优选地在4mm至8mm之间，这使其最适合其期望的用途。
根据本发明的镶板的芯层优选具有至少3mm、优选至少4mm、更优选至少5mm的厚度。
关于根据本发明的镶板的联接轮廓，优选地，第一联接轮廓包括：
向上榫舌；
位于与向上榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个向上侧翼；
形成在向上榫舌与向上侧翼之间的向上凹槽，其中向上凹槽适于接收相同镶板的第二联接轮廓的向下榫舌的至少一部分；以及
优选地，至少一个第一锁定元件，其优选设置在向上榫舌的背离向上侧翼的远侧；
并且第二联接轮廓包括：
第一向下榫舌；
位于与向下榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个第一向下侧翼；
形成在向下榫舌与向下侧翼之间的第一向下凹槽，其中向下凹槽适于接收第二相同镶板的第一联接轮廓的向上榫舌的至少一部分；以及
优选地，至少一个第二锁定元件，其适于与第二相同镶板的第一锁定元件共同作用，其中所述第二锁定元件优选设置在向下侧翼处。
优选地，第一锁定元件包括凸起和/或凹口，并且其中第二锁定元件包括凸起和/或凹口。凸起通常适于至少部分地接收在相邻的联接镶板的凹口中以实现锁定的联接，优选是竖向锁定的联接。还可以想到的是，第一锁定元件和第二锁定不是由凸起-凹口组合形成，而是由共同作用的轮廓化表面和/或高摩擦接触表面的另一种组合形成。在该后一实施例中，第一锁定元件和第二锁定元件中的至少一个锁定元件可以由(平坦的或其他形状的)接触表面形成，该接触表面由可选地单独的塑料材料构成，该塑料材料构造成与处于接合(联接)状态的另一个镶板的另一个锁定元件产生摩擦。
进一步地，在本发明的范围内，第一联接轮廓和第二联接轮廓构造成使得在联接状态下存在预紧，所述预紧将相应边缘处的联接镶板向彼此迫压，其中这优选地通过应用第一联接轮廓和第二联接轮廓的重叠轮廓来执行，特别是向下榫舌和向上凹槽的重叠轮廓和/或向上榫舌和向下凹槽的重叠轮廓，并且其中第一联接轮廓和第二联接轮廓构造成使得两个这样的镶板可以通过向下折叠运动和/或竖直运动彼此联接，其中在联接状态下，第二联接部分的向下榫舌的至少一部分插入在第一联接部分的向上凹槽中，使得向下榫舌被第一联接部分夹紧和/或向上榫舌被第二联接部分夹紧。
优选地，向上榫舌的面向向上侧翼的一侧为向上榫舌的内侧，而向上榫舌的背离向上侧翼的一侧为向上榫舌的外侧，并且其中，向下榫舌的面向向下侧翼的一侧为向下榫舌的内侧，而向下榫舌的背离向下侧翼的一侧为向下榫舌的外侧，其中向上榫舌的内侧的至少一部分朝向或背向向上侧翼倾斜，并且其中向下榫舌的内侧的至少一部分朝向或背向向下侧翼倾斜。以这种方式，可以在镶板之间实现“闭槽”联接或“开槽”联接，具体取决于向上榫舌的内侧和向下榫舌的内侧的倾斜方向。
进一步地，关于根据本发明的镶板的联接轮廓，优选地，镶板包括分别位于第三镶板边缘和第四镶板边缘处的至少一个第三联接轮廓和至少一个第四联接轮廓，其中第三联接轮廓包括：
在基本上平行于芯层的上侧的方向上延伸的侧向榫舌；
位于与侧向榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个第二向下侧翼；以及
形成在侧向榫舌与第二向下侧翼之间的第二向下凹槽；
其中，第四联接轮廓包括：
第三凹槽，其用于容纳第二相同镶板的第三联接轮廓的侧向榫舌的至少一部分，所述第三凹槽由上唇和下唇限定，其中所述下唇设置有向上锁定元件；
其中，第三联接轮廓和第四联接轮廓构造成使得两个相同镶板的第三联接轮廓和第四联接轮廓能够通过转动运动彼此联接，该转动运动涉及将第一镶板的侧向榫舌的至少一部分插入在另一个相同镶板的第三凹槽中，并且其中，所述另一个镶板的向上锁定元件的至少一部分插入在第一镶板的第二向下凹槽中。
优选地，每个联接轮廓的至少一部分与芯层一体地形成。可以想到的是，联接轮廓完全地通过对芯层的边缘进行轮廓化加工而形成。
本发明还涉及一种装饰性覆盖物，特别是装饰性地板覆盖物、装饰性天花板覆盖物或装饰性墙壁覆盖物，其包括多个相互联接的根据本发明的装饰性镶板。覆盖物也可以适于安装在竖直角落处，例如安装在相交的墙壁的内拐角处、家具件处以及外拐角处(例如入口通道处)。
本发明的其他实施例在以下一组非限制性条款中呈现：
1.一种装饰性镶板，特别是地板镶板、天花板镶板或墙壁镶板，包括：
具有上侧和下侧的芯层；
连接到芯层的所述上侧的装饰性顶层；
包括第一联接轮廓的第一镶板侧边缘和包括第二联接轮廓的第二镶板侧边缘，第二联接轮廓设计成在水平方向和竖直方向上都与第二相同镶板的第一联接轮廓相互连接；
其中芯层包括泡沫混凝土层，该泡沫混凝土层由混凝土材料基体构成，在该基体中存在小孔形式的气穴。
2.根据条款1所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板是平坦的并且具有矩形轮廓，包括四个侧边缘。
3.根据条款1或2所述的镶板，其中，所述第一镶板侧边缘和所述第二镶板侧边缘是所述镶板的相对侧边缘。
4.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中：
泡沫混凝土中的小孔占泡沫混凝土总体积的60vol.％至85vol.％(体积百分数)；或者
泡沫混凝土的密度在400kg/m3至800kg/m3的范围内。
5.根据条款4所述的镶板，其中，大部分小孔都是闭孔类型，所述大部分优选是小孔的至少80％，最优选是至少90％。
6.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，泡沫混凝土中的大部分小孔的尺寸都足够小以通过毛细作用吸水。
7.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，泡沫混凝土是通过在高温和高压下对混凝土材料施加高压蒸气而获得的。
8.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，混凝土材料包含颗粒材料与作为粘合剂的胶结剂的混合物；
其中优选地：
胶结剂是钙基的，即包含氧化钙和/或氢氧化钙的无机化合物；和/或
胶结剂是硅酸钙基的，即，包含氧化钙和/或氢氧化钙并且还包含硅酸盐的无机化合物。
9.根据条款8所述的镶板，其中，所述胶结剂是硅酸钙水合物矿物质，例如托贝莫来石，即Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O和/或Ca5Si6(O,OH)18·5H2O。
10.根据条款8或9所述的镶板，其中，所述颗粒材料包含沙子、粉状燃料灰、飞灰、石灰和/或铝氧化物粉末。
11.根据前述条款8至10中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述颗粒材料包含基于纤维素的颗粒，优选是基于木质纤维素的颗粒，例如木质颗粒。
12.根据条款11所述的镶板，其中，所述基于纤维素的颗粒的至少一部分由纤维形成。
13.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，在所述芯层中包括加强层。
14.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述芯层包含至少50wt.％(重量百分数)、优选50wt.％至90wt.％之间的泡沫混凝土。
15.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，防水层位于芯层和顶层之间，并且优选为将顶层粘合到芯层上的防水粘合剂的形式。
16.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述顶层包括至少一个装饰层和覆盖所述装饰层的至少一个透明耐磨层。
17.根据条款16所述的镶板，其中，所述耐磨层具有高于100摄氏度的熔化温度，并且所述耐磨层优选地由聚氨酯制成。
18.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板包括附接到所述芯层的下侧的背衬层。
19.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板的厚度在3mm至10mm之间。
20.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，第一联接轮廓包括：
向上榫舌；
位于与向上榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个向上侧翼；
形成在向上榫舌与向上侧翼之间的向上凹槽，其中向上凹槽适于接收另一个相同镶板的第二联接轮廓的向下榫舌的至少一部分；以及
至少一个第一锁定元件，其优选设置在向上榫舌的背离向上侧翼的远侧；
并且第二联接轮廓包括：
第一向下榫舌；
位于与向下榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个第一向下侧翼；
形成在向下榫舌与向下侧翼之间的第一向下凹槽，其中向下凹槽适于接收另一个相同镶板的第一联接轮廓的向上榫舌的至少一部分；以及
至少一个第二锁定元件，其适于与所述另一个相同镶板的第一锁定元件共同作用，其中所述第二锁定元件优选设置在向下侧翼处。
21.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板包括分别位于第三镶板边缘和第四镶板边缘处的至少一个第三联接轮廓和至少一个第四联接轮廓，其中所述第三联接轮廓包括：
在基本上平行于镶板的上侧的方向上延伸的侧向榫舌；
位于与侧向榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个第二向下侧翼；以及
形成在侧向榫舌与第二向下侧翼之间的第二向下凹槽；
其中，第四联接轮廓包括：
第三凹槽，其用于容纳第二相同镶板的第三联接轮廓的侧向榫舌的至少一部分，所述第三凹槽由上唇和下唇限定，其中所述下唇设置有向上锁定元件；
其中，第三联接轮廓和第四联接轮廓构造成使得两个相同镶板的第三联接轮廓和第四联接轮廓能够通过转动运动彼此联接，该转动运动涉及将第一镶板的侧向榫舌的至少一部分插入在另一个相同镶板的第三凹槽中，并且其中，所述另一个镶板的向上锁定元件的至少一部分插入在第一镶板的第二向下凹槽中。
22.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述芯层包括至少一个加强层，例如织物层、纤维素层、碳纤维层和/或玻璃纤维层。
23.根据条款22所述的镶板，其中，所述芯层包括至少两个泡沫混凝土层，其中至少一个加强层位于两个泡沫混凝土层之间。
24.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，每个联接轮廓的至少一部分与所述芯层一体地形成。
25.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，装饰性顶层仅仅覆盖芯层的上侧的至少一部分。
26.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，向上榫舌的面向向上侧翼的一侧为向上榫舌的内侧，而向上榫舌的背离向上侧翼的一侧为向上榫舌的外侧，并且其中，向下榫舌的面向向下侧翼的一侧为向下榫舌的内侧，而向下榫舌的背离向下侧翼的一侧为向下榫舌的外侧，其中向上榫舌的内侧的至少一部分朝向或背向向上侧翼倾斜，并且其中向下榫舌的内侧的至少一部分朝向或背向向下侧翼倾斜。
27.根据前述条款中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述印刷的装饰层包括基层或薄膜，装饰图像印刷在所述基层或薄膜上。
28.一种装饰性覆盖物，特别是装饰性地板覆盖物、装饰性天花板覆盖物或装饰性墙壁覆盖物，所述装饰性覆盖物包括多个相互连接的根据条款1至27中任一项所述的装饰性镶板。
附图说明
将参照附图进一步解释本发明，其中：
图1示出了根据本发明的镶板的立体图；
图2示出了根据本发明的镶板的横向截面图；
图3和图4以横向截面图示出了根据本发明的相互连接的镶板的联接轮廓的两个实施例；
图5示出了根据本发明的镶板的纵向截面图；
图6以纵向截面图示出了根据本发明的相互连接的镶板的联接轮廓的一个实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了装饰性镶板1，其上侧2设置有装饰性顶层12。镶板为矩形形状，其长度沿B-B线纵向延伸，宽度沿A-A线横向延伸。
在侧边缘9和10处，分别设置了第一联接轮廓7和第二联接轮廓8。在侧边缘3和4处，分别设置了第三联接轮廓5和第四联接轮廓6。
图2示出了图1所示的镶板1的沿着A-A线的横向截面图。镶板1具有由泡沫混凝土层制成的芯层10，芯层10包含闭孔类型的小气泡11。在泡沫混凝土层10的上侧粘附有装饰性顶层12，优选地通过薄的防水粘合剂层来粘附。在泡沫混凝土层10的下侧粘附有背衬层。侧边缘3和4分别设有第三联接轮廓5和第四联接轮廓6。
图3示出了图2所描绘的第三联接轮廓5和第四联接轮廓6在将两个镶板1和1’相互连接时的详细情况。
镶板1’的第三联接轮廓5包括沿大致平行于镶板的上侧的方向延伸的侧向榫舌51、位于与侧向榫舌51相距一定距离处的第二向下侧翼53以及形成在侧向榫舌51和第二向下侧翼53之间的第二向下凹槽54。
镶板1的第四联接轮廓6包括第三凹槽61，第三凹槽61构造成容纳第二相同镶板1’的第三联接轮廓5的侧向榫舌51的至少一部分，所述第三凹槽61由上唇62和下唇63限定，其中所述下唇设有向上锁定元件64。
在图3所示的情况下，第三联接轮廓和第四联接轮廓6构造成使得各个镶板1和1’可以通过如箭头T所示的转动运动相互联接，该转动运动涉及将镶板1’的侧向榫舌插入另一相同镶板1的第三凹槽中，其中镶板1的向上锁定元件64插入镶板1’的第二向下凹槽54中。
图4与图3类似地示出了联接轮廓5和6的不同设计，其中在榫舌51和第三凹槽61处具有圆形特征。在对图3的该替代实施例中，用于联接的转动运动也可以称为铰接运动。所有其他功能特征及其标号都与图3中已经限定的相同。
图5示出了图1所示的镶板1的沿着B-B线的纵向截面图。镶板1具有由一层泡沫混凝土制成的芯层10，该层包含闭孔类型的小气泡。在泡沫混凝土层10的上侧粘附有装饰性顶层12。
在侧边缘9和10处，分别设置有第一联接轮廓7和第二联接轮廓8。
第一联接轮廓7包括：向上榫舌71；位于与向上榫舌71相距一定距离处的向上侧翼72；形成在向上榫舌71与向上侧翼72之间的向上凹槽73，其中向上凹槽73适于接收另一个相同镶板的第二联接轮廓8的向下榫舌81的至少一部分；以及至少一个第一锁定元件75，其优选设置在向上榫舌71的背离向上侧翼72的远侧。
第二联接轮廓8包括：第一向下榫舌81；位于与向下榫舌81相距一定距离处的第一向下侧翼82；形成在向下榫舌81与向下侧翼82之间的第一向下凹槽83，其中向下凹槽83适于接收另一个相同镶板的第一联接轮廓7的向上榫舌71的至少一部分；以及第二锁定元件85，第二锁定元件85适于与所述另一个相同镶板的第一锁定元件75共同作用，并且第二锁定元件85设置在向下侧翼82处。
图6示出了当连接描绘在最左侧的镶板1以及镶板1’的相应轮廓7和8时，镶板的第一联接轮廓7和第二联接轮廓8如何相互作用。镶板1’在此竖直向下移动，其中通过将向上榫舌71接收在向下凹槽83中并且将向下榫舌81接收在向上凹槽73中，使得轮廓7和8相互接合。

Claims (26)

1.一种装饰性镶板，特别是地板镶板、天花板镶板或墙壁镶板，所述装饰性镶板包括：
具有上侧和下侧的芯层；
印刷的装饰性顶层，所述装饰性顶层直接或间接地连接到所述芯层的所述上侧；
包括第一联接轮廓的第一镶板侧边缘和包括第二联接轮廓的第二镶板侧边缘，所述第二联接轮廓设计成在水平方向和竖直方向上都与第二相同镶板的第一联接轮廓相互连接；其中，所述第一联接轮廓包括：
向上榫舌；
位于与所述向上榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个向上侧翼；
形成在所述向上榫舌与所述向上侧翼之间的向上凹槽，其中所述向上凹槽适于接收另一个相同镶板的第二联接轮廓的向下榫舌的至少一部分；以及
优选地，至少一个第一锁定元件，所述第一锁定元件优选设置在所述向上榫舌的背离所述向上侧翼的远侧；
并且其中，所述第二联接轮廓包括：
第一向下榫舌；
位于与所述向下榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个第一向下侧翼；
形成在所述向下榫舌与所述向下侧翼之间的第一向下凹槽，其中所述向下凹槽适于接收另一个相同镶板的第一联接轮廓的向上榫舌的至少一部分；以及
优选地，至少一个第二锁定元件，所述第二锁定元件适于与所述另一个相同镶板的第一锁定元件共同作用，其中所述第二锁定元件优选设置在所述向下侧翼处；
包括第三联接轮廓的第三镶板侧边缘和包括第四联接轮廓的第四镶板侧边缘，所述第四联接轮廓设计成在水平方向和竖直方向上都与另一个相同镶板的第三联接轮廓相互连接；其中，所述第三联接轮廓包括：
在基本上平行于所述镶板的所述上侧的方向上延伸的侧向榫舌；
位于与所述侧向榫舌相距一定距离处的至少一个第二向下侧翼；以及
形成在所述侧向榫舌与所述第二向下侧翼之间的第二向下凹槽；
其中，所述第四联接轮廓包括：
第三凹槽，所述第三凹槽用于容纳第二相同镶板的第三联接轮廓的侧向榫舌的至少一部分，其中所述第三凹槽由上唇和下唇限定，并且所述下唇设置有向上锁定元件；
其中，所述第三联接轮廓和所述第四联接轮廓构造成使得两个相同镶板的所述第三联接轮廓和所述第四联接轮廓能够通过转动运动彼此联接，所述转动运动涉及将第一镶板的侧向榫舌的至少一部分插入在另一个相同镶板的第三凹槽中，并且其中，所述另一个镶板的向上锁定元件的至少一部分插入在所述第一镶板的第二向下凹槽中；
其中，所述芯层包括至少一个泡沫混凝土层，所述泡沫混凝土层由混凝土材料基体构成，在所述基体中存在小孔形式的气穴。
2.根据权利要求1所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板是平坦的并且具有矩形轮廓，包括四个侧边缘。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的镶板，其中，所述第一镶板侧边缘和所述第二镶板侧边缘是所述镶板的相对侧边缘。
4.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中：
所述泡沫混凝土中的小孔占所述泡沫混凝土总体积的60vol.％至85vol.％；或者
所述泡沫混凝土的密度在400kg/m3至800kg/m3的范围内。
5.根据权利要求4所述的镶板，其中，大部分所述小孔都是闭孔类型，所述大部分优选是所述小孔的至少80％，最优选是至少90％。
6.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述泡沫混凝土中的大部分所述小孔的尺寸都足够小以通过毛细作用吸水。
7.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述泡沫混凝土是通过在高温和高压下对混凝土材料施加高压蒸气而获得的。
8.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述混凝土材料包含颗粒材料与作为粘合剂的胶结剂的混合物，其中优选地：
所述胶结剂是钙基的，即包含氧化钙和/或氢氧化钙的无机化合物；和/或
所述胶结剂是硅酸钙基的，即，包含氧化钙和/或氢氧化钙并且还包含硅酸盐的无机化合物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的镶板，其中，所述胶结剂是硅酸钙水合物矿物质，例如托贝莫来石，即Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O和/或Ca5Si6(O,OH)18·5H2O。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的镶板，其中，所述颗粒材料包含沙子、粉状燃料灰、飞灰、石灰和/或铝氧化物粉末。
11.根据前述权利要求8至10中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述颗粒材料包含基于纤维素的颗粒，优选是基于木质纤维素的颗粒，例如木质颗粒。
12.根据权利要求11所述的镶板，其中，所述基于纤维素的颗粒的至少一部分由纤维形成。
13.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，在所述芯层中包括加强层。
14.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述芯层包含至少50wt.％、优选50wt.％至90wt.％之间的泡沫混凝土。
15.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，防水层位于所述芯层和所述顶层之间，并且优选为将所述顶层粘合到所述芯层上的防水粘合剂的形式。
16.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述顶层包括至少一个装饰层和覆盖所述装饰层的至少一个透明耐磨层。
17.根据权利要求16所述的镶板，其中，所述耐磨层具有高于100摄氏度的熔化温度，并且所述耐磨层优选地由聚氨酯制成。
18.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板包括附接到所述芯层的下侧的背衬层。
19.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述镶板的厚度在3mm至10mm之间。
20.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述芯层包括至少一个加强层，例如织物层、纤维素层、碳纤维层和/或玻璃纤维层。
21.根据权利要求20所述的镶板，其中，所述芯层包括至少两个泡沫混凝土层，其中至少一个加强层位于两个泡沫混凝土层之间。
22.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，每个联接轮廓的至少一部分与所述芯层一体地形成。
23.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，装饰性顶层仅仅覆盖所述芯层的上侧的至少一部分。
24.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述向上榫舌的面向所述向上侧翼的一侧为所述向上榫舌的内侧，而所述向上榫舌的背离所述向上侧翼的一侧为所述向上榫舌的外侧，并且其中，所述向下榫舌的面向所述向下侧翼的一侧为所述向下榫舌的内侧，而所述向下榫舌的背离所述向下侧翼的一侧为所述向下榫舌的外侧，其中所述向上榫舌的内侧的至少一部分朝向或背向所述向上侧翼倾斜，并且其中所述向下榫舌的内侧的至少一部分朝向或背向所述向下侧翼倾斜。
25.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的镶板，其中，所述印刷的装饰层包括基层或薄膜，装饰图像印刷在所述基层或薄膜上。
26.一种装饰性覆盖物，特别是装饰性地板覆盖物、装饰性天花板覆盖物或装饰性墙壁覆盖物，所述装饰性覆盖物包括多个相互连接的根据权利要求1至25中任一项所述的装饰性镶板。
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