CN114585507A - 液晶层压窗玻璃及其制备方法 - Google Patents

液晶层压窗玻璃及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN114585507A
CN114585507A CN202180004888.4A CN202180004888A CN114585507A CN 114585507 A CN114585507 A CN 114585507A CN 202180004888 A CN202180004888 A CN 202180004888A CN 114585507 A CN114585507 A CN 114585507A
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liquid crystal
glass substrate
interlayer
liquid
oca
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L·马约
M·拉博特
A·雅法尔
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃(1)包括第一玻璃基材(10)和第二玻璃基材(11)、至少一个液晶元件(2)以及设置在第一玻璃基材(10)和液晶元件(2)之间的第一中间层(30)，和设置在第二玻璃基材(11)和液晶元件(2)之间的第二中间层(40)，其特征在于，所述第一中间层(30)为聚合材料膜，并且所述第二中间层(40)由透明粘合剂材料(OCA)制成，透明粘合剂材料在制备窗玻璃之前呈液态并且能够交联。

Description

液晶层压窗玻璃及其制备方法
本发明涉及具有可变光学性质的电控窗玻璃领域，更特别地，涉及一种通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃。
本发明将适用于所有用途，特别地用于建筑物，如外墙或隔板或其它内部玻璃化表面，或用于机动车辆、公共汽车、火车、飞机类型的交通工具。
一种具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃，包括至少两个主玻璃基材、两个用于使玻璃基材层压的中间塑料膜，通常由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)制成，和放置在两个层压中间膜之间的液晶元件(cellule à cristaux liquides)。液晶元件包含封装在两个封装聚合物膜之间的液晶，这两个封装聚合物膜通过间隔体如玻璃珠保持恒定距离。每个封装聚合物膜均被提供有电极。当向电极施加电压时，与染料结合的液晶改变定向并改变光通过元件的透射率，窗玻璃从透亮状态变为黑暗状态，反之亦然。“透亮状态、黑暗状态”是指窗玻璃在其透亮状态下具有的在可见光中的透光率高于其在其黑暗状态下具有的透光率。液晶元件可以包括与液晶组合的二向色染料，和/或在其表面外部上的偏振器。根据目标应用，当存在液晶与二向色染料时，液晶与二向色染料相互作用的平衡取向，亮和黑暗状态将对应于通电电极的开启/关闭或关闭/开启状态。当在电极之间没有电压的情况(关闭状态)下透光率最高时，将称为窗玻璃的通常透亮状态，因此允许视线穿过窗玻璃，而所述窗玻璃的黑暗状态将对应于处于电极电压下(开启状态)，电压导致液晶重新定向和改变透光率(光传输变弱)。相反，当在没有电压的情况下透光率最低时，将称为窗玻璃的正常黑暗状态，而通过施加电压，窗玻璃将变得透亮。
元件封装膜的聚合物种，最通常由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)或聚碳酸酯(PC)制成，允许容易地将元件层压到玻璃基材的PVB层压中间层上。
然而，层压窗玻璃的制备方法，由于在通过使用真空袋和高压釜的层压步骤期间使用的高压和高温，可能导致用于液晶元件的封装聚合物膜的局部变形，特别地元件厚度的增大，导致液晶取向的局部改变。由此导致窗玻璃的光透射不均匀，还明显地表现出在通常透亮的窗玻璃上存在暗区，或相反地在通常暗的窗玻璃上存在透亮区。寻求避免这种光传输的不均匀性。
此外，由于窗玻璃在使用过程中温度变化周期，元件的周期性变形也会影响透明电极，特别地具有裂纹扩展的风险，这导致崩塌，甚至电导率损失和元件故障。
因此，本发明的目的是通过提出一种新的层压窗玻璃组成和一种新的制备方法来克服上述缺点，从而将元件变形的风险降至最低，并避免存在与窗玻璃的其余部分相比的光传输不均匀区，以及防止损坏电极。
根据本发明，具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃包括第一玻璃基材和第二玻璃基材、至少一个液晶元件、以及设置在第一玻璃基材和液晶元件之间的第一中间层，和设置在第二玻璃基材和液晶元件之间的第二中间层，该层压窗玻璃的特征在于，所述第一中间层是聚合物材料膜，并且所述第二中间层由透明粘合剂材料(也称为OCA，英文为“Optical Clear Adhesive”)制成，该材料在制备窗玻璃之前呈液体形式并能够交联。
表述“在层压窗玻璃的制备方法之前”被理解为是指在使窗玻璃的所有组成元件组装之前。
在本说明书的其余部分中，“膜”被理解为是指以可处理片材形式存在的整体元件。
第一中间层以聚合物膜的形式存在，以适合于层压到玻璃基材上。在窗玻璃的层压期间，该聚合物膜被固定到第一玻璃基材上。
第二中间层在构造之前以液体OCA的形式存在于层压窗玻璃中，以液体OCA的形式被沉积在液晶元件和第二玻璃基材之间，该液体OCA能够被一次交联硬化构成第二中间层。OCA的交联在其沉积之后发生，例如通过聚合如紫外线辐射。与第一中间层不同，第二中间层因此在被固定到第二玻璃基材之前不以膜形式存在。
液晶元件是以在窗玻璃的全部或部分表面上延伸的膜方式存在。液晶元件具有两个相反的面，分别面向第一和第二中间层。
因此，液晶元件仅在其一个面上经受层压方法，以确保其通过第一中间层固定到第一玻璃基材，而其另一面通过OCA液体固定到第二玻璃基材，该OCA液体能够交联/硬化，意味着对于元件而言更少考验的实施方法。层压操作(高温和高压)的机械应力仅施加在元件的一个面上，而不是在其两个面上，从而降低了元件厚度改变的风险，和减少在制备结束时在窗玻璃上存在光透射不均匀区域的风险。此外，使用可交联的液体透明粘合剂(OCA)使其尺寸稳定，并在添加第二玻璃基材时减少其压缩变形。
有利地，液晶可以以液晶液体体积形式存在。液体体积被束缚在由元件的封装基材和外围密封接头界定的空腔中。
当液晶元件不含染料时，它包括两个偏振器。然后将偏振器与元件的玻璃封装基材的外部面(与包含液体体积的腔相反的面)相结合。
液晶液体体积可以包括一种或多种二向色染料。包含液晶的液体混合物(在其中分散有一种或多种二向色性染料)的液晶元件在本说明书的其余部分中称为“宾-主”液晶元件，或也使用英文表达为“guest-host”液晶元件。
包含宾-主液体混合物的液晶元件可以进一步包括一个或多个偏振器(在元件的一个或多个外部面上)。
根据一个特征，所述第一中间层基于至少一种选自以下聚合物的聚合物：聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚醋酸酯树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯丙烯、聚氟乙烯、乙烯四氟乙烯、环烯烃共聚物(COC)。优选地，所述第一中间层是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)膜、或乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)膜、或聚氨酯(PU)膜、或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
通过使用聚合材料(例如PVB)的片材或膜作为第一中间层，窗玻璃保持其机械强度性能，特别地以满足某些标准，例如在道路安全方面。此外，市场上常见的这种类型的膜进行制备通常具有一种或多种其它功能，如声学、抗反射、抗粘、抗划痕、光催化、防指纹、防雾、着色性质等，同时根据目标用途赋予窗玻璃附加性质。
窗玻璃可以有利地包括一个或多个紫外线滤光器。在一个优选的实施例中，所述第一中间层构成紫外线滤光器，所述第一中间层例如为过滤紫外线的PVB。除了已知的窗玻璃的阻断紫外线的优点之外，这种滤光器还延长了液晶窗玻璃的寿命，特别地当液晶元件是宾-主元件时，因为它防止了二向色性染料的降解。在液晶元件和第一玻璃基材之间设置的至少一个紫外线滤光膜存在时，如果窗玻璃旨在安装在将内部与外部环境隔开的窗口中，则所述第一玻璃基材将用于面向外部环境。
如果确实需要用于与OCA相结合的面一侧的液晶元件的紫外线滤光器，则将选择OCA以过滤紫外线，液体OCA包含例如吸收紫外线的添加剂并且能够通过紫外线辐射以外的方式进行交联。
根据另一个特征，层压窗玻璃包括一个或多个其它聚合物材料中间膜(除了第一中间层之外)的叠置，它们被设置在第一玻璃基材和液晶元件之间，每个中间膜构成可以被提供技术功能(紫外线过滤性能或其它)的膜。这些其它中间层通过层压方法使得第一玻璃基材和液晶元件连成一体。
有利地，层压窗玻璃包括由聚合材料制成的框架，该框架被布置在液晶元件周围并与所述第一中间层接触，所述框架优选地构成紫外线滤光器。框架被布置在窗玻璃的两个中间层之间，而不从窗玻璃的侧面突出。实际上，液晶元件的表面偶然仅与窗玻璃的一部分表面相连接。通过在这里布置框架来补偿(因此在元件的整个外围侧面上延伸)，这时补偿在两个中间膜之间和整个元件周围存在的空间，该框架采用聚合材料以确保层压。框架可以由在上述构成中间膜的材料之一制成。
有利地提出为该聚合物框架赋予紫外线滤光器的附加功能。这种在液晶元件侧面整个周边上的额外紫外线滤光器配置，最大限度地保护元件免受紫外线伤害，液晶元件不仅在其主面上而且在其侧面上受到保护。
当液晶元件是包含染料的宾-主液晶元件时，这种紫外线过滤框架配置特别有用，以保护染料免受紫外线伤害。实际上，发明人已经证明二向色性染料的降解可以通过宾-主元件侧面发生。尽管与液晶元件的主面相比，液晶元件的侧面面积很小，但令人惊讶的是，紫外线穿过液晶元件侧面的影响实际上是不可忽视的。在最终安装之前，甚至在根据用途类型安装层压窗玻璃之后，在将层压窗玻璃运输到其不同储存位置的过程中，宾-主液晶元件可能会受到影响。
因此，围绕液晶元件的框架，通过其额外的紫外线滤光器功能，从液晶元件被集成到窗玻璃中，直到最终安装所述窗玻璃，以及在窗玻璃使用期间，将为液晶元件提供增强的保护。
紫外线滤光器(其可以是第一层压中间层和/或聚合物框架和/或所述一个或多个叠置的其它中间膜)进行设计以使得每个滤光器具有至少在280nm-400nm，特别地在400nm具有小于1%，优选小于0.1%，更优选小于0.01%的透光率。透光率根据ISO 13887测量。
虽然紫外线滤光器在400纳米以下有效，但紫外线吸收并不总是在400nm，处于可见光谱的侧面。此处，滤光器被设计用于吸收在400nm的紫外光。吸收在400nm的紫外线的滤光器必须对低于400nm的辐射表现良好。
此外，所选择的紫外线滤光器将优选地被设计成使得紫外线的吸收颗粒不会过多地干扰滤光器的颜色，特别地滤光器将被调整以使其颜色不会趋于黄色。
为了使呈至少一个中间膜形式的紫外滤光器的透光率达到低于0.01%，层压窗玻璃将可包括具有低于0.01%的透光率的单个中间膜，或可包括叠置的多个中间膜的组合，该组合可以提供小于0.01％的透光率。
例如，通过叠置两个过滤紫外线的PVB的商业膜，每个膜在400nm的透光率小于1%，其中第一膜构成第一中间层和第二膜构成附加中间层，两个中间膜的叠置提供了一个滤光器，其在400nm的透光率低于0.01%。因此，紫外线滤光器在400nm具有高性能，在低于400nm的范围(其中透光率趋于零)内，更是如此。
根据另一特征，由透明粘合剂材料(OCA)制成的所述第二中间层选自以下材料：丙烯酸类、聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVA)、聚氨酯(PU)、硅树脂和环氧树脂。在层压窗玻璃中(制备后)，第二中间层的厚度小于1毫米，甚至小于0.5毫米。
根据优选的特征，液晶元件是包含液晶液体体积的液晶元件。事实证明，在元件的高压釜层压过程中，元件承受的应力小于如果包含液晶的基质是固体聚合物的情况(如现有技术的元件)时的应力。此外，当元件经过高压处理时，这有助于在层压过程中将元件厚度变化的风险降至最低，并且在玻璃完成后和在其使用过程中大大减少视觉缺陷，在窗玻璃进行弯曲期间更如此。
根据又一个特征，层压窗玻璃可以包括两个液晶元件，任选地是不同类型的。当层压窗玻璃包括两个液晶元件时，它们中至少一个是包含混合有二向色性染料的液晶液体体积的元件，另一个液晶元件是其中液晶体积不以液体形式存在的液晶体系，例如“PDLC”(英文为Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal，其中液晶分散在聚合物基质中)体系，或胆甾相液晶体系“CLC”(英文为Cholesteric Liquid Crystal)体系，或“PNLC”(英文为PolymerNetwork Liquid Crystal)体系。
当层压窗玻璃包括两个液晶元件时，两个液晶元件通过粘合材料彼此耦合。如果两个元件在层压之前相互耦合，正是这两者的组合将通过第一聚合物中间层与第一玻璃基材层压。如果第二个元件在第一个元件被层压之后被耦合，则第二个元件将通过粘合连接到第一个元件，例如通过OCA，该OCA可以与用于使第二个玻璃基材固定的粘合OCA具有相同的性质。两个元件的组合将特别地允许提供更强烈的黑暗状态。
当层压窗玻璃另外包含除了其液晶体积为液体形式的液晶元件之外的液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜时，所述体系将通过层压方法连成一体或将通过胶合添加。因此，所述其它液晶体系将通过被层压在液晶元件和第一中间层之间进行排列和固定，或者通过与第一中间层相反的一侧的粘合层固定到液晶元件上。
当所述其它液晶体系将被层压在第一中间层和附加中间层之间时，第一中间层和附加中间层将是紫外线滤光器，这将更好地保护包含染料的宾-主液晶元件。
所述其它液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜，可以有利地对窗玻璃提供改变光漫射的功能。当窗玻璃特别暗时，暗色外观将是更强烈的，与透光率的变化更大有关。
所述其它液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜，可以与液晶元件的通电伴随或不伴随地而通电。所述其它液晶体系的控制可以独立于液晶元件的控制。
此外，层压窗玻璃可以包括至少一个红外线防护功能层，该功能层被布置在层压窗玻璃内部，例如施加到第一玻璃基材和/或第二基材的内部面上，和/或第一中间层内部，或由第一中间层组成，和/或由与第一中间层固定的另一中间层组成。该红外线保护层对于反射红外线特别有用，从而不会加热液晶元件。事实上，过高的温度会影响液晶的正常运作，并有相变的风险。此外，液晶元件的电极处裂纹扩展的风险(与由于窗玻璃使用位置的温度变化周期引起的变形周期有关)也被最小化。
在一个特定的应用实施例中，层压窗玻璃在第一玻璃基材的内部面(窗玻璃的面2，在与外部环境接触的窗玻璃的安装位置-窗玻璃的面1按惯例是与外部环境接触的面)上包括红外保护层以保护元件免受来自外部的红外辐射，紫外线滤光器由与第一玻璃基材层压的第一中间层组成，优选中间层是PVB膜并且能够被着色，并且在第二玻璃基材的外部面上(窗玻璃的面4)上的低发射层的目的是反射来自乘客车厢内部或内部房间的长波长红外线。
层压窗玻璃可以包括其它功能性，其通过与玻璃基材和/或第一中间层和/或与第一中间层或与第一和第二玻璃基材之一相连接的附加中间层直接接触的涂层添加，和/或由第一中间层构成和/或由与第一中间层或与第一和第二玻璃基材之一相关联的附加中间层构成。这些不同的功能性是，例如，声学、抗反射、抗粘、抗划伤、光催化、防指纹、防雾、着色等性质。
当在层压窗玻璃中添加附加中间层时，该中间层可以在层压(当它在第一玻璃基材和液晶元件之间时)过程中进行固定；当附加中间层被设置在液晶元件与第二玻璃基材之间时，其将通过胶合或已经与第二玻璃基材预层压进行添加。
关于液晶元件，它包括封装液晶体积的基材，所述封装基材是聚合物或玻璃。如果通常封装基材由聚合材料制成，则发明人提出了一种通过超薄玻璃基材的新封装形式，特别地当液晶元件具有呈液体形式的液晶体积时，任选地包括一种或多种二向色染料。
在玻璃封装基材的情况下，这些是超薄的，使元件像膜一样具有柔韧性，以容易地处理和层压它(特别地与窗玻璃的主玻璃基材层压)，当它们进行弯曲时。发明人已出乎意料地发现，由玻璃封装基材而不是塑料封装膜制成的液晶元件在层压过程中受到的厚度局部变化的影响要小得多，当液晶体积为液体时更是如此。窗玻璃的颜色保持均匀，没有出现色点(tache colorée)。
此外，发明人已出人意料地证明，使用由玻璃封装基材制成的液晶元件(特别地当封装的液晶体积为液体时)在制备弯曲的层压窗玻璃时是特别有效的；在弯曲的层压窗玻璃中没有检测到不均匀的光透射区。
还更特别地，发明人已出乎意料地证明，使用化学钢化玻璃封装基材甚至更好地避免了在层压过程中元件的厚度变化的风险。因此，优选地，液晶元件的每个玻璃封装基材由化学钢化玻璃制成。
根据一个特征，液晶元件的每个玻璃封装基材具有的厚度使得液晶元件构成柔性膜，也就是说，其在室温下匹配在其上沉积所述柔性膜/所述元件的表面的形状。
特别地，液晶元件的每个玻璃封装基材具有为600mm量级，甚至可以达到200mm的最小曲率半径。
液晶元件的各个玻璃封装基材具有小于1000μm，特别地25-700μm的厚度，优选小于300μm，甚至小于100μm的厚度。
本发明的层压窗玻璃可以构成用于建筑物或车辆的窗玻璃，特别地用于选自汽车、火车、卡车、飞机、公共汽车、军用车辆的交通工具的窗玻璃。
如果它是车辆窗玻璃，则层压窗玻璃特别地选自车顶窗玻璃、后窗玻璃、侧窗玻璃、挡风玻璃和在挡风玻璃上部的渐变带。
层压窗玻璃可以是平坦的或弯曲的。
层压窗玻璃可用于双层窗玻璃或三层窗玻璃。
本发明还涉及制备上述的本发明层压窗玻璃的方法，其步骤如下：
-在支撑表面上，如背玻璃(contre-verre)，其用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）等抗粘涂层覆盖，放置液晶元件，优选地液晶元件由液晶和任选的至少一种二向色性染料的液体(体积)混合物构成，并且如果需要布置围绕液晶元件的框架，然后放置以聚合物材料膜的形式存在的第一中间层，任选的待层压的其它元件(例如PDLC体系和附加中间膜)，和最后是第一玻璃基材，以构成堆叠体；
-进行堆叠体的层压操作以构成层压整体；该操作本身是熟知的，优选将堆叠体整体放置在真空袋中(而不是实施堆叠体的压延操作以排出空气)和进行高压处理；
-去除由第一玻璃基材、第一中间层、液晶元件和任选的框架组成的层压组件的支撑表面(背玻璃)；
-在第二玻璃基材和在液晶元件一侧的层压组件之间布置液体OCA；
-使液体OCA交联以获得层压窗玻璃。
因此，该方法仅在元件的单一面上实施层压操作，将其厚度变化的风险降至最低。一旦背玻璃被移除，液晶元件就会松弛，可能的不均匀光传输点都会消失。此外，在元件的另一面上沉积液体材料将防止在该面一侧的厚度变形，并且将为在元件的该另一面与第二玻璃基材之间的界面赋予表面平坦度。层压窗玻璃(在材料堆叠体的意义上)将具有较低的光透射不均匀性风险。
一旦液晶元件被沉积在第一中间层上，聚合物材料框架就可以附接在液晶元件周围。作为一种变型，框架可以已经与液晶元件的轮廓连成一体，元件和框架形成一个整体组件，该组件被沉积在第一中间层上。
本发明现在借助实施例并根据所附的说明进行描述，这些实施例仅是说明性的，决不限制本发明的范围，其中：
[图1]或图1显示了根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的第一实施例的示意性侧剖视图。
[图2]或图2显示了图1的层压窗玻璃的示意性顶视图。
[图3]或图3显示了根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的第二实施例的示意性侧剖视图。
[图4]或图4是图1和图3的实施例的宾-主元件的细节示意图。
[图5]或图5是根据本发明的用于获得图1的层压窗玻璃的制备方法的步骤的示意图。
为清楚起见，图中所示的各种元素不一定按比例复制。
在图1中所示的本发明的层压窗玻璃1是一种包括液晶元件2的通过液晶实现可变透射性的层压窗玻璃。
层压窗玻璃1旨在用于建筑应用或交通工具应用。当向液晶元件2的电极施加电压时，层压窗玻璃1的透光率发生改变。窗玻璃1在没有电压时通常是透亮的(具有高透光率，例如70％左右)，并且通过施加电压而变暗(低透光率，例如25%量级)。相反，可以设想没有电压时窗玻璃通常是暗的；而通过施加电压变得透亮的。通常透亮或通常黑暗状态取决于窗玻璃的使用。在其透亮状态下，窗玻璃可以具有或可以不具有彩色外观，这取决于目的应用(玻璃基材和/或中间膜，或甚至液晶元件，其可以被着色)。
在图1中所示的第一实施例的层压窗玻璃1包括：
- 第一玻璃基材10；
- 第二玻璃基材11，与第一基材10相距一定距离设置；
- 液晶元件2，设置在窗玻璃的中心并具有两个相反的主面20和21；
- 在第一基材10和元件2的主面之一20之间的第一层压中间层30；
- 第二中间层40，其使得可以通过除层压方法之外的方法使第二基材11与元件2的相反主面21连成一体。
液晶元件2被框架5包围。框架5例如由PVB或环氧树脂制成。如在图2中所见，当液晶元件2没有在窗玻璃的整个表面上延伸时，框架5作为与液晶元件2相同厚度的间隔体，以填充在两个中间层30和40之间存在间隙。
根据下文关于附图或在未示出的所设想的变体中描述的层压窗玻璃1的用途，层压窗玻璃将按原样作为整件进行使用，或将与一种或其它的与第一基材层压的玻璃基材组合，或与第一基材和/或第二基材间隔开的一个或其它玻璃基材组合。
在由图3所示的第二实施例中，层压窗玻璃1在液晶元件2和第一玻璃基材10之间包括另一个液晶体系6，例如PDLC，被层压在第一中间层30和附加中间层31之间，后者与第一基材10层压。在液晶元件2的相反面21上，如图1所示，第二中间层40使得可以使所述第二玻璃基材11与元件2的相反面21连成一体，而不使用层压方法。
玻璃基材10和11具有适合使用层压窗玻璃的厚度。厚度可以为0.3mm-15mm，优选1-5mm；例如，它是1.6mm、1.8mm或2.1mm。
层压中间层30和31是聚合材料膜，如PVB膜。它们尤其具有0.07mm-2mm的厚度，尤其是0.38mm或0.76mm。
层压中间层30和31和/或玻璃基材10和11可以具有技术功能性，如紫外线阻断、红外线保护、声学、抗反射、抗粘、抗划伤、光催化、抗划痕、防指纹、防雾、着色。
液晶元件2优选地是包括液晶液体体积的液晶元件。在本实施例中，液晶元件是包括与至少一种二向色染料混合的液晶液体体积22的宾-主液晶元件。如图4中所示，液晶元件2包含液体混合物22、两个排列层23和24、两个电极25和26、两个玻璃封装基材27和28、和密封接头29。两个玻璃封装基材27和28由未示出的玻璃间隔体保持间隔开，并且与密封接头29一起形成容纳液晶液体体积22的空腔。元件侧面的密封通过外围密封接头29(例如由环氧树脂或硅树脂制成)实现。间隔体被布置在整个空腔中并且优选地还布置在密封接头中。面对两个封装基材27和28中每一个的空腔的内部面覆盖有电极25和26，例如由ITO制成，其本身覆盖有排列层23和24，排列层23和24与液体体积22接触。液晶元件2具有为250-350μm的总厚度。空腔的高度对应于间隔体的高度，空腔的高度特别地为约10μm。
液晶元件2的两个封装基材27和28由薄玻璃制成。优选地，它们是化学钢化玻璃。玻璃封装基材27、28中每一个具有小于1000μm，特别地为25μm-700μm的厚度，优选地小于300μm，甚至小于100μm的厚度。每个封装基材的玻璃厚度是足够薄的，以便在将液晶元件与玻璃基材10和11相结合时，为液晶元件提供膜一样的柔韧性，当玻璃基材是弯曲时更是如此。特别地，每个玻璃封装基材27、28的玻璃厚度使得每个玻璃封装基材具有至少在600mm量级并且甚至可以达到200mm的最小曲率半径。
本发明人已经证明，当通过聚合物材料中间膜30或31使元件2和第一玻璃基材10层压的方法时，通过使用液晶元件实施，该液晶元件的封装基材27和28由薄玻璃(不是塑料)制成，这最大限度地减少使元件厚度增大变形的风险，避免损坏电极和在窗玻璃完全组装完成后出现不均匀的光透射外观。
如果第一中间层30是允许使液晶元件2通过层压与第一基材连成一体的聚合物膜，则第二中间层40由透明粘合材料制成，以避免在与第二玻璃基材11连成一体之前经历与液晶元件的另一面21层压方法的步骤。第二中间层是液体OCA，一旦通过液体路径沉积就能够交联并被第二基材覆盖。OCA通过聚合如紫外线照射变硬。OCA例如是丙烯酸树脂。
此外，本发明的液晶层压窗玻璃1优选被设计成通过一个或多个紫外线滤光器保护液晶元件2免受紫外线辐射。将至少在元件的主面之一上提供保护，该面将对应于当层压窗玻璃1将被用于通向外部的开口中时面向外部环境的面。优选地，将在元件2的另一个主面上和/或元件2的侧面位置以补充的方式建立对紫外线辐射的保护。
在图1和2的实施例中，至少所述层压中间层30和31是过滤紫外线(这不仅在400nm以下而且在400nm也是如此)的聚合材料膜。例如，通过嵌入膜中的颗粒提供紫外线阻断性质，这些颗粒能够阻挡紫外线并且不会在可见辐射中扩散。有利地，紫外膜具有小于1％，优选地小于0.1％，更优选地小于0.01％的至少在280nm-400nm之间的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。
此外，为了确保液晶元件2在其侧面处免受紫外线的伤害，框架5还构成了紫外线滤光器。框架5还具有小于1％，优选地小于0.1％，更优选地小于0.01％的至少在280nm-400nm之间的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。
图1的层压窗玻璃1的制备方法现在通过参照图5进行描述：
-第一步(步骤1)在于将液晶元件2定位在支撑表面7上，如背玻璃，其涂覆有抗粘涂层70，例如PTFE涂层，并任选地布置框架5围绕液晶元件，然后是由聚合物材料制成的第一中间层30，例如PVB膜，任选的待层压的其它元件(例如图3的实施例的PDLC体系6和附加中间膜31)，和最后是第一玻璃基材10以构成堆叠体。堆叠体已放置在真空袋中，然后进行层压操作以形成层压组件1'；
-第二步(步骤2)在于从由第一玻璃基材10、第一中间层30、液晶元件2和任选的框架5组成的层压组件中去除背玻璃7；
-第三步(步骤3)在于将液体OCA布置在第二玻璃基材11和在液晶元件2一侧的层压组件1'之间，然后使液体OCA交联以获得第二中间层40和层压窗玻璃1。
液体OCA硬化的方式取决于其性质，一些OCA特别地通过聚合进行交联，例如紫外线辐射或其它能量输入，例如通过加热，而另一些通过添加硬化剂在室温进行交联。
支撑表面7可以是可膨胀的膜。
当框架5是必要的时，框架5例如由PVB制成并且布置在液晶元件2整个周围。作为变体，框架5可以通过将密封阻挡层如粘合剂沉积在背玻璃上或背玻璃侧面，并在元件和阻挡层之间沉积液体OCA，然后使OCA硬化来获得。或者作为变型，框架5可以在它被提供时已经与液晶元件2连成一体。
在步骤3的第一非限制性实施例中，该步骤在于将液体OCA沉积在第二玻璃基材11上，然后在其上沉积层压组件1'(在液晶元件2一侧)，最后使OCA交联以形成第二中间层40，得到本发明的层压窗玻璃1。
在步骤3的第二非限制性实施例中，第二玻璃基材11相对于层压组件1'保持间隔，以提供旨在填充液体OCA的空腔、液晶元件2面对所述第二玻璃基材11。间隔和密封通过包括间隔体的外围密封接头来获得，间隔体的高度对应于要注入的液体OCA的高度。在密封接头中设置一个或多个开口，以便穿过它们通过注入引入液体OCA，直到它占据第二玻璃基材11和液晶元件2之间的整个空腔。为了加快填充过程，可以通过与注射开口相反的开口提供抽真空。然后，使OCA固化以获得本发明的层压窗玻璃1。

Claims (12)

1.具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃(1)，其包括第一玻璃基材(10)和第二玻璃基材(11)、至少一个液晶元件(2)，以及设置在第一玻璃基材(10)和液晶元件(2)之间的第一中间层(30)，和设置在第二玻璃基材(11)和液晶元件(2)之间的第二中间层(40)，其特征在于，所述第一中间层(30)是聚合材料膜，并且所述第二中间层(40)由透明粘合剂材料(OCA)制成，透明粘合剂材料在制备窗玻璃之前以液体形式存在并且能够进行交联。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第一中间层(30)基于选自以下聚合物中的至少一种聚合物：聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯(PET)、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸酯树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯丙烯、聚氟乙烯、乙烯四氟乙烯、环烯烃共聚物(COC)，优选地，所述第一中间层为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)膜，或乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)膜，或聚氨酯(PU)膜，或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第一中间层(30)构成紫外线滤光器。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括被布置在第一玻璃基材和液晶元件之间的一个或多个其它聚合材料中间膜的叠置，中间膜中的每个构成能够具有技术功能性的膜。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括布置在液晶元件(2)周围并与所述第一中间层(30)接触的聚合材料框架(5)，所述框架(5)优选地构成紫外线滤光器。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，由OCA制成的所述第二中间层(40)选自以下材料：丙烯酸类、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯、硅树脂和环氧树脂。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，其包括两个液晶元件，其中至少一个是包含与二向色染料混合的液晶液体体积的元件，另一个液晶元件是其中液晶体积不是以液体形式存在的液晶体系，例如聚合物分散液晶体系“PDLC”或胆甾型液晶体系“CLC”，或聚合物网络中的液晶体系“PNLC”。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括至少一个红外线防护功能层，所述功能层被布置在所述层压窗玻璃内部。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述液晶元件(2)包括液晶体积的封装基材(27、28)，所述封装基材(27、28)是聚合物基材或玻璃基材。
10.制备根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃的方法，其特征在于，它包括以下步骤：
-将液晶元件(2)放置在覆盖有抗粘涂层(70)的支撑面(7)上，并在需要时设置围绕液晶元件(2)的框架(5)，然后放置由聚合材料制成的第一中间层(30)，任选地待层压的其它元件，最后是第一玻璃基材(10)；
-进行层压操作以构成层压组件(1')；
-从层压组件(1')上移除支撑表面(7)；
-在第二玻璃基材(11)和在液晶元件(2)一侧的层压组件(1’)之间设置液体OCA；
-使液体OCA交联以获得层压窗玻璃(1)。
11.根据前一项权利要求所述的制备方法，其特征在于，布置液体OCA的步骤和交联步骤在于将液体OCA沉积在第二玻璃基材(11)上，然后沉积在在液晶元件(2)一侧的层压组件(1')上，最后使OCA交联，以由此形成第二中间层(40)。
12.根据权利要求10所述的制备方法，其特征在于，布置液体OCA步骤和交联步骤在于保持第二玻璃基材(11)相对于层压组件(1')间隔开，以提供旨在用液体OCA填充的空腔，液晶元件(2)与所述第二玻璃基材(11)相面对，间隔和密封通过包括间隔体的外围密封接头获得，在于在密封接头中安排一个或多个开口，以穿过所述开口注入液体OCA直到它占据第二玻璃基材(11)和液晶元件(2)之间的整个空腔，并最后使OCA交联以由此形成第二中间层(40)。
CN202180004888.4A 2020-09-18 2021-09-15 液晶层压窗玻璃及其制备方法 Pending CN114585507A (zh)

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EP0540353A2 (en) * 1991-10-30 1993-05-05 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display
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WO2020003252A1 (en) * 2018-06-29 2020-01-02 Agp America S.A. Laminated glazing with a switchable liquid crystal layer
CN110869837A (zh) * 2017-06-23 2020-03-06 韦巴斯托股份公司 具有液晶布置结构的车窗玻璃

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EP0540353A2 (en) * 1991-10-30 1993-05-05 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display
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CN110869837A (zh) * 2017-06-23 2020-03-06 韦巴斯托股份公司 具有液晶布置结构的车窗玻璃
WO2020003252A1 (en) * 2018-06-29 2020-01-02 Agp America S.A. Laminated glazing with a switchable liquid crystal layer

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