CN114556202A - 液晶层压窗玻璃 - Google Patents

液晶层压窗玻璃 Download PDF

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CN114556202A
CN114556202A CN202180004884.6A CN202180004884A CN114556202A CN 114556202 A CN114556202 A CN 114556202A CN 202180004884 A CN202180004884 A CN 202180004884A CN 114556202 A CN114556202 A CN 114556202A
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liquid crystal
glass
laminated glazing
glazing
intermediate film
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L·马约
M·拉博特
A·雅法尔
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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Abstract

具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃包括至少一个第一主玻璃基材(10)和第二主玻璃基材(11)，至少一个包含被封装在两个封装基材之间的液晶的液晶元件(2)，和至少一个在第一玻璃基材(10)和元件(2)之间的第一层压中间膜(30)和在第二玻璃基材(11)和元件(2)之间的第二层压中间膜(40)，其特征在于所述液晶元件(2)的封装基材中每一个均由玻璃制成。

Description

液晶层压窗玻璃
本发明涉及具有可变光学性质的电控窗玻璃领域，更特别地，涉及一种通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃。
本发明将更特别地描述具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃在交通工具应用(机动车辆、火车、飞机)中的用途，但不限于此。它尤其可以应用于建筑物用窗玻璃，例如外墙或隔板或其它内部玻璃化表面。
一种通过液晶具有可变透射率的层压窗玻璃，包括至少两个主玻璃基材、两个层压中间塑料膜，通常是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)，和一个放置在两个层压中间膜之间的液晶元件。液晶元件包含封装在两个封装聚合物膜之间的液晶，这两个封装聚合物膜通过间隔体如玻璃珠保持恒定距离。每个封装聚合物膜均被提供有电极。当向电极施加电压时，液晶改变定向并改变光穿过元件的透射率，窗玻璃从透亮状态变为黑暗状态，反之亦然。“透亮状态、黑暗状态”是指窗玻璃在其透亮状态下具有的可见透光率大于其在黑暗状态下具有的透光率。液晶元件可以包括与液晶组合的二向色染料，和/或在其表面外部上的偏振器。根据目标应用，液晶由于与二向色染料(当它们存在时)相互作用的平衡取向，透亮和黑暗状态将对应于通电电极的开启/关闭或关闭/开启状态。当在电极之间没有电压的情况(关闭状态)下透光率是最高时，将称为窗玻璃的通常透亮状态，因此允许视线穿过窗玻璃，而当电极处于关闭状态时，所述玻璃的黑暗状态将对应电极加压(开启状态)导致液晶重新定向和光传输的改变(光传输变得更弱)。相反，当在没有电压的情况下透光率是最低时，将称为玻璃的正常黑暗状态，而通过施加电压，玻璃将变得透亮。
元件的封装膜的聚合物性质，通常是由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)或聚碳酸酯(PC)，允许容易地将元件层压到玻璃基材的PVB层压中间膜上。
假使今天液晶元件可以用于某些带有平板玻璃的建筑应用中，那么这项技术最近也引起了汽车行业的兴趣，对于汽车行业需要使玻璃变暗的窗玻璃是多种多样的：车顶开口、后窗、侧窗或在挡风玻璃上部的渐变条。
然而，层压窗玻璃的制备方法，由于在通过使用真空袋和高压釜的过程中的高压和高温，可导致封装液晶元件的聚合物膜的局部变形，特别地元件厚度的增加，其导致液晶取向的局部改变。这导致在通常透亮的窗玻璃上存在暗区，这绝不是所希望的，尤其是在机动车辆应用中。事实上，在机动车辆中，乘员就在窗玻璃附近，黑暗区域清晰可见；这些黑暗区域不仅不美观，甚至会干扰驾驶员的视线。此外，当窗玻璃被弯曲时，在制备层压窗玻璃的过程中保持液晶元件厚度的问题更加突出。然而，弯曲的窗玻璃在汽车领域中是必不可少的。
此外，由于在窗玻璃的使用中的温度变化周期，液晶元件的周期性变形也会影响透亮电极，尤其具有裂纹扩展的风险，这导致崩塌，甚至失去导电性和元件的故障。
因此，本发明的目的是通过提供一种技术解决方案来克服上述缺点，该技术解决方案提供了一种具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃，其液晶元件变形的风险被最小化，从而使窗玻璃层压窗玻璃可以呈现出均匀外观且没有斑点的表面，即使层压窗玻璃是弯曲的。此外，通过将变形风险降至最低，元件的电极不会受到损坏。
根据本发明，具有通过液晶实现可变透射率的层压窗玻璃包括至少一个第一主玻璃基材和一个第二主玻璃基材，至少一个液晶元件(其包含封装在两个封装基材之间的液晶，该基材的内部面具有电极和排列层(couche alignement))，和至少一个在第一玻璃基材和液晶元件之间的第一层压中间膜和在第二玻璃基材和液晶元件之间的第二层压中间膜，该层压窗玻璃的特征在于所述液晶元件的每个封装基材均由玻璃制成。
优选地，液晶元件使得液晶以液晶的液体体积的形式存在。液体体积被限制在由玻璃封装基材和外围密封接头界定的空腔中。
当液晶元件不含染料时，它包括两个偏振器。这时将偏振器与元件的玻璃封装基材的外部面(与包含液体体积的空腔相反的面)相结合。
液晶的液体体积可以包括一种或多种二向色染料。包含在其中分散有一种或多种二向色性染料的液晶的液体混合物的液晶元件在说明书的其余部分被称为宾-主液晶元件，或者用英文表述“guest-host”液晶元件。
包含宾-主液体混合物的液晶元件可以进一步包括一个或多个偏振器(在元件的一个或多个外部面上)。
封装基材的玻璃是超薄玻璃，其玻璃的厚度使其足够柔韧以匹配弯曲形状。
因此，令人惊讶的是，通过将一对玻璃封装基材而不是一对塑料基材用于液晶元件，窗玻璃保持颜色均匀，没有出现色点(没有暗点或亮点)。它表明，在层压过程中，当元件由玻璃封装基材而不是封装聚合物材料膜制成时，元件的厚度变化要小得多。此外，由于元件的基材是由玻璃制成的，所以使用塑料中间层的层压(以将液晶元件与主玻璃基材结合起来)不会造成任何问题。此外，构成该元件的封装基材的非常薄的玻璃厚度使其足够柔韧，以使整个元件形成膜，该膜可以通过完美匹配窗玻璃的曲线/弯曲轮廓而进行沉积，并且这在层压方法的抽真空和加热步骤之前进行。
在本发明的有利实施方案中，第一和第二主玻璃基材是弯曲的。根据本发明的液晶元件的构造(其封装基材由超薄玻璃制成)因此允许促进元件在窗玻璃的两个主要弯曲玻璃基材之间的层压(通过聚合物中间膜)，而不会降低窗玻璃的透光均匀性。
特别地，发明人已经出乎意料地证明，当元件与弯曲的玻璃基材层压以制备弯曲的层压窗玻璃时，在液晶元件(其包封的液晶体积特别地是液体)的制备中使用玻璃包封基材不会产生改变元件的厚度的缺点。因此，使用由玻璃封装基材制成的液晶元件(特别地当封装的液晶体积为液体时)在制备曲面层压窗玻璃中是特别有效的；在弯曲的层压窗玻璃中没有检测到不均匀的光透射区。
甚至更特别地，发明人已经出乎意料地证明，使用化学钢化玻璃封装基材甚至更好地避免了在层压过程中元件厚度变化的风险。因此，优选地，液晶元件的每个玻璃封装基材为化学钢化玻璃。
根据一个特征，液晶元件的玻璃封装基材中每一个的厚度使得液晶元件构成柔性膜，也就是说，其在室温下匹配表面(在其上沉积所述柔性膜/所述元件)的形状。
特别地，液晶元件的每个玻璃封装基材具有为600mm量级，甚至可以达到200mm的最小曲率半径。
液晶元件的各玻璃封装基材具有小于1000μm，特别地25-700μm，优选小于300μm，甚至小于100μm的厚度。
在一种实施方案变型中，层压窗玻璃可以包括两个液晶元件，其封装基材由玻璃制成。
在一种实施方案变型中，层压窗玻璃可以包括两个液晶元件，其中之一是要求保护的元件，其封装基材由玻璃制成并且还包括与二向色性染料混合的液晶的液体体积，而另一个液晶元件是其中液晶体积不以液体形式存在的液晶体系，如聚合物分散液晶体系“PDLC”(英文为Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal，其中液体晶体分散在聚合物基质中)，或胆甾型液晶体系“CLC”(英文为Cholesteric Liquid Crystal)或聚合物网络液晶体系“PNLC”(英文为Polymer Network Liquid Crystal)。所述其它液晶体系具有由聚合物材料制成的其封装基材。由于其聚合物封装基材，所述其它液晶体系以聚合物膜形式存在。证明，液体体积元件将允许从窗玻璃的黑暗状态更快地转化为其透亮状态，并且两个在运行中的元件的耦合将使得可以为窗玻璃的黑暗状态提供完全黑色(而不是唯一的着色效果)。此外，两个独立元件的存在将允许每个元件根据所需效果独立运行，并在需要时将功能分离到窗玻璃的不同区域中。
所述其它液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜，将通过胶合进行提供或通过层压方法连成一体。因此，所述其它液晶体系将设置在主玻璃基材之一和本发明的液晶元件之间，通过被插入在两个层压中间膜之间，或者通过粘合剂层直接耦合到液晶元件。
所述其它液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜，可以有利地为窗玻璃提供漫射功能；当窗玻璃为特别暗时，黑暗外观将是更强烈的，与更大的透光率变化有关。
所述其它液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜，可以与液晶元件的通电伴随或不伴随地而通电。所述其它液晶体系，特别地PDLC膜的控制可以独立于本发明的液晶元件的控制。
此外，层压窗玻璃可以包括两个本发明的液晶元件，特别地通过粘合剂材料彼此耦合。两个元件的组合尤其允许提供更强烈的黑暗状态，这与光透射的更大变化相关联。
根据另一特征，第一中间膜和/或第二中间膜由聚合物材料的透明膜形成，该聚合物材料基于选自以下聚合物的至少一种聚合物：聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚醋酸酯树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯丙烯、聚氟乙烯、乙烯四氟乙烯、环烯烃共聚物(COC)、透明粘合剂材料(OCA为英文“Optical Clear Adhesive”的意思)。
OCA特别地为丙烯酸、聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVA)、聚氨酯(PU)、硅树脂或环氧树脂类型。
透明粘合剂材料(OCA)可以以固态或液态进行沉积，并在使固化后形成中间膜的层压方法期间固化。
第一层压中间膜和/或第二层压中间膜可以是透亮的或有色的。
第一层压中间膜和/或第二层压中间膜可以构成紫外线滤光器。紫外滤光器具有小于1％，优选小于0.1％，更优选小于0.01％的至少在280nm-400nm之间的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。透光率根据ISO13887进行测量。
虽然紫外线滤光器在400纳米以下是有效的，但紫外线吸收并不总是在400nm(处于可见光谱的极限)。在这里，所述一个或多个滤光器进行设计以吸收在400nm的紫外线，吸收在400nm的紫外线的滤光器必须对400nm以下的辐射表现良好。
此外，紫外线滤光器将优选地进行设计以使得紫外线吸收颗粒不会过多地干扰滤光器的颜色，特别地滤光器将进行调整以使其颜色不会趋于黄色。
为了使至少一个呈中间膜形式的紫外滤光器的透光率小于0.01%，层压窗玻璃可以包括单个具有小于0.01%的透光率的中间膜，或者可以包括多个叠置的中间膜的组合，该组合允许提供小于0.01％的透光率。
在一个实施例中，紫外线滤光器包括至少两个过滤紫外线的商用PVB膜的叠置，每个过滤紫外线的PVB膜具有小于1％的在400nm的透光率。发明人已经证明，通过叠置两个其每个具有小于1%的在400nm的透光率的PVB过滤紫外线的商用膜，两个中间膜的叠置提供了小于0.01%的在400nm的透光率的滤光器。因此，紫外线滤光器在400nm具有高性能，在低于400nm的范围(透光率趋于零的范围)内，更是如此。
有利地，层压窗玻璃包括至少一个红外线防护和/或紫外线辐射防护功能层，该功能层被施加到第一主玻璃基材的内部面或外部面(外部面是面对外部环境的外部面)和/或在第二主玻璃基材的内部面或外部面上和/或在第一中间膜上和/或在第二中间膜上和/或在附加中间膜上，和/或由第一中间膜和/或第二中间膜和/或一个或多个附加中间膜构成。
红外线防护功能层可以是薄金属层，其直接沉积在主基材的玻璃上，或沉积在与主玻璃基材之一或与第一和第二中间膜之一连接的膜上。该红外线保护层对于反射红外线特别有用，以不加热液晶元件。事实上，过高的温度会影响液晶的正常运作，并有相变的风险。此外，这将元件的变形和厚度变化的风险降至最低，避免了元件的透光率的不均匀性(和因此窗玻璃颜色的不均匀性)，不均匀性将体现为在窗玻璃表面上在厚度会增加的地方出现黑点或者在厚度会减少的地方出现亮点。此外，在液晶元件的电极处裂纹扩展的风险(与由于窗玻璃使用位置的温度变化周期引起的变形周期有关)也被最小化。
抗紫外辐射的功能层优选由构成紫外线滤光器的中间膜(阻挡紫外线的粒子被嵌入在中间膜中)之一构成。第一中间膜和第二中间膜可以是紫外线滤光器，其允许保护液晶元件的两个相反面免受紫外线的伤害。所述一个或多个中间膜是例如过滤紫外线的PVB。当染料存在于液晶元件中时，紫外线滤光器特别地用于保护染料，从而延长元件的寿命。
在一个具体的应用实施例中，层压窗玻璃包括至少一个红外线防护功能层和至少一个抗紫外线辐射功能层，优选地层压窗玻璃在第一玻璃基材的内部面(窗玻璃的面2，在窗玻璃与外部环境接触的安装位置上-窗玻璃的面1通常是与外部环境接触的面)上包含红外线保护层以保护元件免受来自外部的红外辐射，与第一主玻璃基材层压并构成紫外线滤光器的中间膜(优选地该膜由过滤紫外线且可着色的PVB制成)，和在第二玻璃基材的外部面(窗玻璃的面4)上的低辐射层，其旨在反射来自乘客舱或内部房间的长波长红外线。
层压窗玻璃可以包括其它功能，这些功能通过与主玻璃基材和/或液晶元件的玻璃封装基材和/或中间膜直接接触的涂层进行添加，或由中间膜提供，或者通过在中间膜或主玻璃基材上添加附加膜进行添加。这些不同的功能是，例如，声学、抗反射、抗粘、抗划伤、光催化、防指纹、防雾、着色等性质。
当液晶元件仅在窗玻璃的一部分表面上延伸时，聚合材料框架布置在液晶元件整个外周和在两个中间膜之间，以补偿在空间中元件的厚度，否则，在两个中间膜之间将是空的。框架可以有利地构成紫外线滤光器，保护液晶元件侧面的整个周边，这在本发明的液晶元件是包含染料的宾-主液晶元件时是特别有用的，以保护染料以免受紫外线。框架可以是上述用于构成中间膜的材料之一。
本发明的层压窗玻璃可以构成建筑物的窗玻璃。
本发明的层压窗玻璃可以构成交通工具的窗玻璃，特别地选自汽车、火车、卡车、飞机、军用车辆和公共汽车的交通工具的窗玻璃。
如果它是交通工具的窗玻璃，则层压窗玻璃特别地选自车顶窗玻璃、后窗玻璃、侧窗玻璃、挡风玻璃和挡风玻璃上部分的渐变带。
层压窗玻璃可以是平坦的或弯曲的。
层压窗玻璃可用于双层窗玻璃或三层窗玻璃中。
本发明还涉及一种制备上述本发明层压窗玻璃的方法，包括：
-在可弯曲的第一主玻璃基材上预层压至少一个由聚合物材料制成的第一中间膜的步骤(术语“预层压步骤”被理解为是指沉积膜的步骤)，并且预层压在可以进行弯曲的第二主玻璃基材上层压至少一个第二聚合材料中间膜；
-在第一中间膜上提供并沉积液晶元件的步骤，该液晶元件的封装基材由玻璃制成，优选地，该液晶元件包括封装在两个玻璃封装基材之间的液晶和任选的至少一种二色性染料的液体混合物，并任选地，围绕液晶元件布置框架；
-在液晶元件上沉积第二主玻璃基材的步骤以使第二层压中间膜与液晶元件接触；
-对整个堆叠体进行高压处理的步骤，最好是在真空袋中。
此外，本发明涉及一种制备本发明的液晶元件的方法，该液晶元件包括任选地与一种或多种二向色性染料混合的液晶的液体体积，该方法的步骤例如为如下：
-提供两个玻璃基材，优选化学钢化玻璃，其厚度小于1000微米，优选小于300微米，甚至小于100微米；每个玻璃基材具有电极，例如ITO(氧化铟锡)，和覆盖电极的排列层；
-在两个玻璃基材周围形成周边密封接头，排列层彼此相对，玻璃基材通过间隔体(例如玻璃珠)保持间隔，两个玻璃基材构成玻璃封装基材并用密封接头限定空腔;
-在密封接头中安装至少一个开口并通过开口将液晶液体引入空腔中；
-使所述至少一个开口紧密性密封。
最后，本发明还涉及如上定义的本发明的层压窗玻璃用于制备选自挡风玻璃、挡风玻璃的一部分、侧窗、后窗和车顶窗玻璃的交通工具的层压窗玻璃的用途和/或用于制备选自汽车、火车、卡车、飞机、军用车辆和公共汽车的交通工具的窗玻璃，和/或用于制备双层窗玻璃或三层窗玻璃，和/或用于制备弯曲窗玻璃的用途。
本发明的其它细节和特征将在以下借助实施例的描述(该实施例仅是说明性的，决不限制本发明的范围)，并由所附的描述而显现出来，其中：
[图1]或图1示出了根据本发明的液晶层压窗玻璃的实施例的部分示意性侧剖视图。
[图2]或图2是根据本发明的图1的液晶元件的详细示意图。
[图3]或图3显示了图1的层压窗玻璃的示意性顶视图。
[图4]或图4是根据本发明的液晶层压窗玻璃的另一个实施例的部分示意性侧剖视图。
为清楚起见，在图中所示的各种元素非必须地按比例复制。
图1所示的本发明的层压窗玻璃1是一种可变透射液晶层压窗玻璃，包括液晶元件2。
层压窗玻璃1旨在用于建筑应用或交通工具应用。当向液晶元件2的电极施加电压时，层压窗玻璃1看到其透光率发生变化。在没有电压的情况下，窗玻璃1通常可以是透亮的(高透光率)，并且通过施加电压它会变成黑暗(低透光率)。相反，可以构思在没有电压时窗玻璃通常是黑暗的；这时通过施加电压变得透亮的。通常透亮或通常黑暗状态取决于窗玻璃的使用。在其透亮状态下，窗玻璃可以根据预期应用具有或不具有彩色外观(玻璃和/或可着色的层压中间膜)。
根据下面参照附图描述的层压窗玻璃1的用途或设想的未示出的变体，其将作为单一窗玻璃以整体形式原样使用，或将与一个或多个层压或间隔玻璃基材组合。
在图1中所示的层压窗玻璃1包括：
-第一主玻璃基材10；
-第二主玻璃基材11与第一基材10相距一定距离设置或相反；
-设置在窗玻璃中心的液晶元件2，其具有两个相对的主面20和21；
-在第一主玻璃基材10和液晶元件2的一个主面20之间第一层压聚合材料中间膜30；
-第二聚合物材料中间膜40，其被层压在第二主玻璃基材11和液晶元件2的相反主面21之间。
主玻璃基材10和11具有适合于层压窗玻璃的用途的厚度。厚度可以为0.3mm-15mm，优选1-5mm；例如，1.6mm、1.8mm或2.1mm。
层压中间膜具有特别地在0.07mm-2mm之间，特别地0.38mm或0.76mm的厚度。
层压中间膜30和31在这里是由PVB制成。
层压窗玻璃1可以包括在每个主玻璃基材和液晶元件2之间叠置的多个中间膜。
液晶元件2优选地是包含液晶的液体体积的液晶元件。在本实施例中，液晶元件是包含与至少一种二向色染料混合的液晶的液体体积22的宾-主液晶元件。如在图2中所示，液晶元件2包含液体混合物22、两个排列层23、24、两个电极25、26、两个玻璃封装基材27、28、密封接头29。两个玻璃封装基材27和28由未示出的玻璃间隔体保持间隔开，并且与密封接头29一起形成容纳液晶的液体体积22的空腔。元件侧面的密封通过外围密封接头29实现，密封接头例如由环氧树脂或硅树脂制成。间隔体被布置在该密封接头中。面对两个封装基材27和28中每一个的空腔的内部表面分别覆盖有电极25和26，例如由ITO制成，其本身分别覆盖有排列层23和24，排列层23和24位于与液体体积22接触。液晶元件2具有在250-350μm之间的总厚度。空腔的高度对应于间隔体的高度，空腔具有特别地为约10μm的高度。
液晶元件2的两个封装基材27和28由薄玻璃制成。优选地，它们由化学钢化玻璃制成。玻璃封装基材27、28中每一个具有小于1000μm，特别地在25μm-700μm之间的厚度，优选地小于300μm，或者甚至小于100μm的厚度。每个封装基材的玻璃厚度是足够薄的，以便在将元件与玻璃基材10和11相连接时，为液晶元件提供膜一样的柔韧性，当玻璃基材进行弯曲时更是如此。特别地，每个玻璃封装基材27、28的玻璃厚度使得每个玻璃封装基材具有至少在600mm量级并且甚至可以达到200mm的最小曲率半径。
发明人已经证明，当通过聚合物材料中间膜30和40使液晶元件2和主玻璃基材10和11层压的方法通过使用其封装基材27和28由薄玻璃(而不是聚合材料)制成的液晶元件进行实施时，这通过增加元件的厚度将变形的风险降至最低，从而避免出现其透光率与窗玻璃表面其余部分的透光率不对应的区域(形成斑点)。
本发明的液晶元件2例如可以以如下方式进行制备：
-提供两个玻璃基材27和28，优选化学钢化玻璃基材，厚度小于1000μm，优选小于300μm，甚至小于100μm；每个玻璃基材设置有由导电材料如ITO制成的电极25、26和排列层23、24。排列层已知地是几纳米的有机材料层，其能够进行刷拭，以形成微纹，微纹允许使液晶排列；
-将两个玻璃基材27和28定位以与排列层23和24相面对，并且由密封接头29密封外围，玻璃基材27和28通过间隔体如玻璃珠保持间隔开，间隔体被设置在密封接头。密封接头29例如是硅树脂或环氧树脂等；
-在密封接头29中布置一个或多个开口，以便穿过它们通过注入引入液晶液体22(任选地与至少一种二向色染料混合)，直到其占据在两个玻璃封装基材27和28之间的整个空腔。为了加速填充过程，可以通过与注入口相反的开口提供真空抽吸；
-密闭地堵塞开口，优选使用与密封接头相同的材料。
液晶元件2因此是整体的并且可以与主玻璃基材10和11层压。
相对于玻璃基材10和11和层压中间膜30和31的整个区域，液晶元件2可以具有较小的面积。当液晶元件2没有在整个表面上延伸时在窗玻璃(图1和3)中，框架5用作与液晶元件2厚度相同的中间层，以填充两个中间层30和40之间存在的空白空间。框架5例如由PVB制成，或由OCA，例如环氧树脂制成。
本发明的层压窗玻璃1如下方式进行制备：
-在每个主玻璃基材10、11上预先层压中间膜30、31；
-将液晶元件2定位在与基材之一层压的中间膜之一上；
-如果需要，将框架5定位在中间膜上，例如通过在中间膜上围绕整个液晶元件布置PVB框架5；作为变体，框架5可以通过在中间膜上和其边缘处沉积密封屏障如粘合剂，并通过在元件和屏障之间沉积液体OCA，然后通过使OCA硬化来获得。还作为变型，框架5可以在提供液晶元件时已经与液晶元件连成一体；
-然后将第二主基材及其层压中间膜定位，中间膜与液晶元件2和框架5接触；
-整个堆叠体被安排在真空袋中并进行高压处理。
此外，本发明的液晶层压窗玻璃1优选地进行设计以通过一个或多个紫外线滤光器来保护液晶元件2免受紫外线辐射。该保护将至少在液晶元件的主面之一上进行提供，该面将对应于当层压窗玻璃1用于通向外部的开口中时面向外部环境的面。优选地，对紫外线辐射的保护将在液晶元件2的另一个主面上和/或在液晶元件2的侧面位置以补充的方式建立。
液晶元件2的面20和/或21的紫外线滤光器由层压中间膜组成。因此，当在液晶元件2和每个基材10、11之间堆叠多个中间膜时，或者每个中间膜是紫外线滤光器，或者只有一个膜是紫外线滤光器，并且在后一种情况下，它优选为与液晶元件2接触的膜。紫外线膜由高分子材料如PVB制成，其具有不仅在400nm以下而且在400nm的紫外线都具有阻断紫外线性质。例如，通过嵌入在膜中的颗粒提供紫外线阻断性质，这些颗粒能够阻挡紫外线并且不会在可见辐射中散射。优选地，将选择紫外线滤光器以不降低窗玻璃的颜色，同时保持颜色中性而不趋向于黄色，这对于汽车应用来说是特别值得重视的。
有利地，液晶元件的一个面和液晶元件侧面的紫外滤光器具有小于1%，优选小于0.1%，更优选小于0.01%的至少在280nm-400nm之间的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。
当滤光器仅由单个中间膜组成时(图1)，该膜具有至少小于1%，优选小于0.1%，更优选小于0.01%的在280nm-400nm之间的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。
当滤光器由多个中间膜的组合/叠置组成时，正是所述膜的组合具有小于1%，优选小于0.1%，更优选小于0.01%的至少在280nm-400nm之间的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。
过滤紫外线的商业PVB膜是例如以名称Eastman RU41出售的膜，其专用于汽车窗玻璃，具有为0.76毫米的厚度。这种0.76毫米厚的膜的在可见光中透光率为90.1%，而在400nm的透光率仍然是过高，为2.7%。发明人已经提出将两个0.76mm的Eastman RU41膜叠置，这使得能够获得非常有效的紫外线阻断，即对于该两个中间膜整体小于1%，特别地0.08%(因此小于0.1%)的在400nm的透光率，同时不会过多降低在可见光范围内的透光率，即穿过这两个膜的透光率为88.5%。
此外，为了最大地保护液晶元件2在其侧面免受紫外线，框架5还构成紫外线滤光器。框架5还具有小于1％，优选地小于0.1％，更优选地小于0.01％的至少在280nm-400nm的透光率，特别地在400nm的透光率。
当框架5由PVB制成时，后者是过滤紫外线的PVB，例如具有与以名称Eastman RU41销售的PVB组成相同的组成的PVB。
层压窗玻璃1可以包括许多变型，特别地，根据其用途。例如，层压窗玻璃可以包含两个彼此粘合的液晶元件2，和/或至少一个液晶体系，相反地，液晶体系的封装基材是聚合物的，例如PDLC体系，和/或一个或多个与第一玻璃基材10和/或第二基材11面对的附加玻璃基材，在制备双层窗玻璃或三层窗玻璃的情况下，所述一个或多个附加玻璃基材本身被层压和/或按一定距离布置。窗玻璃的中间膜(过滤或不过滤紫外线)和/或主玻璃基材可以具有技术功能，例如红外防护、声学性质、抗反射、抗粘、抗划伤、光催化、防指纹、防雾，着色。
在图1的实施例中，如果使用窗玻璃1，其中第一玻璃基材10面向外部环境，而第二玻璃基材11旨在面向乘客舱，则窗玻璃具有以下功能层：
-第一红外线防护功能层；第一基材10的内面(窗玻璃的面2)有利地包括红外线防护功能层10'，以保护液晶元件2免受来自外部的红外辐射；
-用于吸收紫外线的功能层，特别地在400nm；中间膜30，优选为PVB，具有紫外线过滤功能；
-第二红外防护功能层；在第二玻璃基材11的外部面(窗玻璃的面4)上包括低辐射层11'，该低辐射层11'反射来自乘客舱内部的长波红外线；
-任选地，由第二中间层40形成的另一个用于吸收紫外线的功能层。
在图4的实施例中，层压窗玻璃1包括两个液晶元件2和6。第一液晶元件2如上所述，包括玻璃封装基材和与二向色性染料混合的体积液晶液体。第二液晶元件6是其中液晶体积不以液体形式存在的液晶体系，例如聚合物分散液晶体系“PDLC”或“胆甾型”液晶体系“CLC”或聚合物网络液晶体系“PNLC”。第二液晶元件6具有由聚合材料制成的封装基材。中间层41使得可以耦合两个液晶元件2和6。中间层41的类型可以是PVB或EVA或其它类型的聚合物膜，或者是液体或膜形式的OCA。优选地，两个液晶元件2、6之间的中间层41为OCA，中间膜30、40由PVB制备。

Claims (11)

1.一种具有通过液晶实现可变透射性的层压窗玻璃，其包括至少一个第一主玻璃基材(10)和第二主玻璃基材(11)，至少一个包括被封装在两个封装基材(27，28)之间的液晶的液晶元件(2)，和至少一个在第一玻璃基材(10)和元件(2)之间的第一层压中间膜(30)和在第二玻璃基材(11)和液晶元件(2)之间的第二层压中间膜(40)，其特征在于，所述液晶元件(2)的封装基材(27、28)中的每一个均由玻璃制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述液晶元件的玻璃封装基材(27、28)中的每一个具有的厚度使得所述元件构成柔性膜，也就是说，其在室温下与在其上沉积所述膜的表面的形状相匹配。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述液晶元件的每个玻璃封装基材(27、28)是由化学钢化玻璃制成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述液晶元件(2)的玻璃封装基材(27、28)中的每一个具有小于1000μm，特别地25μm-700μm之间的厚度，优选小于300μm，甚至小于100μm的厚度。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，其包括两个液晶元件(2、6)，它们中之一是包含与二色性染料混合的液晶的液体体积的元件(6)，另一个液晶元件(6)是其中液晶体积不是液体形式存在的液晶体系，例如聚合物分散液晶体系“PDLC”或胆甾型液晶体系“CLC”或聚合物网络液晶体系“PNLC”。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第一中间膜(30)和/或所述第二中间膜(40)由基于选自以下聚合物的至少一种聚合物的聚合物材料的透明膜形成：聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸酯树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯丙烯、聚氟乙烯、乙烯-四氟乙烯、环烯烃共聚物(COC)、丙烯酸类型透明粘合剂材料、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯、硅树脂或环氧树脂。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，其包括至少一个红外线防护和/或抗紫外线防护功能层，所述功能层被施加到所述第一主玻璃基材的内部面或外部面上(10)和/或在第二主玻璃基材(11)的内部面或外部面上和/或在第一中间膜(30)上和/或在第二中间膜(40)上和/或在附加中间膜上，和/或由第一中间膜(30)和/或第二中间膜(40)和/或一个或多个附加中间膜组成。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括至少一个红外线防护功能层和至少一个抗紫外线辐射功能层，优选地所述层压窗玻璃包括在第一玻璃基材(10)的内部面上的红外线防护层(10')，由层压中间膜(30)与第一玻璃基材(10)构成的紫外线滤光器，优选地该膜由过滤紫外线的PVB制成并可着色，和在第二玻璃基材(11)的外部面上的低辐射层(11')，其目的是反射长波长红外线。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于它是平坦的或弯曲的，其可用作为单层窗玻璃，或用于双层窗玻璃或三层窗玻璃中。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于它是交通工具的窗玻璃，特别地选自车顶窗玻璃、后窗玻璃、侧窗玻璃、挡风玻璃和挡风玻璃上部分的渐变带。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它是选自汽车、火车、卡车、飞机、军用车辆和公共汽车的交通工具的窗玻璃。
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