CN114503903A - Multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
- A01G25/16—Control of watering
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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Abstract
The invention discloses a long-season substrate cultivation irrigation method for tomatoes in a multi-span greenhouse, which comprises the following steps: s1, controlling irrigation water source, and filtering and disinfecting; s2, determining the corresponding relation of a built-in formula in different growth periods of the tomatoes according to the illumination radiation to determine the irrigation quantity; s3, using different irrigation methods at different growth stages; and S4, determining irrigation frequency according to different growth periods and different seasons. By adopting the long-season tomato substrate cultivation irrigation method for the multi-span greenhouse, the yield of the tomatoes is effectively improved, and the water utilization efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tomato irrigation methods, in particular to a long-season tomato matrix cultivation irrigation method for a multi-span greenhouse.
Background
Irrigation is used as the only way for supplying water for cultivating tomatoes by using organic substrates in a greenhouse, and is vital to maintaining normal growth of the tomatoes and ensuring high quality and high yield, and accurate irrigation automatic control of the tomatoes in the greenhouse is realized by short-term prediction of irrigation water demand of the tomatoes in the greenhouse and automatic control implementation of irrigation on the basis of comprehensively considering greenhouse microclimate environmental change and real-time growth of crops. From whole greenhouse crop production process, supply water the lack can cause crop root system moisture to coerce, supply water the too much can cause the root system oxygen suppliment not enough and can make the fruit fracture or drop, the accurate irrigation control that satisfies the actual water demand condition of crop is implemented to be the global problem that is concerned with crop output quality and irrigation equipment energy consumption, has decided the final economic benefits of greenhouse production to a great extent.
At present, the formula (1J/cm) of external light radiation and irrigation quantity of the Netherlands is generally and directly adopted in production2＝3mL/m2) However, the determination of the irrigation amount is influenced by the external illumination environment, the greenhouse light transmittance and different plant growth stages in Beijing area. The traditional empirical formula of the Netherlands cannot completely meet the production in Beijing area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a long-season substrate cultivation irrigation method for tomatoes in a multi-span greenhouse, which effectively improves the yield of the tomatoes and improves the water utilization efficiency.
In order to realize the purpose, the invention provides a long-season substrate cultivation irrigation method for tomatoes in a multi-span greenhouse, which comprises the following steps:
s1, controlling irrigation water source, and filtering and disinfecting;
s2, determining the corresponding relation of a built-in formula in different growth periods of the tomatoes according to the illumination radiation to determine the irrigation quantity;
s3, using different irrigation methods at different growth stages;
and S4, determining irrigation frequency according to different growth periods and different seasons.
Preferably, in step S2, the 1 st cluster before fruit setting belongs to the seedling recovering stage, the water demand of the tomatoes is small, and the formula of correspondence between light radiation and irrigation quantity is as follows: 1J/cm2＝0.5～0.6mL/m2；
Setting fruit from 1 st ear to 2 nd ear, and stopping seedling growth, wherein the corresponding formula is 1J/cm2＝1.0～1.2mL/m2；
The formula from the 2 nd ear fruit setting to the 3 rd ear fruit setting is 1J/cm2＝2.1～2.2mL/m2；
The corresponding formula from the 3 rd ear fruit setting to the 1 st ear harvesting is 1J/cm2＝2.3～2.4mL/m2；
After the 1 st ear is harvested, the ear enters the adult stage, and the corresponding formula is 1J/cm2＝2.7～2.8mL/m2。
Preferably, in step S3, the irrigation method is as follows:
before fruit setting of the 1 st ear, the seedling stage is carried out, the total irrigation amount is 7-10 days, the irrigation amount cannot exceed 50-100 mL/plant every day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.0mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, and no liquid discharge amount exists;
the fruit setting of the 1 st ear fruit to the 2 nd ear fruit is carried out for 7-10 days, the total irrigation amount is 300-500 mL/plant in each day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 3.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, and the discharge liquid is 10% of the irrigation amount;
the fruit setting of the fruit of the 2 nd ear to the fruit of the 3 rd ear is carried out for 7-10 days, the total irrigation amount is 500-800 mL/plant in each day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.8mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 3.9mS/cm, the pH value is 5.3, and the discharge liquid is 20% of the irrigation amount;
harvesting fruits from fruit setting of the 3 rd ear to fruit harvesting of the 1 st ear for 28-35 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 800-1500 mL/plant per day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 3.1mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 4.0mS/cm, the pH value is 5.3, and the discharge liquid is 30% of the irrigation amount;
harvesting the 1 st ear of fruit until seedling pulling is carried out for 200-250 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 1500-2000 mL/plant per day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 3.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 5.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.5, and the discharge liquid is 30% of the irrigation amount.
Preferably, in the step S3, the EC value of the irrigation liquid is increased to 4.2-4.5 mS/cm before and after the 1 st ear of fruit is harvested according to the requirement of improving the taste during the cultivation of the small tomatoes.
Preferably, in step S4, the irrigation frequency, i.e. the number of irrigation times within 1d and the irrigation quantity in each time, in the harvesting period is adjusted according to the light radiation quantity, and the irrigation frequency is adjusted to reach 80-l 00J-cm each time-2The irradiation amount needs to be irrigated for 1 time, and each time, the irradiation amount needs to be irrigated by 80-120 mL per plant.
Preferably, in step S4, before fruit setting of fruit of cluster 1, irrigating for 1-2 times in sunny days and not irrigating in cloudy days;
carrying out fruit setting from 1 st cluster fruit setting to 2 nd cluster fruit setting, and carrying out irrigation for 4-6 times in sunny days and 3-5 times in cloudy days;
carrying out fruit setting from fruit setting of the 2 nd cluster to fruit setting of the 3 rd cluster, and carrying out irrigation 10-12 times in sunny days and 7-9 times in cloudy days;
harvesting fruits from fruit setting of the 3 rd ear to fruit setting of the 1 st ear, irrigating for 18-20 times in sunny days, and irrigating for 10-12 times in cloudy days;
harvesting 1 st ear of fruit until seedling pulling, irrigating for 26-30 times in sunny days, and irrigating for 16-20 times in cloudy days.
Preferably, in step S4, the total irrigation amount in the production cannot be distributed evenly according to times, and 60% of irrigation amount is concentrated in 11: 00-15: 00.
Preferably, the irrigation start time is as follows: under the condition of multi-span greenhouse long-season cultivation, the 1 st irrigation is started 1.5-2.5h after the tomato comes out of the day, and the irrigation is ended 1.5-2.5h before the tomato falls off the day;
in sunny days, ending irrigation 2 hours before sunset; on cloudy days, irrigation was terminated 5h before sunset.
Therefore, the method for cultivating and irrigating the tomatoes in the multi-span greenhouse in the long-season matrix is suitable for cultivating the tomatoes in the multi-span greenhouse in the long-season matrix, and is particularly suitable for cultivating crops of 7 or 8 months seedlings, 9 or 10 months planting and 7 months seedling pulling in the next year. The irrigation method disclosed by the invention can be used for effectively improving the tomato yield and improving the water utilization efficiency.
According to the invention, through a priva ring control and irrigation management system, an illumination sensor is installed outdoors in production, the sensor receives illumination and transmits data to a computer, the management system installed on the computer calculates irrigation quantity according to a built-in formula, the irrigation quantity data is fed back to a fertilizer applicator, and irrigation is started.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the following examples.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
A long-season substrate cultivation irrigation method for multi-span greenhouse tomatoes comprises the following steps:
s1, controlling irrigation water source, and filtering and disinfecting;
s2, determining the corresponding relation of a built-in formula in different growth periods of the tomatoes according to the illumination radiation to determine the irrigation quantity;
s3, using different irrigation methods at different growth stages;
and S4, determining irrigation frequency according to different growth periods and different seasons.
Selection of irrigation water source
Irrigation water sources for industrial production of multi-span greenhouse tomatoes in China mostly come from underground water and surface water, and compared with rainwater, the underground water and the surface water are rich in various high-concentration mineral substances and other sandstone substances, such as Mg and Ca (causing too high water hardness) and HCO (hydrochloric acid)3 -(resulting in an increase in pH), Mn, B (presenting a poisoning risk), etc., typically require filtration and sterilization prior to use. An irrigation mode of nutrient solution recycling is adopted, and an irrigation water source is required to meet the requirement of a level I water source (table 1).
TABLE 1 Water quality grading
Secondly, determining irrigation quantity
The irrigation quantity is mainly determined according to illumination radiation, and the built-in formula of the system adopts different corresponding relations in different growth periods of the tomatoes.
The method belongs to the seedling recovering stage before the 1 st cluster fruit is set, the water demand of the tomatoes is less, and the corresponding formula of light radiation and irrigation quantity is as follows: 1J/cm2＝0.5～0.6mL/m2；
Setting fruit from 1 st ear to 2 nd ear, and stopping seedling growth, wherein the corresponding formula is 1J/cm2＝1.0～1.2mL/m2；
The formula from the 2 nd ear fruit setting to the 3 rd ear fruit setting is 1J/cm2＝2.1～2.2mL/m2；
The corresponding formula from the 3 rd ear fruit setting to the 1 st ear harvesting is 1J/cm2＝2.3～2.4mL/m2；
After the 1 st ear is harvested, the ear enters the adult stage, and the corresponding formula is 1J/cm2＝2.7～2.8mL/m2。
TABLE 2 relationship between tomato irrigation quantity and illumination radiation in Linked greenhouse in Beijing area
Thirdly, selection of irrigation method
Irrigation management strategies are different in different growth stages, wherein the total irrigation amount in different stages is finely adjusted according to the liquid discharge amount on the basis of light radiation, and the total irrigation amount cannot exceed the following range.
Before the 1 st ear fruit is set, the seedling stage is carried out, the total irrigation amount is 7-10 days, the irrigation amount cannot exceed 50-100 mL/plant every day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.0mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, and no liquid discharge amount is suitable.
And (3) carrying out fruit setting from 1 st ear fruit setting to 2 nd ear fruit setting for 7-10 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 300-500 mL/plant in each day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 3.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, and the discharge liquid is 10% of the irrigation amount.
And (3) carrying out fruit setting from the fruit setting of the fruit of the 2 nd ear to the fruit setting of the 3 rd ear for 7-10 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 500-800 mL/plant in each day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.8mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 3.9mS/cm, the pH value is 5.3, and the discharge liquid is preferably 20% of the irrigation amount.
And (3) harvesting fruits from fruit setting of the 3 rd ear to fruit harvesting of the 1 st ear for 28-35 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 800-1500 mL/plant in a daily irrigation amount range on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 3.1mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 4.0mS/cm, the pH value is 5.3, and the discharge liquid is 30% of the irrigation amount.
Harvesting the 1 st ear of fruit until seedling pulling is carried out for 200-250 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 1500-2000 mL/plant per day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 3.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 5.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.5, and the discharge liquid is 30% of the irrigation amount.
According to the requirement of taste improvement in the production of the small tomatoes, the EC value of the irrigation liquid is increased to 4.2-4.5 mS/cm before and after the 1 st ear fruit is harvested.
TABLE 3 proper irrigation method for tomato in Linked greenhouse in Beijing area in different growing periods
Fourthly, determining irrigation frequency
Irrigation frequency, namely the number of times of irrigation within 1d (day) and the irrigation quantity of each time. The irrigation times are different according to different growth periods and different seasons. The irrigation frequency in the harvesting period can be adjusted according to the light radiation quantity, and the theoretical value is 80-l 00J cm-2The irradiation amount needs to be irrigated for 1 time, each time, the irradiation amount is 80-120 mL/plant, and the irradiation amount needs to be flexibly adjusted according to actual conditions in production.
And (3) irrigating for 1-2 times in sunny days and not irrigating in cloudy days before fruit setting of the 1 st cluster.
And (4) carrying out fruit setting from 1 st cluster fruit setting to 2 nd cluster fruit setting, and carrying out irrigation for 4-6 times in sunny days and 3-5 times in cloudy days.
And (4) carrying out fruit setting from the fruit of the 2 nd cluster to the fruit of the 3 rd cluster, and carrying out irrigation 10-12 times in sunny days and 7-9 times in cloudy days.
And (4) harvesting fruits from fruit setting of the 3 rd ear to fruit setting of the 1 st ear, irrigating for 18-20 times in sunny days, and irrigating for 10-12 times in cloudy days.
Harvesting 1 st ear of fruit until seedling pulling, irrigating for 26-30 times in sunny days, and irrigating for 16-20 times in cloudy days.
The total irrigation amount in production cannot be evenly distributed according to times, and 60% of irrigation amount is concentrated in 11: 00-15: 00.
TABLE 4 irrigation frequency of tomato in Linked greenhouse in Beijing area in different growing periods
Fifthly, irrigation starting and ending time
Under the condition of multi-span greenhouse long-season cultivation, the 1 st irrigation is started about 2h (h) after the sunrise of the tomatoes, and the irrigation is finished about 2h (h) before the sunset. The irrigation stopping time is finished 2h (h) before sunset in sunny days and 5h (h) before sunset in cloudy days.
Test of
The irrigation method is adopted for annual production stubble in 2017-2019 of small Tongshan special vegetable base for testing, and the result shows that the yield of the large tomatoes reaches 31.3 kilograms per square meter, the yield of the small tomatoes per square meter is stable to be more than 15 kilograms, and the large tomatoes all reach the domestic leading level.
Table 52017-2019 statistical table of tomato production conditions of Beijing City Xiaotangshan special vegetable base multi-span greenhouse
Therefore, the multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method is adopted, the tomato yield is effectively improved, and the water utilization efficiency is improved.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: modifications and equivalents may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A long-season substrate cultivation irrigation method for multi-span greenhouse tomatoes is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, controlling irrigation water source, and filtering and disinfecting;
s2, determining the corresponding relation of a built-in formula in different growth periods of the tomatoes according to the illumination radiation to determine the irrigation quantity;
s3, using different irrigation methods at different growth stages;
and S4, determining irrigation frequency according to different growth periods and different seasons.
2. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step S2, the 1 st ear of fruit belongs to the seedling recovering stage before fruit setting, the water demand of the tomato is less, and the formula of correspondence between light radiation and irrigation quantity is: 1J/cm2＝0.5～0.6mL/m2；
Setting fruit from 1 st ear to 2 nd ear, and stopping seedling growth, wherein the corresponding formula is 1J/cm2＝1.0～1.2mL/m2；
The formula from the 2 nd ear fruit setting to the 3 rd ear fruit setting is 1J/cm2＝2.1～2.2mL/m2；
The corresponding formula from the 3 rd ear fruit setting to the 1 st ear harvesting is 1J/cm2＝2.3～2.4mL/m2；
After the 1 st ear is harvested, the ear enters the adult stage, and the corresponding formula is 1J/cm2＝2.7～2.8mL/m2。
3. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S3, the irrigation method is as follows:
before fruit setting of the 1 st ear, the seedling stage is carried out, the total irrigation amount is 7-10 days, the irrigation amount cannot exceed 50-100 mL/plant every day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.0mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, and no liquid discharge amount exists;
the fruit setting of the 1 st ear fruit to the 2 nd ear fruit is carried out for 7-10 days, the total irrigation amount is 300-500 mL/plant in each day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 3.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, and the discharge liquid is 10% of the irrigation amount;
the fruit setting of the fruit of the 2 nd ear to the fruit of the 3 rd ear is carried out for 7-10 days, the total irrigation amount is 500-800 mL/plant in each day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 2.8mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 3.9mS/cm, the pH value is 5.3, and the discharge liquid is 20% of the irrigation amount;
harvesting fruits from fruit setting of the 3 rd ear to fruit harvesting of the 1 st ear for 28-35 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 800-1500 mL/plant per day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 3.1mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 4.0mS/cm, the pH value is 5.3, and the discharge liquid is 30% of the irrigation amount;
harvesting the 1 st ear of fruit until seedling pulling is carried out for 200-250 days, wherein the total irrigation amount is 1500-2000 mL/plant per day on the basis of a light radiation formula, the EC value of the irrigation liquid at the stage is 3.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.2, the EC value of the discharge liquid is 5.5mS/cm, the pH value is 5.5, and the discharge liquid is 30% of the irrigation amount.
4. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step S3, according to the requirement for improving the taste during the cultivation of the small tomatoes, the EC value of the irrigation liquid is increased to 4.2-4.5 mS/cm before and after the 1 st ear fruit is harvested.
5. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step S4, the irrigation frequency, i.e. the irrigation frequency within 1d and the irrigation quantity of each time, is adjusted according to the light radiation quantity when the irrigation frequency enters the harvesting period and reaches 80-l 00J-cm-2The irradiation amount needs to be irrigated for 1 time, and each time, the irradiation amount needs to be irrigated by 80-120 mL per plant.
6. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step S4, before the 1 st cluster fruit is set, irrigating for 1-2 times in sunny days and not irrigating in cloudy days;
carrying out fruit setting from 1 st cluster fruit setting to 2 nd cluster fruit setting, and carrying out irrigation for 4-6 times in sunny days and 3-5 times in cloudy days;
carrying out fruit setting from fruit setting of the 2 nd cluster to fruit setting of the 3 rd cluster, and carrying out irrigation 10-12 times in sunny days and 7-9 times in cloudy days;
harvesting fruits from fruit setting of the 3 rd ear to fruit setting of the 1 st ear, irrigating for 18-20 times in sunny days, and irrigating for 10-12 times in cloudy days;
harvesting 1 st ear of fruit until seedling pulling, irrigating for 26-30 times in sunny days, and irrigating for 16-20 times in cloudy days.
7. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step S4, the total irrigation amount in production cannot be evenly distributed according to times, and 60% of irrigation amount is concentrated in 11: 00-15: 00.
8. The multi-span greenhouse tomato long-season matrix cultivation irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the irrigation initiation time is as follows: under the condition of multi-span greenhouse long-season cultivation, the 1 st irrigation is started 1.5-2.5h after the tomato comes out of the day, and the irrigation is ended 1.5-2.5h before the tomato falls off the day;
in sunny days, ending irrigation 2 hours before sunset; on the cloudy day, the irrigation was terminated 5h before sunset.
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