CN114479242A - 一种导电生物基塑料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种导电生物基塑料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114479242A CN114479242A CN202210109122.9A CN202210109122A CN114479242A CN 114479242 A CN114479242 A CN 114479242A CN 202210109122 A CN202210109122 A CN 202210109122A CN 114479242 A CN114479242 A CN 114479242A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种导电生物基塑料及其制备方法和应用，按重量百分比计，其原料包括：生物基材料5％～55％；非水溶性高分子材料15％～94％；疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料1％～30％。本发明提供的导电生物基塑料通过引入疏水缔合聚合物修饰二维材料，使得二维材料具有两亲性，进而使得生物基材料、二维材料与高分子材料三者之间具有更高相容性，从而增加生物基塑料的强度并且具有优异的导电性和电磁屏蔽特性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物基塑料领域，具体涉及一种导电生物基塑料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
塑料是人类生活中不可或缺的一类合成高分子材料。然而由于塑料的不可降解性以及高额的回收成本，目前仅约9％的塑料可被回收利用。这些废弃塑料被大量填埋于土地或排放于海洋，已经对生态系统造成严重威胁。同时传统塑料的合成原料均来源于不可再生的化石资源。因此，研究和开发可以替代传统塑料的生物基塑料成为了一项亟待解决的工作。现有以生物基材料制备的复合塑料具有绝热、隔音及抗震等特点，被广泛应用于交通运输，隔音材料，电子产品、汽车和能量存储等领域。生物基塑料的开发大大提高了能源的利用率，其替代不可再生能源，减少了能源危机与环境污染。然而，生物基材料与非水溶性高分子界面相容性差，导致二者直接复合强度低，这极大的限制了生物基塑料的开发。因此亟需开发具有高强度的、绿色环保的生物基塑料。
最常见的二维材料，以石墨烯、钛化碳、黑磷、碳化钼、碳化钨、碳化钽和二硫化钼等为典型代表，其具有特殊的层状微观结构、良好的热力学稳定性和机械性能以及具备纳米材料丰富多样的物理和化学性质，被广泛研究用作轻型高效的电磁屏蔽材料。但是二维材料成本高、重量重且不易于成形，用于精密仪器不太合适。而塑料材料可以给人满意的外形却没有电磁屏蔽功能，为了赋予塑料电磁屏蔽功能，传统技术大多是在非水溶性高分子材料中添加电磁屏蔽能效填料，这种方法制得的具有电池屏蔽功能的塑料存在电阻大、耐腐蚀性差的缺陷，且在电磁屏蔽能效填料较多时，塑料的力学性能下降严重，不能满足使用要求；除此之外，由于电磁屏蔽能效填料与非水溶性高分子材料的相容性差、电磁屏蔽能效填料易团聚、以及加工条件苛刻等问题，致使最后得到的具有电池屏蔽功能的塑料的综合性能和性能稳定性欠佳。
因此，为至少解决上述之一的问题，本发明提供了一种具有高强度、高导电性和优异电磁屏蔽性能的导电生物基塑料。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目的在于提供一种导电生物基塑料。
本发明的第二个目的在于提供一种导电生物基塑料的制备方法。
本发明的第三个目的在于提供一种导电生物基塑料的应用。
为达到上述目的，本发明采用下述技术方案：
第一方面，本发明提供一种导电生物基塑料，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
生物基材料 5％～55％；
非水溶性高分子材料 15％～94％；
疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料 1％～30％。
需要说明的是，本发明为解决生物基材料与非水溶性高分子界面相容性不高，复合强度低的问题，首先利用疏水缔合聚合物对二维材料进行修饰，其中，疏水缔合聚合物中的部分水溶性片段与二维材料中的羟基通过氢键的作用结合，获得修饰后的二维材料。然后，修饰后的二维材料中的水溶性片段与生物基材料通过氢键或者共价键的作用紧密结合，同时，修饰后的二维材料中的疏水片段与非水溶性高分子具有更高的相容性，进而充分发挥二维材料的屏蔽性能。最终本发明获得的导电生物基塑料以疏水缔合聚合物为“连接桥”将各组分紧密连接，在应用过程中既不会发生分相现象，又具备高强度、高导电性和优异的电磁屏蔽性能。
进一步，所述生物基材料5％～55％。其中，过多的生物基材料会导致导电生物基塑料力学性能的下降，过少会降低导电生物基塑料的环保性，优选为20-50％。
疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料1％～30％。其中，疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料过多会导致二维材料的团聚，造成材料的力学性能下降，过少会降低导电生物基塑料的电磁屏蔽性能，优选为2-15％。
进一步，疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料中，疏水缔合聚合物的质量占比为10～90％。
其中，所述疏水缔合聚合物是指在聚合物亲水性大分子链上带有少量疏水基团的水溶性聚合物。根据本发明的具体实施方式，所述疏水缔合聚合物包括但不限于疏水改性聚丙烯酰胺，疏水改性壳聚糖，疏水改性纤维素和疏水改性海藻酸钠等。
进一步，所述二维材料包括氧化石墨烯、层状硅酸盐、表面羟基化的层材料中的一种或多种；所述层材料包括锡烯、硼烯、锗烯、硅烯、黑磷、碳化钛、碳化钼、碳化钨、碳化钽、二硫化钼、二硫化铼和二硒化铼中的一种或多种。
进一步，所述层状硅酸盐包括高岭石、蒙脱土、滑石粉、伊利石、沸石、蛭石中的一种或多种。
进一步，所述生物基材料包括淀粉、纤维素、甲壳质、木质素、植物胶、动物胶和蛋白质中的一种或多种。
进一步，所述非水溶性高分子材料包括聚乙烯、聚苯烯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁酯、聚酰胺和聚碳酸酯中的一种或多种。
第二方面，本发明提供一种导电生物基塑料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
在二维材料的分散液中，加入疏水缔合聚合物，进行一次超声分散，获得疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料；
将疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料与生物基材料的分散液混合，进行二次超声分散，随后干燥，与熔融态的非水溶性高分子材料混合均匀，采用成型加工工艺得到导电生物基塑料。
进一步，在上述反应中，所述一次超声分散或二次超声分散的时间至少为2小时
所述成型加工工艺包括注射、挤出、模压、压延、发泡、缠绕、层压、涂层、浇铸中的一种。
根据本发明的具体实施方法，所述成型加工工艺还包括固化步骤。
根据本发明的具体实施方法，所述二维材料的分散液或生物基材料的分散液的溶剂是任意与二维材料、生物基材料不发生反应的液体，比如水、醇等。
所述疏水缔合聚合物可以直接购买，也可以通过常规方法制备，例如：胶束共聚法、均相共聚法和非均相共聚法等。
所述干燥的方法可以是常温挥发、冷冻干燥、加热干燥、旋蒸等方式。
第三方面，本发明提供一种导电生物基塑料在电磁屏蔽领域中的应用。
优选地，所述应用为导电生物基塑料在制备电磁屏蔽膜中的应用。
本发明所记载的任何范围包括端值以及端值之间的任何数值以及端值或者端值之间的任意数值所构成的任意子范围。
如无特殊说明，本发明中的各原料均可通过市售购买获得，本发明中所用的设备可采用所属领域中的常规设备或参照所属领域的现有技术进行。
本发明的有益效果如下：
本发明提供的导电生物基塑料中各组分通过氢键、共价键等作用紧密结合，在使用过程中既不会发生分相现象，又具备高强度、高导电性和优异的电磁屏蔽性能。
本发明提供的导电生物基塑料可通过焚烧方式发电，生成二氧化碳，水等无污染的产物，具有环境友好的特性。
附图说明
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明。
图1示出实施例1的rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜的拉伸应力-拉伸应变曲线图。
图2示出实施例1的rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜的电磁屏蔽性能曲线图。
图3示出实施例1的rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜的电压-电流曲线图。
图4示出对比例1的rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜的拉伸应力-拉伸应变曲线图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合附图对本发明实施方式作进一步地详细描述。
实施例1
提供一种导电生物基塑料：rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
淀粉 10％；
聚乙烯 70％；
疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺修饰的rGO 20％(其中，疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺在二维材料中的质量占比为50％)。
其制备方法包括如下步骤：
1)在三口烧瓶上安装温度计、回流冷凝管和机械搅拌器，同时通入氮气，加入表面活性剂15g，丙烯酰胺14g，N-十二烷基丙烯酰胺0.3g，450g去离子水。搅拌15h后加热至50℃，加入过硫酸钾反应3h。随后冷却加入适量的水和丙酮沉淀聚合物，减压干燥24h获得产物疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺。随后将获得的疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺加入到氧化石墨烯GO(5mg/g)的水分散液中，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，获得修饰后的GO的分散液。
2)将5g淀粉加入到去离子水中，在90℃条件下加热，同时以500r/min的搅拌速度制备成糊化的淀粉分散液。将修饰后的GO的分散液和制备的淀粉分散液加热混合，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，随后将其放入低温冰箱冷冻(-70℃)2小时，并采用冷冻干燥法使其冻干成粉末，得到修饰后的GO/淀粉材料。采用化学还原法将氧化石墨烯还原为rGO，得到修饰后的还原rGO/淀粉材料与熔融态聚乙烯共混搅拌，通过吹膜机吹塑成型，制得rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜。
性能测试：将制成的rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜裁剪为30*5mm，厚度为50μm的样条，分别进行以下测试：
1)采用Keithley数字源表通过四探针法对该样条的电阻率进行测试；其中，电流从两个外部的探针加入，而电压降则在两个内部的探针之间测量，样品尺寸为10mm*5mm*50μm；
2)测试该样条的力学性能；
3)采用矢量网略分析仪测试其电磁屏蔽效能。
测试结果：由图1可知，该样条的拉伸强度为36.86MPa，断裂伸长率为15.9％。由图2可知，该样条的电磁屏蔽效能为22.75dB。由图3可知，该样条的电阻率为3750S/m。
实施例2
提供一种导电生物基塑料钛化碳/蛋白质基PS，，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
蛋白质 10％；
PS 75％；
疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素修饰的钛化碳15％(其中，疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素质量占比为30％)。
其制备方法包括如下步骤：
1)将纤维素的异丙醇溶液(9％wt)加入三颈瓶,强烈搅拌30min，缓慢滴入5％wt的NaOH溶液，高速搅拌，滴加完毕后降低搅拌速度，通入氮气，室温下静置24h。加热至80℃加入疏水单体，反应8h。随后用冷水冷却，初产物用正己烷洗涤，浸泡过夜。随后用80％丙酮清洗至中性，再用90％和100％丙酮各清洗2h。将产物真空干燥6h(45℃)得到产物疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素。将获得的疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素加入到羟基化的钛化碳(8mg/g)的水分散液中，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，获得修饰后的所述钛化碳的分散液。
2)将5g蛋白质加入到去离子水中，以500r/min的搅拌速度制备成蛋白质分散液。将修饰后的所述钛化碳的分散液和制备的蛋白质分散液加热混合，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，随后将其放入低温冰箱冷冻(-70℃)2小时，并采用冷冻干燥法使其冻干成粉末，得到修饰后的所述钛化碳/蛋白质材料，从而与熔融态聚苯乙烯(PS)共混搅拌，通过吹膜机吹塑成型，制得钛化碳/蛋白质基PS塑料膜。
性能测试：将制成的钛化碳/蛋白质基PS塑料膜裁剪为30*5mm，厚度为50μm的样条，分别进行以下测试：
1)采用Keithley数字源表通过四探针法对该样条的电阻率进行测试；其中，电流从两个外部的探针加入，而电压降则在两个内部的探针之间测量；
2)测试该样条的力学性能；
3)采用矢量网略分析仪测试其电磁屏蔽效能；
测试结果：该样条的拉伸强度为27.56MPa，断裂伸长率为10.5％。电磁屏蔽效能为20.73dB，电阻率为2765S/m。
实施例3
提供一种导电生物基塑料：蒙脱土/动物胶基PVC，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
动物胶 20％；
PVC 62％；
疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺修饰的蒙脱土18％(其中，疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺的质量占比为50％)。
其制备方法包括如下步骤：
1)在三口烧瓶上安装温度计、回流冷凝管和机械搅拌器，同时通入氮气，加入表面活性剂15g，丙烯酰胺14g，N-十二烷基丙烯酰胺0.3g，450g去离子水。搅拌15h后加热至50℃，加入过硫酸钾反应3h。随后冷却加入适量的水和丙酮沉淀聚合物，减压干燥24h获得产物疏水缔合丙烯酰胺。随后将获得的疏水缔合丙烯酰胺加入到蒙脱土(10mg/g)的水分散液中，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，获得修饰后的蒙脱土分散液。
2)将5g动物胶加入到去离子水中，以500r/min的搅拌速度制备成动物胶分散液。将修饰后的蒙脱土分散液和制备的动物胶分散液加热混合，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，随后将其放入低温冰箱冷冻(-70:℃)2小时，并采用冷冻干燥法使其冻干成粉末，得到修饰后的蒙脱土/动物胶材料与熔融态聚氯乙烯(PVC)共混搅拌，通过吹膜机吹塑成型，制得蒙脱土/动物胶基PVC塑料膜。
性能测试：将制成的蒙脱土/动物胶基PVC塑料膜裁剪为30*5mm，厚度为50μm的样条，分别进行以下测试：
1)采用Keithley数字源表通过四探针法对该样条的电阻率进行测试；其中，电流从两个外部的探针加入，而电压降则在两个内部的探针之间测量；
2)测试该样条的力学性能；
3)采用矢量网略分析仪测试其电磁屏蔽效能；
测试结果：该样条的拉伸强度为19.68MPa，断裂伸长率为7.9％。电磁屏蔽效能为17.57dB。电阻率为2192S/m。
实施例4
提供一种导电生物基塑料：二硫化铼/木质素基PMMA，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
木质素 10％；
PMMA 75％；
疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素修饰的二硫化铼15％(其中，疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素的质量占比为20％)。
其制备方法包括如下步骤：
1)将纤维素(9％wt)和异丙醇加入三颈瓶中溶液,强烈搅拌30min，缓慢滴入5％wt的NaOH溶液，高速搅拌，滴加完毕后降低搅拌速度，通入氮气，室温下静置24h。加热至80℃加入疏水单体，反应8h。随后用冷水冷却，初产物用正己烷洗涤，浸泡过夜。随后用80％丙酮清洗至中性，再用90％和100％丙酮各清洗2h。将产物真空干燥6h(45℃)得到产物疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素。将获得的疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素加入到表面羟基化的二硫化铼(10mg/g)的水分散液中，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，获得修饰后的二硫化铼的分散液。
2)将5g木质素加入到去离子水中，以500r/min的搅拌速度制备成分散液。将修饰后的二硫化铼的分散液和制备的木质素分散液加热混合，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，随后将其放入低温冰箱冷冻(-70℃)2小时，并采用冷冻干燥法使其冻干成粉末，得到修饰后的二硫化铼/木质素材料，从而与熔融态聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)共混搅拌，通过吹膜机吹塑成型，制得二硫化铼/木质素基PMMA塑料膜。
性能测试：将制成的二硫化铼/木质素基PMMA塑料膜裁剪为30*5mm，厚度为50μm的样条，分别进行以下测试：
1)采用Keithley数字源表通过四探针法对该样条的电阻率进行测试；其中，电流从两个外部的探针加入，而电压降则在两个内部的探针之间测量；
2)测试该样条的力学性能；
3)采用矢量网略分析仪测试其电磁屏蔽效能；
测试结果：该样条的拉伸强度为18.16MPa，断裂伸长率为9.1％。电磁屏蔽效能为25.12dB，电阻率为2326S/m。
对比例1
提供一种导电生物基塑料：rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
淀粉 10％；
聚乙烯 80％；
石墨烯 10％；
其制备方法包括如下步骤：
配置氧化石墨烯(5mg/g)的水分散液中，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，获得GO的分散液。将5g淀粉加入到去离子水中，在90℃条件下加热，同时以500r/min的搅拌速度制备成糊化的淀粉分散液。将GO的分散液和制备的淀粉分散液加热混合，通过超声清洗器超声分散2小时，随后将其放入低温冰箱冷冻(-70℃)2小时，并采用冷冻干燥法使其冻干成粉末，得到GO/淀粉材料。采用化学还原法将氧化石墨烯还原为rGO，得到rGO/淀粉材料与熔融态聚乙烯共混搅拌，通过吹膜机吹塑成型，制得rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜。
性能测试：将制成的rGO/淀粉基聚乙烯塑料膜裁剪为30*5mm，厚度为50μm的样条，分别进行以下测试：
1)测试该样条的力学性能；
2)采用矢量网略分析仪测试其电磁屏蔽效能；
测试结果：由图4可知，该样条的拉伸强度为13.72MPa，断裂伸长率为5.1％。且该样条的电磁屏蔽效能为16.22dB。
显然，本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例，而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定，对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动，这里无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举，凡是属于本发明的技术方案所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之列。
Claims (10)
1.一种导电生物基塑料，其特征在于，按质量百分比计，其原料包括：
生物基材料5％～55％；
非水溶性高分子材料15％～94％；
疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料1％～30％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的导电生物基塑料，其特征在于，疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料中，疏水缔合聚合物的质量占比为10～90％。
3.根据权利要求1所述的导电生物基塑料，其特征在于，所述二维材料包括氧化石墨烯、层状硅酸盐、表面羟基化的层材料中的一种或多种；所述层材料包括锡烯、硼烯、锗烯、硅烯、黑磷、碳化钛、碳化钼、碳化钨、碳化钽、二硫化钼、二硫化铼和二硒化铼中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的导电生物基塑料，其特征在于，所述层状硅酸盐包括高岭石、蒙脱土、滑石粉、伊利石、沸石、蛭石中的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的导电生物基塑料，其特征在于，所述生物基材料包括淀粉、纤维素、甲壳质、木质素、植物胶、动物胶和蛋白质中的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1中所述的导电生物基塑料，其特征在于，所述非水溶性高分子材料包括聚乙烯、聚苯烯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁酯、聚酰胺和聚碳酸酯中的一种或多种。
7.如权利要求1～6任一所述的导电生物基塑料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
1)在二维材料的分散液中，加入疏水缔合聚合物，进行一次超声分散，获得疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料；
2)将疏水缔合聚合物修饰的二维材料与生物基材料的分散液混合，进行二次超声分散，随后干燥，与熔融态的非水溶性高分子材料混合均匀，采用成型加工工艺得到导电生物基塑料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述一次超声分散或二次超声分散的时间至少为2小时。
9.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述成型加工工艺包括注射、挤出、模压、压延、发泡、缠绕、层压、涂层、浇铸中的一种。
10.如权利要求1～6任一所述的导电生物基塑料在电磁屏蔽领域中的应用。
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