CN114371309A - Low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device and using and measuring method thereof - Google Patents
Low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device and using and measuring method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/18—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance
- G01P5/20—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance using particles entrained by a fluid stream
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Abstract
The invention provides a low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device and a using and measuring method thereof. The device comprises a USB3.0 industrial camera and a laser engraving device, wherein a light path deformation lens group for realizing the conversion of laser from a point light source to a sheet light source is configured at the front end of the laser engraving device, the light path deformation lens group comprises a collimating lens positioned at the light source incidence side of the laser engraving device and a Baville prism for enabling the light source to form fan-shaped emergent light, and the light source of the laser engraving device penetrates through the circle center and the focus of the collimating lens. The device is used for measuring the flow field. According to the device, the thickness and the divergence angle of the sheet light source can be adjusted through the combination of the collimating lens and the Bawell prism, the optimal matching of the light path, the trace particles and the shooting range is realized, the measurement precision is improved to a certain extent, scientific research expenses are saved, equipment is simplified, and the cost performance is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of water flow two-dimensional flow field measurement, in particular to a low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device and a measuring method thereof, which can realize accurate acquisition of flow velocity information of a flow field below 0.5m/s, thereby realizing the measuring effect of a commercial PIV device with the price of tens of thousands of yuan at lower cost.
Background
In experimental research of flow fields, measurement of flow velocity is always important, and currently common measurement means are contact measurement and non-contact measurement. Among them, the contact measurement is rotor type flow meter, pitot tube flow meter and hot film (wire) flow meter. The non-contact measurement mainly comprises an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV), a Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) and the like, and can respectively realize the measurement of single-point, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow velocity. However, both of the above methods have various disadvantages. Interference of the flow field in a non-contact measurement mode is difficult to avoid. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter can also be used as a non-contact type because the speed measuring point is at a certain position in front of the probe, but has higher requirements on water environment, and when the acoustic Doppler velocimeter is close to a distance wall surface and a water surface, the acoustic Doppler velocimeter influences the measurement result by reflecting sound waves. The laser Doppler velocimeter obtains the velocity according to the relation between the velocity and the Doppler frequency through the Doppler signal of the trace particles of the laser probe, and can realize the measurement of one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow velocity according to different devices. Because of laser measurement, the flow field is not interfered, the speed measurement range is wide, and because the Doppler frequency and the speed are in a linear relation and have no relation with the temperature and the pressure of the point, the Doppler frequency and the speed measurement instrument is the instrument with the highest speed measurement precision in the world at present. A particle image velocimeter is a transient, multi-point and non-contact laser fluid mechanics velocimetry method developed in the end of seventies. The PIV technology is characterized by exceeding the limitation of single-point speed measurement technology, being capable of recording the speed distribution information of a large number of space points in the same transient state and providing abundant flow field space structures and flow characteristics. The measurement of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow fields can be realized according to different devices. However, laser doppler velocimeters and particle image velocimeters are expensive, and can reach dozens of millions of yuan, which is hard to burden for scientific researchers with high expenditure. Therefore, it is necessary to design a low-cost and high-precision PIV measuring device, which can save scientific research expenses, simplify equipment and improve cost performance while ensuring the measurement precision.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device and a using and measuring method thereof, wherein the thickness and the divergence angle of a sheet light source are adjustable, the optimal matching of a light path, tracer particles and a shooting range is realized, and the measuring precision is improved to a certain extent. The problem of in the research of low-speed flow field, contact type velocity measurement equipment precision is poor and disturb the flow field, non-contact velocity measurement equipment is expensive is solved. Through reasonable simplification and ingenious combination, a low-cost high-precision particle image velocimetry system is built. Under the condition of ensuring the measurement precision, the effects of saving scientific research expenses, simplifying equipment and improving cost performance are achieved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows:
a low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device comprises a USB3.0 industrial camera and a laser engraving device, wherein a light path deformation lens group for realizing the conversion of laser from a point light source to a sheet light source is configured at the front end of the laser engraving device, the light path deformation lens group comprises a collimating lens positioned on the light source incidence side of the laser engraving device and a Baville prism for enabling the light source to form fan-shaped emergence, and the light source of the laser engraving device penetrates through the circle center and the focus of the collimating lens.
As an improvement to the above technical solution, the collimating lens and the powell prism are installed in a housing of the light path deformation lens group, the laser engraver is provided with a threaded hole at the incident side, and the housing of the light path deformation lens group is provided with an external thread to connect the light path deformation lens group to the laser engraver through a thread.
As an improvement to the above technical solution, the number of the optical path deformation lens groups is at least three, and one of the optical path deformation lens groups is mounted at the front end of the laser engraving device; the Bowell prisms of the three light path deformation lens groups respectively have different divergence angles.
As an improvement to the above technical solution, on the other side of the water tank, the low-cost high-precision PIV measuring apparatus further includes a USB3.0 industrial camera and a lens disposed on the USB3.0 industrial camera, and the lens faces the sheet light source emitted from the optical path anamorphic lens group.
As the improvement of the technical scheme, the laser engraving device and the USB3.0 industrial camera are mounted on a tripod through an adapter.
The invention also provides a use measuring method of the PIV measuring device with low cost and high precision as an improvement on the technical scheme, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a light path deformation lens group, installing a collimating lens and a Bawell prism in a light path deformation lens group shell, and arranging an external thread on the light path deformation lens group shell; forming an internal threaded hole at the light emitting end of the laser engraving device, selecting a proper light path deformation lens group, and connecting the light path deformation lens group to the laser engraving device in a threaded manner to form a continuous laser device, so that an emitting light source of the continuous laser device forms a sheet light source;
s2, arranging a camera and a laser, mounting a USB3.0 industrial camera and a continuous laser on a tripod through an adapter and respectively placing the cameras on corresponding measuring positions on two sides of a water tank, turning on the continuous laser, adjusting the power of the continuous laser, rotating a light path deformation lens group to adjust the thickness of a light source, connecting the camera with a computer, and turning on camera matched acquisition software; an external light source at the measuring position is shielded to form a darkroom so as to avoid the interference of ambient light on the measurement; adjusting the water level and the flow rate of the water tank, adjusting the shooting range, focusing, and shooting a scale for post-processing;
s3, setting an acquisition frame rate, exposure time and image resolution in acquisition software matched with a camera according to the maximum flow velocity of the flow field measured by a contact type flow velocity meter in advance; mixing the tracer particles into a bottle, uniformly stirring, and throwing the tracer particles into a flow field;
s4, acquiring images through camera matched acquisition software, and adjusting the power, the frame rate, the exposure time and the resolution of a laser according to an imaging result;
and S5, repeating S2-4 until a proper flow field image is measured, and importing the flow field image into open source PIV calculation software for post-processing.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
in the PIV measurement, when the performance of a camera is constant, the light source quality determines the precision of flow field measurement, and the light source brightness is a key factor influencing the exposure effect of the camera. The device is matched with the replaceable light path deformation lens group, so that the adjustability of the diffusion angle and the thickness of the sheet light source is realized, the sheet light source is optimally matched with the flow velocity measurement range and the trace particle size, the flow velocity measurement precision is improved, and the measurement error is reduced; the replaceable light path deformation lens group enables the sheet light source to have different diffusion angles, and different lens groups are selected according to different measuring ranges to achieve the optimal light path. Therefore, the unit brightness in the measuring range is higher under the condition of the same laser power. The light path deformation lens group can adjust the thickness of the sheet light source and optimally match the diameter of the tracing particles, and particle imaging deviation caused by over-thickness or over-thinness of the sheet light source is avoided, so that errors of flow velocity measurement results are caused.
The device has the advantages that the thickness and the divergence angle of the sheet light source are adjustable, the optimal matching of the light path, the tracer particles and the shooting range is realized, the measurement precision is improved to a certain extent, the scientific research expenditure is saved, the equipment is simplified, and the cost performance angle is improved.
The invention economically and effectively solves the problem of overhigh flow field information acquisition cost in the low-speed flow field research, and has high measurement precision. As can be known from the discussion of the calibration of the standard water tank, when the flow field within the range of 20cm to 20cm is measured at the flow speed of 0.5m/s, the accuracy is up to one ten thousandth m/s, and the error is within 2 percent.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a use arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the internal structure of the optical path anamorphic lens set;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of light paths of a light source in a state of small thickness;
fig. 4 is a light path diagram in a state where the thickness of the light source is maximized.
Reference numerals: 1. a water tank; 2. a sheet light source; 3. a light path anamorphic lens group; 4. a laser engraving device; 5. a tripod; 6. USB3.0 industrial camera; 7. a lens; 8. a collimating lens; 9. a Powell prism; 10. and a light path deformation lens group shell.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement purposes and the effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further described with the specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 to 2, the low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device of the present invention includes a water tank 1 forming a flow field, and a laser engraver 4 installed outside the water tank 1 and perpendicular to the flow field direction to form a light source, wherein a light path deformation lens group 3 for converting laser from a point light source to a sheet light source 2 is configured at the front end of the laser engraver 4, the light path deformation lens group 3 includes a collimating lens 8 located at the light source incident side of the laser engraver 4 and a powell prism 9 for enabling the light source to form a fan-shaped emission, and the light source of the laser engraver passes through the center of the collimating lens and the focus.
The collimating lens 8 and the Bawell prism 9 are installed on the light path deformation lens group shell 10, a threaded hole is formed in the incident side of the laser engraving device 4, and the light path deformation lens group shell 10 is provided with external threads so that the light path deformation lens group is connected to the laser engraving device 4 through threads. The number of the optical path deformation lens groups is three, and one of the optical path deformation lens groups is arranged at the front end of the laser engraving device 4; the powell prisms 9 of the three optical path variable lens groups 3 respectively have different divergence angles.
On the other side of the water tank 1, the low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device further comprises a USB3.0 industrial camera 6 and a lens 7 arranged on the USB3.0 industrial camera 6, and the lens 7 faces to a sheet light source emitted by the light path deformation lens group; and the laser engraving device 4 and the USB3.0 industrial camera 6 are arranged on the tripod 5 through an adapter.
The invention constructs a low-cost particle image velocimeter which is mainly composed of a USB3.0 industrial camera, a laser engraving head and a light path deformation lens group from the viewpoint of saving scientific research expenses, simplifying equipment and improving cost performance, and realizes the measurement of a two-dimensional flow field below 0.5 m/s. And compared with the ADV measurement result, the result error is within 2 percent, and the precision is high. The exposure time, frame rate and image resolution can be adjusted to meet the flow rate measurements for different flow fields. The image can be acquired by a common desktop computer or a notebook computer with a USB (universal serial bus) 3.0 without purchasing a high-speed image acquisition card.
Its maximum resolution is determined by the camera, but the resolution can be reduced by cropping. The three influence each other, and the minimum exposure time is decided by the camera, and the USB3.0 industrial camera selected by the invention can be generally one hundredth of a millisecond. The maximum frame rate is determined by the exposure time, the image resolution and the USB3.0 transmission speed limit. Exposure time affects image brightness, and excessive exposure time will blur particle imaging. The image resolution affects the measurement result space to be turned green. When the exposure time is less than the reciprocal of the frame rate, the lower the resolution, the higher the frame rate. For example, 1920 × 1200 image resolution, the frame rate is 165. At 640 x 480 image resolution, the frame rate was 328. As can be known from the discussion of the calibration of the standard water tank, when the flow field within the range of 20cm to 20cm is measured at the flow speed of 0.5m/s, the accuracy is up to one ten thousandth m/s, and the error is within 2 percent.
Specifically, the low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device is arranged as follows:
1. the appropriate USB3.0 industrial camera 6(USB3.0) and lens 7 are selected according to the measurement range (shooting range), and the prices of the USB3.0 industrial camera 6 and lens 7 are different.
2. The laser engraver 4 with proper power is selected, and the laser intensity can be adjusted by matching with a power adjusting module (which needs to be matched with the laser engraver 4).
3. Inputting parameters (power, divergence angle, laser wavelength and distance between a laser head and a shell) of a laser engraving device 4 into Zemax optical simulation software, designing the curvature, thickness and diameter of a collimating lens 8, and converting a divergent point light source into a parallel point light source; and designing a fan-shaped angle of the Bowell prism 9 and a distance from the collimating lens 8 according to the distance between the measuring section and the laser and the measuring range, converting the parallel point light source into a sheet light source, and realizing the conversion of the laser from the point light source to the sheet light source.
4. And selecting trace particles with corresponding sizes according to the measurement range and the camera pixel size.
5. The collimating lens 8 and the Bawell prism 9 are combined into the light path deformation lens group 3 through the light path deformation lens group shell 10, the light path deformation lens group 3 and the laser engraving device 4 are assembled, a threaded hole needs to be formed in the front section of the laser engraving device 4, and the threaded hole needs to be matched with the light path deformation lens group shell 10, so that the continuous laser is formed.
It should be noted that the emitting direction of the laser beam needs to be parallel to the optical path anamorphic lens set 3 and pass through the center and focus of the collimating lens 8. According to the difference of the measuring section, the device is erected at different positions to project a sheet light source. Optionally, the thickness of the sheet light source can be changed by rotating the light path anamorphic lens group 3. Optionally, the optical path anamorphic lens group 3 may be configured with a plurality of powell prisms 9 having different fan angles. The measuring horizontal section is erected on the side surface of the water tank and projects laser to the horizontal plane; the downstream cross section is erected at the bottom of the water tank or above the water tank, and laser is projected along the downstream direction. When the laser is erected on the side surface and the bottom surface of the water tank, the laser is not blocked by obstacles. A tripod 5 is required. The optical path deformation lens group 3 and the laser engraving device 4, and the laser engraving device 4 and the tripod 5 are connected by a custom adapter.
6. According to the difference of the measuring sections, the USB3.0 industrial camera is arranged at different positions, and the lens is opposite to the film light source. The measuring horizontal section is erected at the bottom of the water tank or is arranged above the water tank; the measuring section along the water flow is erected on the side surface of the water tank. When the cameras are arranged on the side surface and the bottom surface of the water tank, the cameras are not required to be blocked by obstacles. A tripod is required.
Implementation of the embodiment:
1. an external light source for shielding the measuring position forms a darkroom to avoid the interference of the ambient light to the measurement.
2. The tracer particles were mixed into the bottle and stirred well.
3. Selecting a proper light path deformation lens group 3, connecting the light path deformation lens group with a laser engraving device 4, turning on the laser, adjusting the power of the laser, and rotating the light path deformation lens group 3 to adjust the thickness of a light source. The camera is connected with a computer (a USB3.0 interface is required), and the camera matched acquisition software is started.
4. Adjusting the shooting range, focusing, and shooting the scale for post-processing.
5. Adjusting the water level and flow rate of the water tank.
6. And setting an acquisition frame rate, an exposure time and image resolution (the maximum resolution is determined by the camera, but the resolution can be reduced by cutting) in camera matched acquisition software according to the maximum flow velocity of the flow field (which can be measured by a contact type flow velocity meter in advance). The three influence each other, and the minimum exposure time is decided by the camera, and the USB3.0 industrial camera selected by the invention can be generally one hundredth of a millisecond. The maximum frame rate is determined by the exposure time, the image resolution and the USB3.0 transmission speed limit. Exposure time affects image brightness, and excessive exposure time will blur particle imaging. The image resolution affects the measurement result space to be turned green. When the exposure time is less than the reciprocal of the frame rate, the lower the resolution, the higher the frame rate. For example, 1920 × 1200 image resolution, the frame rate is 165. At 640 x 480 image resolution, the frame rate was 328.
7. Tracer particles are thrown into the flow field.
8. And acquiring images by camera matched acquisition software.
9. And adjusting the power, the frame rate, the exposure time and the resolution of the laser according to the imaging result.
10. Repeat 6-9 until a suitable image is measured.
11. And importing the flow field image into open source PIV calculation software for post-processing.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
1. the adjustment principle of the divergence angle of the sheet light source is as follows:
the diffusion angle is determined by the top angle of the Bawell prism and the refractive index of the lens, so that if different diffusion angles are needed, the Bawell prisms with different parameters need to be equipped.
2. The principle of adjusting the thickness of a sheet light source is as follows:
after a rectangular point light source (the light source can be diffused towards the horizontal direction and the vertical direction and the length and the width of the rectangle are increased along with the emitting direction) emitted by the laser passes through the collimating lens, a rectangular parallel light source (the length and the width of the rectangle are not changed) is converted. After the rectangular parallel light source passes through the Bawell prism, a sheet light source which is only diffused in a single direction is formed. The thickness depends on the angle of the rectangular parallel light source to the top edge of the powell prism. As shown in fig. 3 and 4, when the rectangular parallel light source is perpendicular to the edge (i.e. the long side of the light source is perpendicular to the edge), the thickness of the light source is minimized. Conversely, when the rectangular parallel light source is parallel to the edge (i.e. the long side of the light source is parallel to the edge), the thickness of the light source is maximized. Therefore, the included angle between the rectangular parallel light source and the edge at the top end of the Bawell prism can be changed by rotating the light path deformation lens group 3, and the thickness change of the sheet light source is realized.
The foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and the embodiments and descriptions given above are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention, and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides a PIV measuring device of low-cost high accuracy, is at least including installing the basin outside and with the perpendicular laser engraving ware in order to form the light source of flow field direction mutually, its characterized in that: the front end of the laser engraving device is provided with a light path deformation lens group for realizing the conversion of laser from a point light source to a sheet light source, the light path deformation lens group comprises a collimating lens positioned at the light source incidence side of the laser engraving device and a Bowell prism for enabling the light source to form fan-shaped emergence, and the light source of the laser engraving device penetrates through the circle center and the focus of the collimating lens.
2. A low cost high accuracy PIV measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the collimating lens and the Bawell prism are arranged in a light path deformation lens group shell, a threaded hole is formed in the incident side of the laser engraving device, and the light path deformation lens group shell is provided with external threads so that the light path deformation lens group is connected to the laser engraving device through threads.
3. A low cost high accuracy PIV measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the number of the optical path deformation lens groups is at least three, and one optical path deformation lens group is selected to be arranged at the front end of the laser engraving device; the Bowell prisms of the three light path deformation lens groups respectively have different top end angles.
4. A low-cost high-accuracy PIV measuring apparatus according to claim 4, wherein: on the other side of the water tank, the low-cost high-precision PIV measuring device further comprises a USB3.0 industrial camera and a lens arranged on the USB3.0 industrial camera, and the lens faces to a sheet light source emitted by the light path deformation lens group.
5. A low-cost high-accuracy PIV measuring apparatus according to claim 5, wherein: and the laser engraving device and the USB3.0 industrial camera are arranged on a tripod through an adapter.
6. A usage measurement method of a low-cost high-precision PIV measurement device comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a light path deformation lens group, installing a collimating lens and a Bawell prism in a light path deformation lens group shell, and arranging an external thread on the light path deformation lens group shell; forming an internal threaded hole at the light emitting end of the laser engraving device, selecting a proper light path deformation lens group, and connecting the light path deformation lens group to the laser engraving device in a threaded manner to form a continuous laser device, so that an emitting light source of the continuous laser device forms a sheet light source;
s2, arranging a camera and a laser, mounting a USB3.0 industrial camera and a continuous laser on a tripod through an adapter and respectively placing the cameras on corresponding measuring positions on two sides of a water tank, turning on the continuous laser, adjusting the power of the continuous laser, rotating a light path deformation lens group to adjust the thickness of a light source, connecting the camera with a computer, and turning on camera matched acquisition software; an external light source at the measuring position is shielded to form a darkroom so as to avoid the interference of ambient light on the measurement; adjusting the water level and the flow rate of the water tank, adjusting the shooting range, focusing, and shooting a scale for post-processing;
s3, setting an acquisition frame rate, exposure time and image resolution in acquisition software matched with a camera according to the maximum flow velocity of the flow field measured by a contact type flow velocity meter in advance; mixing the tracer particles into a bottle, uniformly stirring, and throwing the tracer particles into a flow field;
s4, acquiring images through camera matched acquisition software, and adjusting the power, the frame rate, the exposure time and the resolution of a laser according to an imaging result;
and S5, repeating S2-4 until a proper flow field image is measured, and importing the flow field image into open source PIV calculation software for post-processing.
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| CN114814266A (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2022-07-29 | 中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所 | Arc centripetal array speed measurement probe and speed measurement method |
| CN114839393A (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2022-08-02 | 中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所 | Arc-shaped divergent array speed measurement probe and speed measurement method |
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