CN114196860A - Magnesium alloy and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Magnesium alloy and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114196860A CN114196860A CN202111545891.5A CN202111545891A CN114196860A CN 114196860 A CN114196860 A CN 114196860A CN 202111545891 A CN202111545891 A CN 202111545891A CN 114196860 A CN114196860 A CN 114196860A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- magnesium alloy
- preparation
- magnesium
- mixture
- molten material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C23/00—Alloys based on magnesium
- C22C23/02—Alloys based on magnesium with aluminium as the next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
- B22D17/14—Machines with evacuated die cavity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/06—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of magnesium or alloys based thereon
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G9/00—Forming or shuttering elements for general use
- E04G9/02—Forming boards or similar elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G9/00—Forming or shuttering elements for general use
- E04G9/02—Forming boards or similar elements
- E04G9/06—Forming boards or similar elements the form surface being of metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G9/00—Forming or shuttering elements for general use
- E04G9/02—Forming boards or similar elements
- E04G2009/023—Forming boards or similar elements with edge protection
- E04G2009/025—Forming boards or similar elements with edge protection by a flange of the board's frame
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G9/00—Forming or shuttering elements for general use
- E04G9/02—Forming boards or similar elements
- E04G2009/028—Forming boards or similar elements with reinforcing ribs on the underside
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a magnesium alloy and a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the field of building templates. The invention provides a preparation method of a magnesium alloy, which comprises the following steps: mixing aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, zinc, zirconium, lithium, copper and magnesium to obtain a mixture; melting the mixture to obtain a molten material; homogenizing the molten material to obtain magnesium alloy liquid; and sequentially carrying out vacuum die casting and aging treatment on the magnesium alloy liquid to obtain the magnesium alloy. The invention obtains proper grain size through homogenization treatment to ensure the high-temperature creep resistance of the alloy, utilizes vacuum die casting to avoid forming air holes, reduces the density of the magnesium alloy, achieves the effect of light weight, and can ensure the tensile property and the compressive property of the magnesium alloy by combining with solid solution treatment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of building templates, in particular to a magnesium alloy and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In the current building template industry, wood molds, iron molds and aluminum alloys are commonly used, but the appearance of magnesium alloy templates makes up the previous defects, and the magnesium alloy material has many characteristics in the processing process, corrosion and mechanical properties: light weight, good flexibility, certain corrosion resistance and dimensional stability, good impact resistance, wear resistance and attenuation performance, easy recovery and wide application range. Because the strength of the magnesium alloy is higher than that of the aluminum alloy and the iron, the weight of the aluminum and iron templates can be reduced under the condition of not reducing the strength of the template industry and parts. However, the existing magnesium alloy still has the problem of high density.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a magnesium alloy, and a preparation method and an application thereof. The magnesium alloy prepared by the invention is light in weight.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a preparation method of a magnesium alloy, which comprises the following steps:
mixing aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, zinc, zirconium, lithium, copper and magnesium to obtain a mixture;
melting the mixture to obtain a molten material;
homogenizing the molten material to obtain magnesium alloy liquid;
and sequentially carrying out vacuum die casting and aging treatment on the magnesium alloy liquid to obtain the magnesium alloy.
Preferably, the mixture comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 6.7-7.2% of aluminum, 0.25-0.41% of manganese, 0.0062-0.0071% of iron, 0.057-0.065% of silicon, 0.005% of nickel, 0.76-0.86% of zinc, 0.005-0.01% of zirconium, 0.005-0.015% of lithium, 0.005-0.01% of copper and the balance of magnesium.
Preferably, the melting temperature is 630-750 ℃.
Preferably, the temperature of the homogenization treatment is 780-810 ℃, and the time is 2.5-3 h.
Preferably, the homogenization treatment further comprises cooling.
Preferably, the final temperature of cooling is 450-480 ℃.
Preferably, the vacuum degree of the vacuum die casting is 90-105 Pa.
Preferably, the temperature of the aging treatment is 150 +/-10 ℃, and the time is 5-5.5 h.
The invention also provides the magnesium alloy prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme.
The invention also provides the application of the magnesium alloy in the technical scheme as a building template.
The invention provides a preparation method of a magnesium alloy, which comprises the following steps: mixing aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, zinc, zirconium, lithium, copper and magnesium to obtain a mixture; melting the mixture to obtain a molten material; homogenizing the molten material to obtain magnesium alloy liquid; and sequentially carrying out vacuum die casting and aging treatment on the magnesium alloy liquid to obtain the magnesium alloy. The invention obtains proper grain size through homogenization treatment to ensure the high-temperature creep resistance of the alloy, utilizes vacuum die casting to avoid forming air holes, reduces the density of the magnesium alloy, achieves the effect of light weight, and can ensure the tensile property and the compressive property of the magnesium alloy by combining with solid solution treatment.
The magnesium alloy obtained by the invention has the characteristics of high strength, good toughness, light weight, positive and negative integral forming of panel flatness errors, no need of welding, convenient construction, long service life, corrosion resistance, energy conservation, environmental protection, high turnover use frequency, high construction quality and high construction efficiency.
The data of the embodiment show that the density of the magnesium alloy prepared by the invention is 2.1-2.8 g/cm3The elongation is 6-9%, the hardness is 95-110 HV, the impact toughness is 24-30 j/cm, and the corrosion rate is 0.8-1.4 g/(m)2H), the yield strength is 165-185 MPa, the tensile strength is 280-300 MPa, the preparation method is short in processing aging, and the one-step forming production cost is reduced by 20-28%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a magnesium alloy produced in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a magnesium alloy produced in example 1.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a preparation method of a magnesium alloy, which comprises the following steps;
mixing aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, zinc, zirconium, lithium, copper and magnesium to obtain a mixture;
melting the mixture to obtain a molten material;
homogenizing the molten material to obtain magnesium alloy liquid;
and sequentially carrying out vacuum die casting and aging treatment on the magnesium alloy liquid to obtain the magnesium alloy.
In the present invention, unless otherwise specified, all the raw materials used are commercially available in the art.
The invention mixes aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, zinc, zirconium, lithium, copper and magnesium to obtain a mixture.
In the invention, the mixture preferably comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 6.7-7.2% of aluminum, 0.25-0.41% of manganese, 0.0062-0.0071% of iron, 0.057-0.065% of silicon, 0.005% of nickel, 0.76-0.86% of zinc, 0.005-0.01% of zirconium, 0.005-0.015% of lithium, 0.005-0.01% of copper and the balance of magnesium.
After the mixture is obtained, the mixture is melted to obtain a molten material.
In the invention, the melting temperature is preferably 630-750 ℃, and more preferably 650-700 ℃. The melting time is not particularly limited in the present invention, and may be in a manner known to those skilled in the art.
After obtaining the molten material, the invention carries out homogenization treatment on the molten material to obtain magnesium alloy liquid
In the invention, the temperature of the homogenization treatment is preferably 780-810 ℃, more preferably 800 ℃, and the time is preferably 2.5-3 h. In the present invention, the homogenization treatment has the effect of obtaining an appropriate grain size.
In the present invention, the homogenization treatment preferably further includes cooling.
In the invention, the final temperature of cooling is preferably 450-480 ℃, and more preferably 470 ℃. The invention is preferably cooled to the end temperature within 2 h.
After the magnesium alloy liquid is obtained, the magnesium alloy liquid is subjected to vacuum die casting and aging treatment in sequence to obtain the magnesium alloy.
In the present invention, the degree of vacuum in the vacuum die casting is preferably 90 to 105Pa, and more preferably 95 Pa. In the present invention, the purpose of the vacuum die casting is to ensure the overall density of the magnesium alloy.
In the present invention, the time for the vacuum die casting is preferably 1 min.
In the present invention, the vacuum die casting mold is preferably used after being sequentially vacuumized and preheated, and the temperature of preheating is preferably 320 ℃.
The magnesium alloy liquid is preferably poured into the mold, and then the vacuum switch is turned on to suck the magnesium alloy liquid into the mold. The type and specification of the mold are not particularly limited, and a mold known to those skilled in the art may be used.
In the invention, the temperature of the aging treatment is preferably 150 +/-10 ℃, and the time is preferably 5-5.5 h.
After the aging treatment is finished, the aging product is trimmed, straightened, coated and subjected to handle installation and code spraying according to the proportion of 0.5 wt% to obtain the magnesium alloy. The specific mode of trimming, straightening, coating and code spraying of the installation handle is not specially limited, and the mode known by the technical personnel in the field can be adopted.
The invention also provides the magnesium alloy prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme.
The invention also provides the application of the magnesium alloy in the technical scheme as a building template. The invention is not particularly limited to the specific manner of use described, as such may be readily adapted by those skilled in the art.
In order to further illustrate the present invention, the following detailed description of the magnesium alloy and the preparation method and application thereof provided by the present invention are given with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The magnesium alloy comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 6.7% of aluminum, 0.25% of manganese, 0.0071% of iron, 0.057% of silicon, 0.005% of nickel, 0.76% of zinc, 0.005% of zirconium, 0.005% of lithium, 0.005% of copper and the balance of magnesium, and melting at 750 ℃ to obtain a molten material;
and (3) carrying out high-temperature homogenization treatment on the molten material at 780 ℃, heating for 2.5 hours to remove 99% of internal impurities, and then statically cooling for 2 hours.
Cooling the magnesium alloy liquid for 2 hours, then vacuumizing the mould to 85Pa when the temperature of the magnesium alloy liquid reaches 450 ℃, electrically heating the mould to 320 ℃, pouring the magnesium alloy liquid into the mould, opening a vacuum switch of the mould, sucking the magnesium alloy liquid into the mould, and performing stamping forming after the magnesium alloy liquid is cleaned for one minute in the mould.
Conveying the magnesium alloy template to a static workshop for 1 hour, then carrying out aging treatment, controlling the static temperature at 150 ℃ for 5 hours, trimming, straightening, coating and installing a handle according to the proportion of 0.5 percent, and spraying a code to prepare the magnesium alloy template.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a magnesium alloy produced in example 1; FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a magnesium alloy produced in example 1.
The density of the obtained magnesium alloy was 2.1g/cm3Elongation of 6%, hardness of 95HV, impact toughness of 24j/cm, and corrosion rate of 0.8 g/(m)2H), the yield strength is 180MPa, the tensile strength is 280MPa, and the preparation method has short processing aging and reduces the one-step forming production cost by 20 percent.
Example 2
The magnesium alloy comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 7.2% of aluminum, 0.41% of manganese, 0.0062% of iron, 0.065% of silicon, 0.005% of nickel, 0.86% of zinc, 0.01% of zirconium, 0.015% of lithium, 0.01% of copper and the balance of magnesium, and melting at 630 ℃ to obtain a molten material;
and (3) carrying out high-temperature homogenization treatment on the molten material at 800 ℃, heating for 3 hours to remove 99% of internal impurities, and then statically cooling for 1.5 hours.
Cooling the magnesium alloy liquid for 1.5 hours, then vacuumizing the mould to 95-105 Pa when the temperature of the magnesium alloy liquid reaches 470 ℃, electrically heating the mould to 310-320 ℃, pouring the magnesium alloy liquid into the mould, opening a vacuum switch of the mould to suck the magnesium alloy liquid into the mould, and performing secondary punch forming after the magnesium alloy liquid is net in the mould for 30 seconds.
Conveying the magnesium alloy template to a static workshop for 30 minutes, then carrying out aging treatment, controlling the static temperature at 100 ℃ for 2 hours, trimming, straightening, coating and installing a handle according to the proportion of 0.5 percent, and spraying a code to prepare the magnesium alloy template.
The density of the obtained magnesium alloy is 2.5g/cm3Elongation of 8%, hardness of 110HV, impact toughness of 30j/cm, and corrosion rate of 1.4 g/(m)2H), the yield strength is 190MPa, the tensile strength is 300MPa, and the preparation method has short processing aging and reduces the one-step forming production cost by 28 percent.
Comparative example 1
The same as in example 1, except that ordinary die casting was employed.
The density of the obtained magnesium alloy was 3.5g/cm3The elongation percentage is 11 percent, the hardness is 65HV, the impact toughness is 16j/cm, the corrosion rate is 1.8g/(m2 h), the yield strength is 140MPa, and the tensile strength is 230 MPa.
Comparative example 2
The difference is only that the ordinary die casting is adopted, as in example 2.
The density of the obtained magnesium alloy was 2.9g/cm3The elongation percentage is 9 percent, the hardness is 80HV, the impact toughness is 23j/cm, the corrosion rate is 2.2g/(m2 h), the yield strength is 145MPa, and the tensile strength is 265 MPa.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention in any manner. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, several improvements and modifications can be made, and these improvements and modifications should also be construed as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the magnesium alloy is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
mixing aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, zinc, zirconium, lithium, copper and magnesium to obtain a mixture;
melting the mixture to obtain a molten material;
homogenizing the molten material to obtain magnesium alloy liquid;
and sequentially carrying out vacuum die casting and aging treatment on the magnesium alloy liquid to obtain the magnesium alloy.
2. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 6.7-7.2% of aluminum, 0.25-0.41% of manganese, 0.0062-0.0071% of iron, 0.057-0.065% of silicon, 0.005% of nickel, 0.76-0.86% of zinc, 0.005-0.01% of zirconium, 0.005-0.015% of lithium, 0.005-0.01% of copper and the balance of magnesium.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the melting temperature is 630 to 750 ℃.
4. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the homogenization treatment is 780-810 ℃ and the time is 2.5-3 h.
5. The method of claim 1 or 4, further comprising cooling after the homogenizing.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the final temperature of the cooling is 450 to 480 ℃.
7. The production method according to claim 1, wherein a degree of vacuum of the vacuum die casting is 90 to 105 Pa.
8. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the aging treatment is 150 +/-10 ℃ and the time is 5-5.5 h.
9. A magnesium alloy produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. Use of the magnesium alloy of claim 9 as a construction form.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111545891.5A CN114196860A (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Magnesium alloy and preparation method and application thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111545891.5A CN114196860A (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Magnesium alloy and preparation method and application thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114196860A true CN114196860A (en) | 2022-03-18 |
Family
ID=80654709
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111545891.5A Pending CN114196860A (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Magnesium alloy and preparation method and application thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114196860A (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006070303A (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2006-03-16 | Takata Corp | Magnesium alloy for die casting and magnesium die-cast product using the same |
| TW201043708A (en) * | 2009-06-05 | 2010-12-16 | Amli Materials Technology Co Ltd | Method for manufacturing light-weight and strong magnesium alloy |
| CN109881063A (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2019-06-14 | 上海交通大学 | A kind of high tough high-modulus diecast magnesium alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN111979461A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-11-24 | 湖南云轮科技有限公司 | Magnesium alloy material building template and preparation method thereof |
| CN111979460A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-11-24 | 湖南云轮科技有限公司 | High-toughness magnesium alloy material building template and preparation method thereof |
-
2021
- 2021-12-16 CN CN202111545891.5A patent/CN114196860A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006070303A (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2006-03-16 | Takata Corp | Magnesium alloy for die casting and magnesium die-cast product using the same |
| TW201043708A (en) * | 2009-06-05 | 2010-12-16 | Amli Materials Technology Co Ltd | Method for manufacturing light-weight and strong magnesium alloy |
| CN109881063A (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2019-06-14 | 上海交通大学 | A kind of high tough high-modulus diecast magnesium alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN111979461A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-11-24 | 湖南云轮科技有限公司 | Magnesium alloy material building template and preparation method thereof |
| CN111979460A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-11-24 | 湖南云轮科技有限公司 | High-toughness magnesium alloy material building template and preparation method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 周静 等: "《近代材料科学研究技术进展》", 30 December 2012, 武汉理工大学出版社 * |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP5175225B2 (en) | Iron-nickel-alloy | |
| CN111283171B (en) | Low-pressure casting method of wear-resistant aluminum alloy bicycle accessories | |
| CN110396629A (en) | A kind of 800MPa grades of aluminum alloy extrusion section bar and preparation method thereof | |
| CN102952958B (en) | Method for making compound material of dispersion-strengthened platinum and platinum-rhodium alloy | |
| CN111101034A (en) | Low-rare-earth high-performance rare earth aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN111926225A (en) | Corrosion-resistant aviation aluminum alloy plate and preparation method thereof | |
| CN111118422B (en) | Preparation method of high-tungsten high-cobalt nickel alloy fine-grain plate | |
| WO2016074423A1 (en) | Magnesium alloy and preparation method and use thereof | |
| CN111636019B (en) | Method for reducing bubbles on surface of aluminum alloy bar | |
| WO2016074424A1 (en) | Magnesium alloy and preparation method and use thereof | |
| CN114196860A (en) | Magnesium alloy and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN112779444A (en) | Aluminum alloy die casting for riveting and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104404318A (en) | Rare earth strengthening aluminum alloy sheet for air conditioner radiator and preparation method of rare earth strengthening aluminum alloy sheet | |
| JP2018070944A (en) | Copper alloy sheet material and manufacturing method therefor | |
| FR2889542B1 (en) | HIGH-TENACITY ALUMINUM-COPPER-LITHIUM PLASTER FOR AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE | |
| CN111254317B (en) | Nickel-based casting alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN114875284A (en) | Al-Zn-Mg-Er-Zr series reinforced aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| JP2001131666A (en) | Al-Mn-Mg ALLOY PLATE FOR FORMING CASE, AND ITS MANUFACTURING METHOD | |
| CN106992345A (en) | Cavity body filter | |
| CN103882262B (en) | A kind of Zinc-base high-aluminium alloy material and preparation method thereof for angle valve | |
| CN112048648A (en) | Aluminum alloy template production process | |
| JP5688744B2 (en) | High strength and high toughness copper alloy forging | |
| CN1098027A (en) | Catalyst for self-sharpening diamond and its preparing process | |
| CN109913714B (en) | Alloy connecting piece for food machinery and preparation process thereof | |
| JPH1161300A (en) | Zinc-base alloy for metal mold, zinc-base alloy block for metal mold, and their manufacture |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |