CN114195827A - 一种羧基取代钌配合物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种羧基取代钌配合物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114195827A CN114195827A CN202010909554.9A CN202010909554A CN114195827A CN 114195827 A CN114195827 A CN 114195827A CN 202010909554 A CN202010909554 A CN 202010909554A CN 114195827 A CN114195827 A CN 114195827A
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- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
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- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
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- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Abstract
本发明属于光敏剂领域,公开了一种羧基取代钌配合物及其制备和应用。该羧基取代钌配合物为[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2或者[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2,具体结构分别如下所示。以该羧基取代钌配合物作为链接体,合成了两种具有光敏活性的金属有机金属框架(MOF)材料,这两种MOF材料在光催化分解水产氢实验中,第一个小时的催还质子还原初始速率可达到59.76μmol g‑1h‑1和142.67μmol g‑1h‑1,证明本发明合成的MOF材料具有较好的光催化活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光敏剂领域,特别涉及一种羧基取代钌配合物及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
为了应对化石燃料的枯竭和化石燃料燃烧导致的环境问题,科研界和工业领域已经提出了一些有潜力的技术方案与应对策略。其中,应用光催化反应是解决能源和环境问题最有前景的方法之一。光催化反应是利用光能激发催化剂,并经过光催化剂激发态而进行的氧化还原反应。我们可以根据不同的目的,将光催化应用到太阳能燃料的合成,二氧化碳的转化,污染物的降解等领域。将光催化应用到实践生产中时,光催化剂的性能尤为重要。
基于金属有机框架(MOF)的非均相光催化剂具有分子结构清晰、多孔结构稳定、比表面积大等优点,在光催化研究和应用方面已受到极大关注。MOF是由可重复的基本单元组成,这些单元(包括有机配体和金属簇/金属离子等)通过配位链接。构建MOF非均相光催化剂的关键是开发合成物化性质优异的、可作为MOF结构单元的、并具有光敏活性的有机或无机化合物。
以多联吡啶为有机配体,金属钌(Ru)元素为中心的络合物作为光敏剂,被广泛用于光催化/光反应研究。这类光敏剂可以吸收可见光,形成具有氧化或还原活性的激发状态。多联吡啶钌络合物作为光敏剂的优势在于:通过对络合物配体的修饰可使其具有很强的氧化/还原能力;多吡啶钌络合物一般具有很长的激发态寿命,有利于光催化反应的进行。含有多吡啶钌络合物的MOF光催化剂已经展示出光催化水还原产氢、光催化二氧化碳转化的活性。
MOF光催化剂的结构单元决定催化剂的结构和性能。人工合成且可作为MOF光催化剂结构单元的多联吡啶钌络合物的种类还很少,严重限制特定结构和活性的MOF光催化剂的研究、开发、和应用。因此有必要研究设计合成一种可作为MOF节点的新型多联吡啶钌光敏剂。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的缺点与不足,本发明的首要目的在于提供一种可用于构建金属有机框架(MOF)的羧基取代钌配合物。
本发明另一目的在于提供上述羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法。
本发明再一目的在于提供上述羧基取代钌配合物的应用,特别的是上述羧基取代钌配合物作为结构单元,与铜离子反应合成新型金属有机框架。
本发明的目的通过下述方案实现:
一种羧基取代钌配合物,其可以为4’-羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶-4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶钌([RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2)或者二(4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶)钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2),具体结构分别如下所示:
上述的羧基取代钌配合物([RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2)和[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2)的合成路线如图1所示。
一种上述的羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在惰性气体保护下,六甲基二锡和2-溴-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶在溶剂和催化剂存在条件下加热进行反应,得到2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶;
(2)在惰性气体保护下,将2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶和2,6-二溴吡啶在溶剂和催化剂作用下加热进行反应,得到化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯;
(3)将[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸和乙醇在浓硫酸存在条件下回流反应8-80小时,得到[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯;
(4)将[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯和RuCl3·3H2O在乙醇中加热回流反应0.5-6h,得到化合物2[RuⅢtpyCOOEt]Cl3;
(5)将化合物1、化合物2和乙醇混合,然后在搅拌条件下加热反应,反应结束后将所得反应液除去不溶杂质后,向其中加入NH4PF6水溶液,常温搅拌1-15min,即得到化合物3[RuII(tpyCOOEt)(tpy(COOEt)2)](PF6)2;
(6)将化合物3和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液混合,加热回流反应2-24h后,冷却至室温,再调节反应液的pH<7,除去溶剂得到粗产物,将粗产物与硫酸水溶液、NH4PF6水溶液混合,室温下搅拌2~45min,然后将所得反应液纯化即得化合物[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2;
(7)将化合物1和RuCl3·3H2O在乙醇中回流反应1-8h,得到化合物4;
(8)将化合物4、化合物1和乙醇混合,然后在搅拌条件下加热反应,反应结束后将所得反应液除去不溶杂质后,向其中加入NH4PF6水溶液,然后纯化即得到化合物5;
(9)将化合物5和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液混合,加热回流12h后,冷却至室温,再调节反应液的pH<7,除去溶剂得到粗产物,再将粗产物与硫酸水溶液、NH4PF6水溶液混合,室温下搅拌2~45min,然后将所得反应液纯化即得化合物二(4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶)钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2)。
步骤(1)中所述的催化剂为四三苯基膦钯、二(三叔丁基膦)钯、醋酸钯、二(二苄叉丙酮)钯中的至少一种,优选为四三苯基膦钯。
步骤(1)中所述的溶剂为甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、硝基苯中的至少一种,优选为甲苯。
步骤(1)中所述的加热为常规加热(如电阻丝加热等)或微波加热,常规加热是指加热120-200℃反应5-12h,微波加热是指加热至120-200℃反应5~30min。
步骤(1)中所述的六甲基二锡和2-溴-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶的摩尔比为1:1~5;步骤(1)中所述的催化剂的量满足催化剂的摩尔量为六甲基二锡摩尔量的1~15%;
步骤(1)中反应结束后还包括纯化步骤,具体纯化步骤如下:将反应结束后的反应液冷却至室温,旋蒸除去溶剂,将所得粗产物经氧化铝层析柱层析即得纯化后的2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶;氧化铝层析柱层析过程中展开剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯。
步骤(2)中所述的催化剂为四三苯基膦钯、二(三叔丁基膦)钯、醋酸钯、二(二苄叉丙酮)钯中的至少一种,优选为四三苯基膦钯。
步骤(2)中所述的溶剂为甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、硝基苯中的至少一种,优选为甲苯。
步骤(2)中所述的2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶和2,6-二溴吡啶的摩尔比为1~3:1;步骤(2)中所述的催化剂的用量满足催化剂的摩尔量为2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶摩尔量的1~15%。
步骤(2)中所述的加热为常规加热(如电阻丝加热等)或微波加热,常规加热是指加热至120-220℃反应5-12h,微波加热是指加热至120-200℃反应5~30min。
步骤(2)中反应结束后还包括纯化步骤,具体纯化步骤如下:将反应结束后的反应液冷却至室温,旋蒸除去溶剂,获得黄绿色粗产物,将所得粗产物经氧化铝层析柱层析,即得纯化后的化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯。
步骤(3)中所述的[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸和乙醇的用量满足:[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸和乙醇的摩尔比为:1:100~300;步骤(3)中所述的浓硫酸的浓度为≥33wt%,浓硫酸的用量满足:浓硫酸和乙醇的体积比为1:50~60;
步骤(3)中回流反应结束后还包括纯化步骤,具体纯化步骤如下:将回流后的反应液旋蒸除去溶剂,然后向其中加水,并调节其pH为6~10,再用CH2Cl2萃取有机相,将收集到的有机相旋蒸除去溶剂,所得产物干燥后即为纯化后的[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯。
步骤(4)中所述的[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯和RuCl3·3H2O的摩尔比为1:0.5~2;
步骤(4)中加热回流反应结束后还包括纯化步骤,具体纯化步骤如下:将反应结束后的反应液冷却至室温,得到红棕色浑浊溶液,将红棕色浑浊溶液减压过滤,并用乙醇洗涤滤饼至滤液无颜色,将所得滤饼干燥即为纯化后的化合物2[RuⅢtpyCOOEt]Cl3。
步骤(5)中所述的化合物1、化合物2的摩尔比为0.5~2:1;步骤(5)中所述的乙醇作为溶剂,因此可以不用限制用量;步骤(5)中在将化合物1、化合物2和乙醇混合后还包括向混合溶液中加入N-乙基吗啉调节混合溶液的pH=6~9的操作,N-乙基吗啉与乙醇的体积比为1:500~1500;
步骤(5)中所述的加热反应是指微波加热至100-190℃反应1-60min,优选为微波加热至160℃反应11min;
步骤(5)中所述的NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol/L,所述的NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6与化合物2的摩尔比为1~2.5:1;
步骤(5)中所述的将所得反应液除去不溶杂质是指用硅藻土作为助滤剂减压过滤,除去不溶的杂质;步骤(5)中常温搅拌1-15min后还包括旋蒸除去溶剂、过滤、洗涤滤饼等操作,将所得滤饼干燥即为纯化后的化合物3[RuII(tpyCOOEt)(tpy(COOEt)2)](PF6)2。
步骤(6)中所述的化合物3和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液的用量满足:化合物3和氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:10~100;氢氧化钠溶液与乙醇体积比为1:1,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为1~10mol/L。
步骤(6)中所述的硫酸水溶液以及NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:化合物3和NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6的摩尔比为1:20~100,每1mol化合物3对应加入50~100L的硫酸水溶液,其中硫酸水溶液的浓度为10%~80%,NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol/L。
步骤(6)中所述的纯化是指将所得反应液减压过滤,再用NH4PF6水溶液和水洗涤滤饼,滤饼干燥即为纯化后的[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2。
步骤(7)中所述的化合物1和RuCl3·3H2O的用量满足化合物1和RuCl3·3H2O的摩尔比为1:0.5~2;
步骤(7)中回流结束后还包括纯化步骤,具体纯化步骤为:将回流反应的反应液冷却至室温,得到浑浊溶液,然后减压过滤,并用乙醇洗涤至滤液无色,将所得滤饼干燥即得纯化后的化合物4。
步骤(8)中化合物4和化合物1的用量满足:化合物4、化合物1的摩尔比为0.5~2:1;步骤(8)中所述的乙醇作为溶剂,因此可以不用限制用量;步骤(8)中在将化合物1、化合物4和乙醇混合后还包括向混合溶液中加入N-乙基吗啉调节混合溶液的pH=6~9的操作,N-乙基吗啉与乙醇的体积比为1:100~500。
步骤(8)中所述的加热反应是指微波加热至100-200℃反应1-45min,优选为微波加热至160℃反应11min;
步骤(8)中所述的NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol mol/L,所述的NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6与化合物1的摩尔比为1~2.5:1;
步骤(8)中所述的将所得反应液除去不溶杂质是指用硅藻土作为助滤剂减压过滤,除去不溶的杂质;步骤(8)中所述的纯化是指旋蒸除去大部分溶剂,然后过滤,再用乙醇和水依次多滤饼进行洗涤,将所得滤饼干燥即为纯化后的化合物5。
步骤(9)中所述的化合物5和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液的用量满足:化合物5和氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:100~500;氢氧化钠溶液与乙醇体积比为1:1,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为1~10mol/L。
步骤(9)中所述的硫酸水溶液以及NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:化合物5和NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6的摩尔比为1:100~200,每1mol的化合物5对应加入100~200L的硫酸水溶液,其中硫酸水溶液的浓度为10%~80%,NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol/L。
步骤(9)中所述的纯化是指将所得反应液减压过滤,再一次用NH4PF6水溶液和水洗涤滤饼,将滤饼干燥即为纯化的[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2。
上述的羧基取代钌配合物在制备具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料中的应用。
一种具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料,其由以下步骤制备得到:
将CuCl2·2H2O、羧基取代钌配合物在溶剂中混合均匀,然后在60~100℃反应6~36h,即得具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料。
当羧基取代钌配合物为二(4’-羧基-2,2’:6’,2”-三吡啶)合钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2)时,所得到的具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料命名为Cu-Ru-2COOH;当羧基取代钌配合物为[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2时,所得到的具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料命名为Cu-Ru-3COOH。
所述的CuCl2·2H2O、羧基取代钌配合物的用量满足:CuCl2·2H2O和羧基取代钌配合物的摩尔比为1:1~2.5:1;
所述的溶剂为DMF和乙醇的混合物,其中乙醇与DMF的体积比为1:2~2:1;
所述的反应优选为在80℃反应36h。
上述的具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料在光催化质子还原产氢反应(HER)中的应用。
本发明相对于现有技术,具有如下的优点及有益效果:
本发明通过合成一种可用于构建金属有机框架(MOF)的羧基取代钌配合物,使得合成多种结构和性能的MOF光催化剂成为可能。以本发明中的羧基取代钌配合物与不同金属离子及金属簇为原料,相关领域研发人员可以设计开发具有独特物化性质的新型MOF材料。这些MOF材料在光催化及其他领域具有极大的研究价值和应用潜力。
附图说明
图1为本发明的羧基取代钌配合物([RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2)和[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2)的合成路线图。
图2为2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶的1H NMR谱图。
图3为化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯的1H NMR谱图。
图4为化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯的13C NMR谱图。
图5为[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯的1H NMR谱图。
图6为化合物3[RuII(tpyCOOEt)(tpy(COOEt)2)](PF6)2的1H NMR谱图。
图7为化合物[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2的1H NMR谱图。
图8为化合物5[RuII(tpy(COOEt)2)2](PF6)2的1H NMR谱图。
图9为化合物5[RuII(tpy(COOEt)2)2](PF6)2的13C NMR谱图。
图10为化合物二(4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶)钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2))的1H NMR谱图。
图11为Cu-Ru-2COOH X-射线单晶衍射的配位结构图(以椭球图的形式表示原子位置)。
图12为Cu-Ru-3COOH X-射线单晶衍射的配位结构图(以椭球图的形式表示原子位置)。
图13为pH=4.03,1mg mL-1MOF(Cu-Ru-2COOH),0.5mol/L抗坏血酸的悬浊液在可见光(>420nm)催化下单位重量(克)催化剂下氢气产量对时间的曲线图。
图14为pH=4.01,1mg mL-1MOF(Cu-Ru-3COOH),0.5mol/L抗坏血酸的悬浊液在可见光(>420nm)催化下单位重量(克)催化剂下氢气产量对时间的曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。实施例中所用微波加热的仪器均为Anton Paar Monowave 200。实施例中的加热如无特殊说明为微波加热的均为常规加热方式,如电阻丝加热等。
实施例1:化合物[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2的制备
(1)化合物2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶的合成
取六甲基二锡(0.94mL,4.5mmol)和2-溴-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶(0.78mL,5.1mmol)加入到一个的微波反应仪专用的厚壁反应器中,加入10mL甲苯,随后加入四三苯基膦钯(0.351g,0.3mmol)以及搅拌子,最后将厚壁反应器密封,在氩气保护下加热到180℃反应3min(使用的微波仪品牌型号为Anton Paar Monowave 200),得到墨绿色浑浊溶液。待溶液冷却到室温后,用旋转蒸发仪除去甲苯,剩余的粗产物经氧化铝层析柱(展开剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯)分离纯化,得到产物为无色液体1.017g,产率=72.3%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步的实验。
或者,取六甲基二锡(0.94mL,4.5mmol)和2-溴-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶(0.78mL,5.1mmol)加入到25mL耐压管中,加入10mL甲苯,随后加入四三苯基膦钯(0.351g,0.3mmol)以及搅拌子,最后将耐压管密封,在氩气保护下加热到120℃反应8h,得到墨绿色浑浊溶液。待溶液冷却到室温后,用旋转蒸发仪除去甲苯,剩余的粗产物经氧化铝层析柱(展开剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯)分离纯化,得到产物为无色液体0.874g,产率=55.7%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步的实验。
所得产物的2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶的1H NMR谱图如图2所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ8.65(d,J=5.1Hz,1H),7.73(s,1H),7.43(d,J=5.2Hz,1H),4.16(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.16(t,J=7.1Hz,3H),0.13(s,9H)。
(2)化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯的合成
将上一步得到的2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶(0.785g,2.5mmol)与2,6-二溴吡啶(0.284g,1.2mmol)一起加入到容量为30mL的微波反应仪专用的厚壁反应器中,加入甲苯,随后加入四三苯基膦钯(0.182g,0.16mmol)以及搅拌子。然后将厚壁反应器密封,在氩气保护下加热到200℃反应10min(使用的微波仪品牌型号为Anton Paar Monowave 200)。反应后冷却到室温,用旋转蒸发仪除去甲苯,获得黄绿色粗产物。粗产物用氧化铝层析柱分离纯化,得到化合物1为白色粉末(0.312g),产率=69.1%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步实验。
普通加热方法:将上一步得到的2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶(0.785g,2.5mmol)与2,6-二溴吡啶(0.284g,1.2mmol)一起加入到容量为25mL的耐压管中,加入甲苯,随后加入四三苯基膦钯(0.182g,0.16mmol)以及搅拌子。然后将厚壁反应器密封,在氩气保护下加热到120℃反应8h。反应后冷却到室温,用旋转蒸发仪除去甲苯,获得黄绿色粗产物。粗产物用氧化铝层析柱分离纯化,得到化合物1为白色粉末(0.281g),产率=62.0%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步实验。
化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯的1H NMR谱图和13C NMR谱图分别如图3和图4所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ9.21(s,2H),8.90(d,J=4.4Hz,2H),8.62(d,J=7.9Hz,2H),8.07(t,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.98(d,J=5.1Hz,2H),4.52(q,J=7.2Hz,4H),1.51(t,J=7.1Hz,6H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ165.14,156.87,154.53,149.59,139.19,138.22,123.00,121.85,120.85,61.91,14.23。
(3)化合物[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯的合成
取[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸(1.069g,3.9mmol)和1mL浓硫酸(浓硫酸的浓度为≥33wt%)加入到50mL超干乙醇中回流3天。用旋转蒸发仪除去溶液中的溶剂后,向剩余物中加入100mL水,并用饱和碳酸钠溶液调节溶液pH;用CH2Cl2(50mL×3)萃取水溶液中的产物3次,合并有机相,并用水洗涤合并后有机相三次;收集有机相并用旋转蒸发仪除去溶剂后,真空干燥产物;得到白色粉末即为化合物[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯,产率为91.4%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步的实验。
化合物[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯的1H NMR谱图如图5所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ8.99(s,2H),8.75(ddd,J=4.7,1.8,0.9Hz,2H),8.62(dt,J=8.0,1.1Hz,2H),7.88(td,J=7.7,1.8Hz,2H),7.37(ddd,J=7.5,4.8,1.2Hz,2H),4.49(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.46(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
(4)化合物2[RuⅢtpyCOOEt]Cl3的合成
取[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯(0.631g,2.1mmol)和RuCl3·3H2O(0.472g,2.3mmol)加入到60mL乙醇中,加热回流2h后将反应产物冷却到室温,得到红棕色浑浊溶液。将浑浊溶液进行减压过滤,并用乙醇洗涤滤饼数次,直到滤除的溶液为无色液体为止。收集滤饼并真空干燥,等到棕黑色粉末为化合物2,产率为73.1%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步的实验。
(5)化合物3[RuII(tpyCOOEt)(tpy(COOEt)2)](PF6)2的合成
将化合物2(0.154g,0.3mmol)和化合物1(0.113g,0.3mmol)一起加入到一个容量为30mL的微波反应仪专用的厚壁反应器中,同时加入10mL乙醇,0.05mL N-乙基吗啉以及搅拌子,混合后置入密封厚壁反应器,微波加热到160℃反应11min(微波仪品牌型号为AntonPaar Monowave 200),得到深红色溶液。待溶液冷却到室温后,反应液用硅藻土作为助滤剂进行减压过滤,除去不溶的杂质。向滤液中加入约5mL 0.13M NH4PF6水溶液,用旋转蒸发仪除去大部分溶剂,得到深红色浑浊液。对浑浊液进行减压过滤,并用20mL乙醇和10mL水依次洗涤滤饼,收集滤饼并真空干燥。得到深红色粉末即为化合物3(0.235g),产率=73.1%。得到的产物未经进一步纯化,直接用于下一步的实验。
化合物3[RuII(tpyCOOEt)(tpy(COOEt)2)](PF6)2的1H NMR谱图如图6所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ9.46(s,2H),9.41(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),9.17–9.07(m,4H),8.59(t,J=8.1Hz,1H),8.05(t,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.71(d,J=5.9Hz,2H),7.54(d,J=4.0Hz,2H),7.42(d,J=5.8Hz,2H),7.33–7.27(m,2H),4.65(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),4.36(q,J=7.1Hz,4H),1.55(t,J=7.1Hz,3H),1.29(t,J=7.1Hz,6H)。
(6)化合物[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2的合成
将化合物3(0.200g,0.19mmol)与3mL乙醇、3mL 6mol/L NaOH水溶液混合,加热回流12h。待反应物冷却后,用2mol/L HCl调节溶液pH≈1。旋蒸除去溶剂,得到橙色粉末粗产物,将粗产物与10mL 4mol/L H2SO4水溶液、10mL 0.8mol/L NH4PF6水溶液混合,室温下搅拌20min。将浑浊液进行减压过滤,依次用20mL 0.04mol/L NH4PF6水溶液和10mL水洗涤滤饼。收集滤饼并真空干燥,得到暗红色粉末即为[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2(0.126g),产率=67.1%。
化合物[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2的1H NMR谱图如图7所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,1mol/L NaOD,D2O)δ8.95(s,2H),8.70(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),8.61(s,2H),8.41(d,J=8.1Hz,2H),8.32(t,J=8.2Hz,1H),7.74(t,J=7.1Hz,2H),7.25–7.16(m,6H),6.96(t,J=6.0Hz,2H)。
实施例2:化合物二(4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶)钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2))的合成
(7)化合物4的合成
取化合物1(0.100g,0.26mmol)和RuCl3·3H2O(0.078g,0.3mmol)加入到30mL乙醇中,加热回流2h后将冷却到室温,得到红棕色浑浊溶液。将浑浊溶液进行减压过滤,并乙醇洗涤滤饼数次,直到滤除的溶液为无色液体为止。收集滤饼并真空干燥,等到棕黑色粉末为化合物4,产率为72.0%。得到的产物直接未经进一步纯化,用于下一步的实验。
(8)化合物5[RuII(tpy(COOEt)2)2](PF6)2的合成
将化合物4(0.100g,0.17mmol)和化合物1(0.068g,0.18mmol)加入到一个容量为30mL的微波反应仪专用的厚壁反应器中,再加入10mL乙醇、0.05mL N-乙基吗啉以及搅拌子,先将混合物室温下水浴超声两分钟使反应物充分混合,然后加热到160℃反应11min(微波仪品牌型号为Anton Paar Monowave 200),得到深红色溶液。待溶液冷却到室温后,反应液用硅藻土作为助滤剂进行减压过滤,除去不溶的杂质。向滤液中加入5mL 0.08M NH4PF6水溶液,用旋转蒸发仪除去大部分溶剂,剩余约10mL的深红色浑浊液。对浑浊液进行减压过滤,并用20mL乙醇和10mL水依次洗涤滤饼。收集滤饼并真空干燥,得到暗红色粉末即为化合物5(0.113g),产率=55.7%。得到的产物直接用于下一步的实验。
化合物5[RuII(tpy(COOEt)2)2](PF6)2的1H NMR谱图和13C NMR分别如图8和图9所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ9.43(d,J=8.2Hz,4H),9.13(s,4H),8.60(t,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.59(d,J=1.6Hz,8H),4.36(q,J=7.1Hz,8H),1.29(t,J=7.1Hz,12H),13CNMR(126MHz,DMSO-d6)δ163.53,159.24,154.89,153.85,139.06,137.14,126.83,125.76,123.61,62.73,14.40。
(9)化合物二(4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶)钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2))的合成
将化合物5(0.058g,0.058mmol)与3mL乙醇、3mL 6M NaOH水溶液混合,加热回流12h。待反应物冷却后,用2M HCl调节溶液pH≈0.5。旋蒸除去溶剂,得到橙红色粉末粗产物。将粗产物与10mL 4M H2SO4水溶液、10mL 0.8M NH4PF6水溶液混合,室温下搅拌20min。将浑浊液进行减压过滤,依次用20mL 0.04M NH4PF6水溶液和10mL水洗涤滤饼。收集滤饼并真空干燥得到暗红色粉末即为[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2(0.126g),产率=47.6%。
化合物二(4,4”-二羧基-2,2’:6,2-三吡啶)钌([RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2))的1HNMR谱图如图10所示,具体数据如下:1H NMR(500MHz,CD3CN)δ8.90–8.80(m,8H),8.40(t,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.48(d,J=5.8Hz,4H),7.39(d,J=5.1Hz,4H)。
实施例3:具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料MOF(Cu-Ru-2COOH)的合成
在一个容量为5mL的玻璃耐压瓶子里加入CuCl2·2H2O(0.0034g,0.02mmol),[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2(0.01mmol),0.8mL DMF,以及1.2mL乙醇。震荡混合均匀。在恒温80℃下反应36小时。反应完后,反应液冷却至室温,得到深红色透明的长方体(2.8mg)可用于X-射线单晶衍射测试。
其中Cu-Ru-2COOH的节点[Cu2O10]是由两个铜离子与四个[RuII(tpy(COO-)2)2]其中一端的羧基配位而成,是典型的轮桨型[Cu2(-COO-)4(DMF)2]节点。另外,两个DMF分子提供氧原子在四个[RuII(tpy(COO–)2)2]构成的平面的垂直方向上与铜离子配位,形成五配位的四棱锥的结构(图11)。每个节点与四个链接体连接,从而形成三维金属有机框架。
实施例4:具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料MOF(Cu-Ru-3COOH)的合成
三维金属有机框架Cu-Ru-3COOH和Cu-Ru-2COOH的合成方法相同。在一个容量为5mL的玻璃耐压瓶子里加入CuCl2·2H2O(0.0034g,0.02mmol),[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2(0.01mmol),0.8mL DMF,以及1.2mL乙醇。震荡混合均匀。在恒温80℃下反应36小时。反应完后,反应液冷却至室温,得到深红色透明的长方体(2.8mg)可用于X-射线单晶衍射测试(CCDC:2009805)。
Cu-MOF-3COOH的节点为单核CuII与三个[RuII(tpyCOO-)(tpyCOO- 2)]的羧基氧以及一个DMF的氧原子配位,形成变形四面体的四配位[Cu2(-COO-)3(DMF)]节点(图12)。每个节点与三个链接体连接在一起,形成三维的MOF。
实施例5:光催化实验
我们选择1mol/L抗坏血酸缓冲水溶液作为光催化HER反应测试实验的媒介。为了确保实验的可重复性,抗坏血酸缓冲溶液均在每次使用前现配现用。
光催化体系配置方法是称取60mg MOF晶体加入到有30mL去离子水的厚壁烧杯中。将样品进行超声30min,得到深红色悬浊液(2mg mL-1)。往悬浊液中加入30mL 1mol/L抗坏血酸缓冲溶液,搅拌混合均匀,并依具催化测试实验目的用1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节pH=4左右,得到pH≈4,1mg mL-1MOF,0.5mol/L抗坏血酸的悬浊液,用于可见光催化HER实验测试。
可见光催化HER实验方法是将制备好的60mL悬浊液加入到容量为270mL光催化玻璃反应器中,在避光条件下用Ar鼓泡搅拌除氧30min。光催化反应是在带有420nm的滤光片300W氙灯(Perfect Light PLS-SXE 300)照射下进行。反应过程中氢气的产量用气相色谱仪跟踪测定。光照后的第一个30min开始取样,之后每15min取一次气体样品测量氢气产量。
pH=3.96,1mg mL-1MOF(Cu-Ru-2COOH),0.5mol/L抗坏血酸的悬浊液在可见光(>420nm)催化下氢气产量(以每克MOF计)对时间的曲线图如图13所示,从图13中可以看出,每克Cu-Ru-2COOH在60分钟里能够催化还原得到59.76μmol的氢气,在第一个小时的催化质子还原初始速率可达到59.76μmol g-1h-1。
pH=4.01,1mg mL-1MOF(Cu-Ru-3COOH),0.5mol/L抗坏血酸的悬浊液在可见光(>420nm)催化下氢气产量对时间的曲线图如图14所示,从图14中可以看出,每克Cu-Ru-3COOH在1小时里能够催化还原得到143μmol的氢气,催还质子还原速率可达到142.67μmol g-1h-1。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
2.一种根据权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)在惰性气体保护下,六甲基二锡和2-溴-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶在溶剂和催化剂存在条件下加热进行反应,得到2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶;
(2)在惰性气体保护下,将2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶和2,6-二溴吡啶在溶剂和催化剂作用下加热进行反应,得到化合物1[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4,4”-二甲酸乙酯;
(3)将[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸和乙醇在浓硫酸存在条件下回流反应8-80小时,得到[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯;
(4)将[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯和RuCl3·3H2O在乙醇中加热回流反应0.5-6h,得到化合物2[RuⅢtpyCOOEt]Cl3;
(5)将化合物1、化合物2和乙醇混合,然后在搅拌条件下加热反应,反应结束后将所得反应液除去不溶杂质后,向其中加入NH4PF6水溶液,常温搅拌1-15min,即得到化合物3[RuII(tpyCOOEt)(tpy(COOEt)2)](PF6)2;
(6)将化合物3和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液混合,加热回流反应2-24h后,冷却至室温,再调节反应液的pH<7,除去溶剂得到粗产物,将粗产物与硫酸水溶液、NH4PF6水溶液混合,室温下搅拌2~45min,然后将所得反应液纯化即得化合物[RuII(tpyCOOH)(tpy(COOH)2)](PF6)2;
(7)将化合物1和RuCl3·3H2O在乙醇中回流反应1-8h,得到化合物4;
(8)将化合物4、化合物1和乙醇混合,然后在搅拌条件下加热反应,反应结束后将所得反应液除去不溶杂质后,向其中加入NH4PF6水溶液,然后纯化即得到化合物5;
(9)将化合物5和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液混合,加热回流12h后,冷却至室温,再调节反应液的pH<7,除去溶剂得到粗产物,再将粗产物与硫酸水溶液、NH4PF6水溶液混合,室温下搅拌2~45min,然后将所得反应液纯化即得化合物[RuII(tpy(COOH)2)2](PF6)2;
化合物1,2,3,4,5的结构式分别如下所示:
3.根据权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
步骤(1)中所述的催化剂为四三苯基膦钯、二(三叔丁基膦)钯、醋酸钯、二(二苄叉丙酮)钯中的至少一种;
步骤(1)中所述的溶剂为甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、硝基苯中的至少一种;
步骤(1)中所述的六甲基二锡和2-溴-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶的摩尔比为1:1~5;步骤(1)中所述的催化剂的量满足催化剂的摩尔量为六甲基二锡摩尔量的1~15%;
步骤(1)中所述的加热为常规加热或微波加热,常规加热是指加热120-200℃反应5-12h,微波加热是指加热至120-200℃反应5~30min;
步骤(2)中所述的催化剂为四三苯基膦钯、二(三叔丁基膦)钯、醋酸钯、二(二苄叉丙酮)钯中的至少一种;
步骤(2)中所述的溶剂为甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、硝基苯中的至少一种;
步骤(2)中所述的2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶和2,6-二溴吡啶的摩尔比为1~3:1;步骤(2)中所述的催化剂的用量满足催化剂的摩尔量为2-三甲基锡烷-4-甲酸乙酯吡啶摩尔量的1~15%;
步骤(2)中所述的加热为常规加热或微波加热,常规加热是指加热至120-220℃反应5-12h,微波加热是指加热至120-200℃反应5~30min;
步骤(3)中所述的[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸和乙醇的用量满足:[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸和乙醇的摩尔比为:1:100~300;步骤(3)中所述的浓硫酸的浓度为≥33wt%,浓硫酸的用量满足:浓硫酸和乙醇的体积比为1:50~60。
4.根据权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
步骤(4)中所述的[2,2’:6’,2”]-三吡啶-4’-甲酸乙酯和RuCl3·3H2O的摩尔比为1:0.5~2。
5.根据权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
步骤(5)中所述的化合物1、化合物2的摩尔比为0.5~2:1;
步骤(5)中所述的加热反应指微波加热至100-190℃反应1-60min;
步骤(5)中所述的NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol/L,所述的NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6与化合物2的摩尔比为1~2.5:1;
步骤(6)中所述的化合物3和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液的用量满足:化合物3和氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:10~100;氢氧化钠溶液与乙醇体积比为1:1,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为1~10mol/L;
步骤(6)中所述的硫酸水溶液以及NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:化合物3和NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6的摩尔比为1:20~100,每1mol化合物3对应加入50~100L的硫酸水溶液,其中硫酸水溶液的浓度为10%~80%,NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol/L。
6.根据权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
步骤(7)中所述的化合物1和RuCl3·3H2O的用量满足化合物1和RuCl3·3H2O的摩尔比为1:0.5~2;
步骤(8)中化合物4和化合物1的用量满足:化合物4、化合物1的摩尔比为0.5~2:1;
步骤(8)中所述的NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol mol/L,所述的NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6与化合物1的摩尔比为1~2.5:1;
步骤(8)中所述的加热反应指微波加热至100-200℃反应1-45min;
步骤(9)中所述的化合物5和乙醇、氢氧化钠水溶液的用量满足:化合物5和氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:100~500;氢氧化钠溶液与乙醇体积比为1:1,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为1~10mol/L;
步骤(9)中所述的硫酸水溶液以及NH4PF6水溶液的用量满足:化合物5和NH4PF6水溶液中NH4PF6的摩尔比为1:100~200,每1mol的化合物5对应加入100~200L的硫酸水溶液,其中硫酸水溶液的浓度为10%~80%,NH4PF6水溶液的浓度为0.1~5mol/L。
7.根据权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物在制备具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料中的应用。
8.一种具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料,其特征在于由权利要求1所述的羧基取代钌配合物制备得到,具体包括以下步骤:
将CuCl2·2H2O、羧基取代钌配合物在溶剂中混合均匀,然后在60~100℃反应6~36h,即得具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料,其特征在于:
所述的CuCl2·2H2O、羧基取代钌配合物的用量满足:CuCl2·2H2O和羧基取代钌配合物的摩尔比为1:1~2.5:1;
所述的溶剂为DMF和乙醇的混合物,其中乙醇与DMF的体积比为1:2~2:1。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的具有光敏活性的金属有机框架材料在光催化质子还原产氢反应中的应用。
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