CN114190131B - Selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN114190131B
CN114190131B CN202111606006.XA CN202111606006A CN114190131B CN 114190131 B CN114190131 B CN 114190131B CN 202111606006 A CN202111606006 A CN 202111606006A CN 114190131 B CN114190131 B CN 114190131B
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selenium
tomatoes
water
silicon
seeds
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CN114190131A (en
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宫海军
胡万行
苏艳
周捷
梁宇飞
郭佳
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Northwest A&F University
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/50—Surfactants; Emulsifiers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers

Abstract

The invention discloses a selenium-silicon-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of preparation of tomato foliar fertilizers. The selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes consists of a selenium source, a silicon source, a surfactant and water; the 1L water contains 4.32-8.64mg selenium source, 0.2842-0.3182g silicon source and 0.0555-0.0777g surfactant. The selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes provided by the invention has high effective selenium and silicon element contents, is easy to be absorbed by crops, and has a relatively high utilization rate. Meanwhile, the production cost is low, the preparation process is simple and convenient, the period is short, the preparation raw materials are convenient to obtain, and the self-sufficiency of vast farmers can be basically realized.

Description

Selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tomato leaf surface fertilizer preparation, and particularly relates to a selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for tomatoes, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Selenium is an important component of glutathione peroxidase, becomes a third major and trace nutrient element necessary for human bodies after iodine and zinc, has multiple biological functions of resisting oxidation and cancer, preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, delaying senescence and the like, and according to investigation, the average daily selenium intake of Chinese residents is 26-32 mu g which is far lower than the daily intakes of 50 mu g and 60 mu g recommended by the Chinese academy of nutrition and the International society for selenium. The lack of selenium can cause the reduction of the human immunity, the keshan disease and the Kaschin-Beck disease occur, and serious diseases such as cancer and the like can be caused in serious cases, and are closely related to the human health. Silicon, as a second most abundant element in earth crust besides oxygen, has potential effects in improving human metabolism, strengthening bones and connective tissues, and strengthening immune system. Meanwhile, selenium and silicon are beneficial elements of plants, and are generally beneficial to growth and development, nutrient absorption and quality improvement of the plants. However, most areas in China belong to areas lacking selenium and silicon or areas with low selenium and silicon due to the shortage of effective selenium and silicon of a soil-plant system. In addition, when the selenium and silicon are directly sprayed to the leaf surfaces of crops, selenite and silicate both show higher bioavailability, and compared with basal application, the foliar spraying can reduce the decrease of effective selenium and silicon caused by soil adsorption and chemical or microbial transformation, so that the application of the selenium and silicon on the leaf surfaces becomes a main agricultural approach for plant selenium and silicon nutrition enhancement.
At present, foliar fertilizers on the market are various in types and mainly divided into 5 major types, namely nutritional foliar fertilizers, regulatory foliar fertilizers, biological foliar fertilizers, compound foliar fertilizers, fertilizer and drug type foliar fertilizers, but most of the foliar fertilizers only contain trace elements such as K, ca and Mg, and although the nutritional requirements of crops during growth and development can be basically met, the nutritional values of plant fruits are low, and the plant fruits lack rare elements such as selenium and silicon, so that consumers cannot obtain the trace elements necessary for human bodies. In addition, although some fertilizers on the market are added with selenium and silicon, in the preparation process, only a few substances are simply mixed, and nutrients cannot be slowly released after the fertilizers are used, so that the fertilizer effect cannot be well exerted. In addition, most of the preparation processes are complex, the cost is high, the content of effective elements is low, the production technology is not mature enough, and a plurality of farmers do not master the technology of correctly using the foliar fertilizer, so that the application effect of the foliar fertilizer is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes and the preparation method and the application thereof. Meanwhile, the production cost is low, the preparation process is simple and convenient, the period is short, the preparation raw materials are convenient to obtain, and the self-sufficiency of vast farmers can be basically realized.
The invention provides a selenium-rich silicon foliage spray agent special for tomatoes, which consists of a selenium source, a silicon source, a surfactant and water; the 1L water contains 4.32-8.64mg selenium source, 0.2842-0.3182g silicon source and 0.0555g-0.0777g surfactant.
Preferably, the selenium source is sodium selenite.
Preferably, the silicon source is sodium silicate nonahydrate.
Preferably, the surfactant is tween-20.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
s1, weighing the components according to the proportion that 1L of water contains 4.32mg-8.64mg of selenium source, 0.2842 g-0.3182 g of silicon source and 0.0555g-0.0777g of surfactant;
and S2, completely dissolving a silicon source in water at room temperature, adjusting the pH to 6.0 +/-0.1, adding a selenium source until the silicon source is dissolved, adding a surfactant, and uniformly stirring to obtain the finished product.
The third purpose of the invention is to provide the application of the selenium-rich silicon foliage spray agent special for tomatoes in tomato production, after seed soaking, germination accelerating, seedling growing and topdressing, the selenium-rich silicon foliage spray agent special for tomatoes is sprayed, and then field management and harvesting are carried out;
the application method of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of carrying out leaf surface spraying treatment on tomatoes respectively at a third ear fruit setting period and a fourth ear flowering period, and spraying the selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for the tomatoes on the leaf surfaces of the tomatoes in the morning of sunny and windless days until the leaf surfaces generate water films and do not drip.
Preferably, the seed soaking method comprises the following steps: soaking the plump tomato seeds in the bactericide solution for 30-40min, washing with clear water, and soaking the tomato seeds in water at 50-55 deg.C under stirring for 15-20min; wherein the volume of water is 5-6 times of the seed volume; and (4) continuously soaking the seeds for 8-12 hours after the temperature of the water is reduced to the room temperature, and removing the tomato seeds with poor plumpness.
Preferably, the germination accelerating method comprises the following steps: cleaning and filtering the soaked tomato seeds, removing seed-shell water films, then preserving heat and moisturizing for accelerating germination under dark light, wherein the heat preservation temperature is 28-30 ℃, turning the tomato seeds every 8-9h, and spraying warm water at 28-30 ℃ for one time to uniformly heat the tomato seeds, and when the tomato seeds sprout and expose the root tips, reducing the temperature to 24-26 ℃ until the tomato seeds sprout and the tomato roots are regular; exposing more than 80% of tomato seeds to white, and preparing for sowing when the radicle is 3-4mm long.
Preferably, the seedling raising method comprises the following steps: sterilizing the seedling substrate with bactericide, mixing uniformly, keeping the seedling substrate moist until the seedling substrate is held by hand to be agglomerated and falls to the ground to be scattered, sowing the tomato seeds with the sowing depth of 1-1.5cm, keeping the radicles of the seeds downwards placed in the holes, covering the holes with vermiculite after sowing, and spraying water.
Preferably, after field planting and seedling slowing, fertilizer is applied; in the growing season, topdressing is carried out for multiple times along with water; during pollination, controlling nitrogen fertilizer to prevent excessive vegetative growth; after the seedlings are released, watering and topdressing are started until the first cluster fruit is set, and then topdressing is carried out once every second cluster fruit is set.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the following beneficial effects:
by the method, the tomatoes obtained by using the selenium-rich silicon foliage spray agent special for the tomatoes are rich in selenium of 0.06-0.07mg/kg and silicon of 9.69-10.90mg/kg, and all reach the use sanitary standard of national food nutrition enhancers. The fruit quality is excellent, the taste is good, the yield increase amplitude is large, the average single plant yield reaches 1.93kg, and the benefit is remarkable. The selenium-silicon-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes, which is prepared by the invention, has the advantages of simple and feasible production process, labor and time saving, and the application of the selenium-silicon-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes can improve the absorption and enrichment of plant leaves to selenium and silicon, enhance photosynthesis, improve the capability of resisting diseases and insect pests, reduce the dosage of pesticides, further improve the yield and quality of the plants, and the produced fruits are green and environment-friendly and are beneficial to the health of consumers.
Selenium and silicon are beneficial elements for plant growth and development, play a positive role in improving crop yield and quality, and are beneficial to human health. Wherein, selenium is an important component of selenoprotein and has multiple biological functions of oxidation resistance, cancer resistance, aging delay and the like. At the same time, silicon enhances the bones and connective tissues of the human body and reduces the risk of alopecia, senile dementia and cardiovascular diseases. The selenium-silicon is applied to increase the content of selenium-silicon element in crops. Compared with the traditional foliar fertilizer, the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray special for tomatoes, prepared by the invention, has obvious advantages, has high contents of effective selenium and silicon elements, is easy to be absorbed by crops, and has relatively high utilization rate. Meanwhile, the surfactant Tween-20 introduced into the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent component for tomatoes provided by the invention has the effects of emulsification, diffusion, solubilization, stability and the like, is beneficial to full absorption of plants, and further enhances the effectiveness of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent for tomatoes. Meanwhile, the production cost is low, the preparation process is simple and convenient, the period is short, the preparation raw materials are convenient to obtain, and the self-sufficiency of vast farmers can be basically realized.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
The following examples are that the inventor carries out production tests in asymmetric plastic greenhouses of precise poverty-supporting garden bases in the Yangtze region of Yangtze city, yangxi, shaanxi province two years in 2019-2020, implements large area planting of 2 mu of tomatoes, and detects fruit quality by using related instruments of gardening academy platforms of northwest agriculture and forestry science and technology university after the fruits are mature. The surfactant used in the following examples was tween-20, the density of tween 20 being 1.11g/ml.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a selenium-rich silicon foliage spray agent special for tomatoes, which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.216g of sodium selenite, 14.21g of sodium silicate nonahydrate, 202.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-and 50L of water.
The selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes is prepared by dissolving, adjusting the pH value and stirring.
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a selenium-rich silicon foliar spray special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing: respectively weighing 14.21g of sodium silicate nonahydrate and 0.216g of sodium selenite, and sucking 202.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-for later use;
(2) Dissolving: 14.21g of Na are added at room temperature 2 SiO 3 ·9H 2 Completely dissolving O in 50L of water to obtain a silicon-containing solution;
(3) Modulation: preparing a sulfuric acid solution according to the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to water of 1 2 SeO 3 Dissolving in the solution to obtain a mixed solution;
(4) Stirring: and (4) dripping 2.5ml of Tween-20 into the mixed solution in the step (3), stirring once every 5 minutes for 20 minutes, and preparing for use.
The embodiment also provides application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed soaking: selecting vegetable seeds with full seeds, soaking the seeds in 0.1 percent carbendazim solution for 30 minutes, washing the seeds with clear water, soaking the seeds in warm water, keeping the temperature at about 55 ℃, keeping the water consumption at 5 times of the seed amount, continuously stirring the seeds for 15 minutes, continuously soaking the seeds for 8 hours after the water temperature is gradually reduced to the room temperature, ensuring that the seeds floating on the water surface have poor plumpness and can be preliminarily eliminated.
(2) Accelerating germination: taking out the seeds, cleaning, filtering, wrapping with gauze, gently removing water film of seed shell, placing in culture dish, maintaining temperature at 28-30 deg.C, and dark light, turning over the seeds every 8 hr, and spraying with 28 deg.C warm water once to make them uniformly heated. After about 24 hours, the seeds germinate to expose the root tips, the temperature of the germination environment can be properly reduced, and the temperature is maintained at about 24-26 ℃. After about two days, the sprouts were clean. When more than 80% of the seeds are exposed to white and the radicle is about 3mm long, the sowing can be prepared.
(3) Seedling culture: the seedling culture substrate comprises grass carbon, perlite, vermiculite and the like, and is a composite substrate purchased from Shanxi Yangling Yufeng seed industry, wherein the volume ratio of the grass carbon to the perlite to the vermiculite is 6; when the substrate is placed in a tray, the substrate is disinfected by carbendazim, uniformly mixed and moistened, and the water content of the substrate is preferably up to that of the substrate which is held by hand to be agglomerated and is scattered when falling to the ground. The sowing depth is about 1cm, the radicles of the seeds are kept downward and placed in the holes, the seeds do not need to be vertically inserted, and the phenomenon that the cotyledons are capped is avoided. After sowing, covering with vermiculite, and spraying small water.
(4) Topdressing: after the seedlings are planted and postponed, the seedlings are planted,and (3) regularly applying conventional fertilizer by adopting water and fertilizer integrated equipment. Topdressing is carried out in time according to the growth season and growth condition, topdressing is carried out in time with water for multiple times, and nitrogen fertilizer is controlled during pollination to prevent over-growth of nutrients. Watering and topdressing are started after seedling is delayed until the first cluster fruit is planted, and topdressing is carried out once every cluster fruit is planted. Each time of dressing the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer or the Lilebao high-potassium fertilizer by 20kg/667m 2 Generally, the water top dressing is carried out for 1 time every 2 times of watering, and the top dressing is carried out for 4-5 times totally. In addition, leaf fertilizers (sugar alcohol calcium, monopotassium phosphate and the like) are required to be sprayed every 10d-15d in the late growth stage, and the premature senility of leaves and plants is prevented.
(5) Spraying the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes: the method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out leaf surface spraying treatment on tomatoes in a third ear fruit setting period and a fourth ear flowering period respectively, spraying the selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for the tomatoes, prepared in the embodiment, wherein each leaf surface spraying treatment is carried out in a windless and sunny day at 8-00-9 a.m., and uniformly spraying the prepared selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for the tomatoes on tomato leaves until the leaves generate a water film and do not drip.
(6) And (3) field management: the plant protection policy of 'prevention is mainly followed by comprehensive prevention' is mainly based on ecological prevention such as agricultural prevention, biological prevention and physical prevention and chemical prevention and auxiliary. Meanwhile, the artificial plant management is well done, including the works of plant vine hanging, pruning and twitching, vine falling, flower and fruit thinning and the like.
(7) Harvesting: and stopping fertilizing and using chemical pesticide one week before harvesting. And the pesticide residue biological detection is required to be carried out 1-2 days before picking, and the pesticide residue can be picked after being qualified and graded, packaged and put on the market.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes, which consists of the following components in parts by weight: 0.432g of sodium selenite, 15.91g of sodium silicate nonahydrate, 203.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-203, and 50L of water.
The selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes is prepared by dissolving, adjusting the pH value and stirring.
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a selenium-rich silicon foliar spray special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing 15.91g of sodium silicate nonahydrate and 0.432g of sodium selenite respectively, and sucking 203.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-for later use;
(2) Dissolving: 15.91g of Na was added at room temperature 2 SiO 3 ·9H 2 Completely dissolving O in 50L of water to obtain a silicon-containing solution;
(3) Modulation: preparing a sulfuric acid solution according to the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to water of 1 2 SeO 3 Dissolving in the solution to obtain a mixed solution;
(4) Stirring: and (4) dripping Tween-20 into the mixed solution in the step (3), stirring once every 5 minutes for 30 minutes, and preparing for use.
The embodiment also provides application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed soaking: selecting full vegetable seeds, soaking the seeds in 0.1 percent carbendazim solution for 40 minutes, washing the seeds with clear water, soaking the seeds in warm water at the temperature of about 50 ℃, continuously stirring the seeds for 20 minutes, continuously soaking the seeds for 12 hours after the water temperature is gradually reduced to the room temperature, and preliminarily eliminating the seeds with poor plumpness floating on the water surface.
(2) Accelerating germination: taking out the seeds, cleaning, filtering, wrapping with gauze, gently removing water film of seed shell, placing in culture dish, maintaining temperature at 28-30 deg.C, and dark light, turning over the seeds every 8 hr, and spraying with 30 deg.C warm water once to uniformly heat the seeds. After about 24 hours, the seeds sprout to expose the root tips, the temperature of the sprouting environment can be properly reduced, and the temperature is maintained at about 24-26 ℃. After about two days, the sprouts were clean. When more than 80% of the seeds are exposed to white and the radicle is about 3.5mm long, the sowing can be prepared.
(3) Seedling culture: the seedling culture substrate comprises grass carbon, perlite, vermiculite and the like, and is purchased from a composite substrate of Shanxi Yangling Yufeng breeding industry; when the substrate is placed in a tray, the substrate is disinfected by carbendazim, evenly mixed and moistened, and the moisture content of the substrate is preferably that the substrate is held by hand to form a ball and is scattered when falling to the ground. The sowing depth is 1.5cm, the radicles of the seeds are kept downward and placed in the holes, the seeds do not need to be vertically inserted, and the phenomenon that the cotyledons are capped is prevented. After sowing, covering with vermiculite, and spraying small water.
(4) Topdressing: after field planting and seedling delaying, regular fertilizer is applied regularly by adopting water and fertilizer integrated equipment. Topdressing is carried out in time according to the growth season and growth conditions, topdressing is carried out in time with water for multiple times, and nitrogen fertilizer is controlled during pollination to prevent over-growth of nutrients. Watering and topdressing are started after seedling is delayed until the first cluster fruit is planted, and topdressing is carried out once every cluster fruit is planted. Each time of dressing the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer or the Lilebao high-potassium fertilizer by 20kg/667m 2 Generally, the water top dressing is carried out for 1 time every 2 times of watering, and the top dressing is carried out for 4-5 times totally. In addition, leaf fertilizers (sugar alcohol calcium, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and the like) are required to be sprayed every 10d-15d in the later growth stage, so that premature senility of leaves and plants is prevented.
(5) Spraying the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes: the tomatoes are respectively subjected to 1-time leaf surface spraying treatment in the third ear fruit setting period and the fourth ear flowering period, and the selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for the tomatoes prepared in the embodiment is sprayed. And (3) selecting 30 parts of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes in windless and sunny morning at 8-9, and uniformly spraying the prepared selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes on the tomato leaves until the leaves generate water films and do not drip.
(6) And (3) field management: the plant protection policy of 'prevention is mainly followed by comprehensive prevention' is mainly based on ecological prevention such as agricultural prevention, biological prevention and physical prevention and chemical prevention and auxiliary. Meanwhile, the artificial plant management is well done, including the works of plant vine hanging, pruning and twitching, vine falling, flower and fruit thinning and the like.
(7) Harvesting: and stopping fertilizing and using chemical pesticide one week before harvesting. And the pesticide residue biological detection is required to be carried out 1-2 days before picking, and the pesticide residue can be picked after being qualified and graded, packaged and put on the market.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes, which consists of the following components in parts by weight: 0.346g of sodium selenite, 15.01g of sodium silicate nonahydrate, 203ml of liquid surfactant Tween-203 and 50L of water.
The selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes is prepared by dissolving, adjusting the pH value and stirring.
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a selenium-rich silicon foliar spray special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing 15.01g of sodium silicate nonahydrate and 0.346g of sodium selenite respectively, and sucking 203ml of liquid surfactant Tween-203 for later use;
(2) Dissolving: at room temperature, adding Na 2 SiO 3 ·9H 2 Dissolving O in 50L water completely to obtain a silicon-containing solution;
(3) Modulation: preparing a sulfuric acid solution according to the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to water of 1 2 SO 4 And Na 2 SeO 3 Dissolving in the solution to obtain a mixed solution;
(4) Stirring: and (4) dripping Tween-20 into the mixed solution in the step (3), stirring once every 5 minutes for 25 minutes, and preparing for use.
The embodiment also provides application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes in the tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed soaking: selecting vegetable seeds with full seeds, soaking the seeds in 0.1 percent carbendazim solution for 35 minutes, washing the seeds with clear water, soaking the seeds in warm water, keeping the temperature at about 50 ℃, keeping the water consumption 5.5 times of the seed amount, continuously stirring the seeds for 18 minutes, continuously soaking the seeds for 10 hours after the water temperature is gradually reduced to the room temperature, ensuring that the seeds floating on the water surface have poor plumpness and can be preliminarily eliminated.
(2) Accelerating germination: taking out the seeds, cleaning, filtering, wrapping with gauze, lightly removing water film of seed shell, placing in a culture dish, maintaining temperature at 28-30 deg.C, keeping in dark light, turning over the seeds every 8 hr, and spraying with 30 deg.C warm water once to make them uniformly heated. After about 24 hours, the seeds sprout to expose the root tips, the temperature of the sprouting environment can be properly reduced, and the temperature is maintained at about 24-26 ℃. After about two days, the sprouts were clean. When more than 80% of the seeds are exposed to white and the radicle is about 4mm long, the sowing can be prepared.
(3) Seedling culture: the seedling culture substrate consists of grass carbon, perlite, vermiculite and the like, and is a composite substrate purchased from Shanxi Yanglinyufeng breeding industry; when the substrate is placed in a tray, the substrate is disinfected by carbendazim, evenly mixed and moistened, and the moisture content of the substrate is preferably that the substrate is held by hand to form a ball and is scattered when falling to the ground. The sowing depth is 1.2cm, the radicles of the seeds are kept downward and placed in the holes, the seeds do not need to be vertically inserted, and the phenomenon that the cotyledons are capped is prevented. Covering with vermiculite after sowing, and spraying small amount of water.
(4) Topdressing: after field planting and seedling delaying, regular fertilizer is applied regularly by adopting water and fertilizer integrated equipment. Topdressing is carried out in time according to the growth season and growth conditions, topdressing is carried out in time with water for multiple times, and nitrogen fertilizer is controlled during pollination to prevent over-growth of nutrients. Watering and topdressing are started after seedling is released until the first cluster fruit is set, and topdressing is carried out once every time one cluster fruit is set. Each time of dressing the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer or the Lilebao high-potassium fertilizer by 20kg/667m 2 Generally, the water is applied for 1 time every 2 times, and the additional application is performed for 4-5 times. In addition, leaf fertilizers (sugar alcohol calcium, monopotassium phosphate and the like) are required to be sprayed every 10d-15d in the late growth stage, and the premature senility of leaves and plants is prevented.
(5) Spraying the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes: the tomatoes are respectively subjected to 1-time leaf surface spraying treatment in the third ear fruit setting period and the fourth ear flowering period, and the selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for the tomatoes prepared in the embodiment is sprayed. And (3) selecting 30 parts of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes in windless and sunny morning at 8-9, and uniformly spraying the prepared selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes on the tomato leaves until the leaves generate water films and do not drip.
(6) Field management: the plant protection policy of 'prevention is taken as the main part and comprehensive prevention' is insisted, and ecological prevention such as agricultural prevention, biological prevention, physical prevention and the like is taken as the main part, and chemical prevention and control are taken as the auxiliary part. Meanwhile, the artificial plant management is well done, which comprises the works of plant vine hanging, branch pruning and branching, vine falling, flower protection and fruit thinning and the like.
(7) Harvesting: the fertilization and the application of chemical pesticide are stopped in the previous week before the harvest. And the pesticide residue biological detection is needed to be carried out 1-2 days before picking, and the pesticide residue biological detection can be picked after the pesticide residue biological detection is qualified and graded and packaged for sale.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example provides a selenium-rich foliar spray special for tomatoes, which consists of the following components in parts by weight: sodium selenite (Na) 2 SeO 3 ) 0.216g of anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 7.103g, 202.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-and 50L of water. (in this comparative example, anhydrous Na was contained 2 SO 4 The method is used for balancing the difference of sodium ions introduced by a silicon source (sodium silicate nonahydrate), and the quantity of the sodium ions introduced by a selenium source (sodium selenite) is small and can be ignored. )
The selenium-rich foliage spraying agent specially for tomato is prepared through dissolving, regulating pH value and stirring.
The comparative example also provides a preparation method of the selenium-rich foliar spray special for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing sodium selenite 0.216g and anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 7.103g, and sucking 202.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-for later use;
(2) Firstly, preparing a sulfuric acid solution according to the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to water being 1;
(3) Dissolving: at room temperature, anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 、Na 2 SeO 3 Completely dissolving in the water to obtain a mixed solution;
(4) Stirring: adding Tween-20 dropwise into the solution, stirring every 5min for 20min, and mixing.
The comparative example also provides application of the selenium-rich foliar spray special for tomatoes in tomatoes, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed soaking: selecting vegetable seeds with full seeds, soaking the seeds in 0.1 percent carbendazim solution for 30 minutes, washing the seeds with clear water, soaking the seeds in warm water, keeping the temperature at about 55 ℃, keeping the water consumption at 5 times of the seed amount, continuously stirring the seeds for 15 minutes, continuously soaking the seeds for 8 hours after the water temperature is gradually reduced to the room temperature, ensuring that the seeds floating on the water surface have poor plumpness and can be preliminarily eliminated.
(2) Accelerating germination: taking out the seeds, cleaning, filtering, wrapping with gauze, lightly removing water film of seed shell, placing in a culture dish, maintaining temperature at 28-30 deg.C, keeping in dark light, turning over the seeds every 8 hr, and spraying with 28 deg.C warm water once to make them uniformly heated. After about 24 hours, the seeds germinate to expose the root tips, the temperature of the germination environment can be properly reduced, and the temperature is maintained at about 24-26 ℃. After about two days, the sprouts were clean. When more than 80% of the seeds are exposed to white and the radicle is about 3mm long, the sowing can be prepared.
(3) Seedling culture: the seedling culture substrate consists of grass carbon, perlite, vermiculite and the like, and is a composite substrate purchased from Shanxi Yanglinyufeng breeding industry; when the substrate is placed in a tray, the substrate is disinfected by carbendazim, evenly mixed and moistened, and the moisture content of the substrate is preferably that the substrate is held by hand to form a ball and is scattered when falling to the ground. The sowing depth is about 1cm, the radicles of the seeds are kept downward and placed in the holes, the seeds do not need to be vertically inserted, and the phenomenon that cotyledons are capped is avoided. After sowing, covering with vermiculite, and spraying small water.
(4) Topdressing: and after field planting and seedling postponing, regularly dressing conventional fertilizer by adopting water and fertilizer integrated equipment. Topdressing is carried out in time according to the growth season and growth condition, topdressing is carried out in time with water for multiple times, and nitrogen fertilizer is controlled during pollination to prevent over-growth of nutrients. Watering and topdressing are started after seedling is delayed until the first cluster fruit is planted, and topdressing is carried out once every cluster fruit is planted. 20kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer or Rilibao high-potassium fertilizer is applied each time 2 Generally, the water top dressing is carried out for 1 time every 2 times of watering, and the top dressing is carried out for 4-5 times totally. In addition, leaf fertilizers (sugar alcohol calcium, monopotassium phosphate and the like) are required to be sprayed every 10d-15d in the late growth stage, and the premature senility of leaves and plants is prevented.
(5) Spraying the selenium-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes: the tomato is subjected to foliar spraying treatment for 1 time respectively in the third ear fruit setting period and the fourth ear flowering period, and the selenium-rich foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes, which is prepared by the comparative example, is sprayed. The method is characterized in that each foliar spraying treatment is carried out by selecting the following steps of (1) no wind, 8-9% in the morning on a sunny day, and uniformly spraying the prepared selenium-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes on tomato leaves until the leaves generate a water film and do not drip.
(6) Field management: the plant protection policy of 'prevention is taken as the main part and comprehensive prevention' is insisted, and ecological prevention such as agricultural prevention, biological prevention, physical prevention and the like is taken as the main part, and chemical prevention and control are taken as the auxiliary part. Meanwhile, the artificial plant management is well done, including the works of plant vine hanging, pruning and twitching, vine falling, flower and fruit thinning and the like.
(7) Harvesting: and stopping fertilizing and using chemical pesticide in the previous week before harvesting. And the pesticide residue biological detection is needed to be carried out 1-2 days before picking, and the pesticide residue biological detection can be picked after the pesticide residue biological detection is qualified and graded and packaged for sale.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example provides a silicon-rich foliar spray agent special for tomatoes, which consists of the following components in parts by weight: 14.21g of sodium silicate nonahydrate, 202.5ml of liquid surfactant Tween-202, 50L of water,
the silicon-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes is prepared by dissolving, adjusting the pH value and stirring.
The comparative example also provides a preparation method of the special silicon-rich foliar spray for tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing 14.21g of sodium silicate nonahydrate, and sucking 202.5ml of a liquid surfactant Tween-for later use;
(2) Dissolving: at room temperature, adding Na 2 SiO 3 ·9H 2 Dissolving O in 50L water completely to obtain a silicon-containing solution;
(3) Modulation: firstly, preparing a sulfuric acid solution according to the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to water being 1;
(4) Stirring: and (4) dripping Tween-20 into the mixed solution in the step (3), stirring once every 5 minutes for 20 minutes, and preparing for use.
The comparative example also provides application of the special silicon-rich foliar spray agent for tomatoes in tomatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed soaking: selecting vegetable seeds with full seeds, soaking the seeds in 0.1 percent carbendazim solution for 30 minutes, washing the seeds with clear water, soaking the seeds in warm water, keeping the temperature at about 55 ℃, keeping the water consumption at 5 times of the seed amount, continuously stirring the seeds for 15 minutes, continuously soaking the seeds for 8 hours after the water temperature is gradually reduced to the room temperature, ensuring that the seeds floating on the water surface have poor plumpness and can be preliminarily eliminated.
(2) Accelerating germination: taking out the seeds, cleaning, filtering, wrapping with gauze, gently removing water film of seed shell, placing in culture dish, maintaining temperature at 28-30 deg.C, and dark light, turning over the seeds every 8 hr, and spraying with 28 deg.C warm water once to make them uniformly heated. After about 24 hours, the seeds sprout to expose the root tips, the temperature of the sprouting environment can be properly reduced, and the temperature is maintained at about 24-26 ℃. After about two days, the sprouts were regular. When more than 80% of the seeds are exposed to white and the radicle is about 3mm long, the sowing can be prepared.
(3) Seedling culture: the seedling culture substrate consists of grass carbon, perlite, vermiculite and the like, and is a composite substrate purchased from Shanxi Yanglinyufeng breeding industry; when the substrate is placed in a tray, the substrate is disinfected by carbendazim, evenly mixed and moistened, and the moisture content of the substrate is preferably that the substrate is held by hand to form a ball and is scattered when falling to the ground. The sowing depth is about 1cm, the radicles of the seeds are kept downward and placed in the holes, the seeds do not need to be vertically inserted, and the phenomenon that the cotyledons are capped is avoided. After sowing, covering with vermiculite, and spraying small water.
(4) Topdressing: after field planting and seedling delaying, regular fertilizer is applied regularly by adopting water and fertilizer integrated equipment. Topdressing is carried out in time according to the growth season and growth condition, topdressing is carried out in time with water for multiple times, and nitrogen fertilizer is controlled during pollination to prevent over-growth of nutrients. Watering and topdressing are started after seedling is delayed until the first cluster fruit is planted, and topdressing is carried out once every cluster fruit is planted. 20kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer or Rilibao high-potassium fertilizer is applied each time 2 Generally, the water is applied for 1 time every 2 times, and the additional application is performed for 4-5 times. In addition, leaf fertilizers (sugar alcohol calcium, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and the like) are required to be sprayed every 10d-15d in the later growth stage, so that premature senility of leaves and plants is prevented.
(5) Spraying the silicon-rich foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes: the tomato is sprayed with the silicon-rich foliar spraying agent for 1 time respectively in the third ear bearing period and the fourth ear flowering period. The method is characterized in that each foliar spraying treatment is carried out by selecting the following steps of (1) no wind, 8-9% in the morning on a sunny day, and uniformly spraying the prepared selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes on tomato leaves until the leaves generate a water film and do not drip.
(6) Field management: the plant protection policy of 'prevention is mainly followed by comprehensive prevention' is mainly based on ecological prevention such as agricultural prevention, biological prevention and physical prevention and chemical prevention and auxiliary. Meanwhile, the artificial plant management is well done, including the works of plant vine hanging, pruning and twitching, vine falling, flower and fruit thinning and the like.
(7) Harvesting: the fertilization and the application of chemical pesticide are stopped in the previous week before the harvest. And the pesticide residue biological detection is required to be carried out 1-2 days before picking, and the pesticide residue can be picked after being qualified and graded, packaged and put on the market.
Comparative example 3
Deionized water is used for replacing the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes for spraying, and other steps are the same as the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 4
The anhydrous sodium sulfate is used for replacing the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for the tomatoes for spraying, and other steps are the same as the embodiment 1.
The tomatoes harvested in example 1 and comparative examples 1-4 were tested and the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 tomato fruit yield and quality test results
Example 1 Comparative example 1 Comparative example 2 Comparative example 3 Comparative example 4
Yield per plant (kg) 1.93±0.24 1.79±0.15 1.81±0.17 1.55±0.19 1.60±0.17
Selenium content (mg/kg) 0.07±0.01 0.06±0.00 0.04±0.01 0.04±0.00 0.03±0.01
Silicon content (mg/kg) 10.90±1.05 9.69±1.35 10.26±1.62 9.57±1.61 9.18±1.39
Sugar content (%) 4.26±0.11 3.85±0.14 3.75±0.22 3.48±0.16 3.36±0.10
Titratable acid (%) 6.12±0.24 6.08±0.19 5.98±0.08 5.89±0.42 6.06±0.16
Sugar acid ratio (%) 0.70±0.03 0.63±0.04 0.63±0.03 0.59±0.06 0.55±0.03
Soluble solids (%) 7.08±0.17 6.63±0.05 6.15±0.06 5.88±0.05 5.98±0.05
As can be seen from Table 1, using the method of the present invention, the tomatoes are rich in selenium 0.04-0.07mg/kg, and silicon 9.69-10.90mg/kg; and the selenium content of the tomato fruits is higher than that of the comparative example 3 and that of the comparative example 4, and the selenium content of the tomato fruits reaches the selenium-rich standard (0.05-0.10 mg/kg). Meanwhile, compared with the comparative examples 1-2, the yield per plant, the sugar-acid ratio and the soluble solid content of the tomato fruit are improved in the example 1, and the selenium-silicon composite treatment effect is better than that of the single application. Therefore, the selenium-silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes can effectively improve the absorption capacity of selenium and silicon of vegetables, and further improve the yield and the nutritional quality of the vegetables.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including the preferred embodiment and all changes and modifications that fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.

Claims (6)

1. The selenium-rich silicon foliage spraying agent specially for tomato consists of selenium source, silicon source, surfactant and water; 1L of water contains 4.32-8.64mg of selenium source, 0.2842-0.3182g of silicon source and 0.0555-0.0777g of surfactant; wherein the selenium source is sodium selenite, the silicon source is sodium silicate nonahydrate, and the surfactant is tween-20;
the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes is prepared according to the following steps:
s1, weighing the components according to the proportion that 1L of water contains 4.32-8.64mg of selenium source, 0.2842-0.3182g of silicon source and 0.0555-0.0777g of surfactant;
and S2, completely dissolving a silicon source in water at room temperature, adjusting the pH to 6.0 +/-0.1, adding a selenium source until the silicon source is dissolved, adding a surfactant, and uniformly stirring to obtain the finished product.
2. The application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for the tomatoes, which is disclosed by claim 1, in the production of the tomatoes, is characterized in that the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for the tomatoes is sprayed after seed soaking, germination acceleration, seedling raising and topdressing, and then field management and harvesting are carried out;
the application method of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spraying agent special for tomatoes comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of carrying out leaf surface spraying treatment on tomatoes respectively at a third ear fruit setting period and a fourth ear flowering period, and spraying the selenium-rich silicon leaf surface spraying agent special for the tomatoes on the leaf surfaces of the tomatoes in the morning of sunny and windless days until the leaf surfaces generate water films and do not drip.
3. The application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes as claimed in claim 2 on tomatoes, characterized in that the seed soaking method comprises: soaking the plump tomato seeds in the bactericide solution for 30-40min, washing with clear water, and soaking the tomato seeds in water at 50-55 deg.C under stirring for 15-20min; wherein the volume of water is 5-6 times of the volume of the seed; and continuously soaking the seeds for 8-12h after the temperature of the water is reduced to the room temperature, and removing the tomato seeds with poor plumpness.
4. The application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes as claimed in claim 2 on tomatoes, characterized in that the germination accelerating method comprises: cleaning and filtering the soaked tomato seeds, removing seed shell water films, then preserving heat and moisturizing for accelerating germination under dark light, wherein the heat preservation temperature is 28-30 ℃, turning the tomato seeds every 8-9h, spraying warm water at 28-30 ℃ for one time to uniformly heat the tomato seeds, and reducing the temperature to 24-26 ℃ when the tomato seeds sprout to expose root tips until the tomato seeds sprout regularly; exposing more than 80% of tomato seeds to white, and preparing for sowing when the radicle is 3-4mm long.
5. The application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray agent special for tomatoes as claimed in claim 2 on tomatoes, characterized in that the seedling raising method comprises: sterilizing the seedling substrate with bactericide, mixing uniformly, keeping the seedling substrate moist until the seedling substrate is held by hand to be agglomerated and falls to the ground to be scattered, sowing the tomato seeds with the sowing depth of 1-1.5cm, keeping the radicles of the seeds downwards placed in the holes, covering the holes with vermiculite after sowing, and spraying water.
6. The application of the selenium-rich silicon foliar spray special for tomatoes as claimed in claim 2, wherein after the seedlings are planted and slowed down, fertilizer is applied; in the growing season, topdressing is carried out for multiple times along with water; during pollination, nitrogen fertilizer is controlled to prevent the excessive growth of nutrition; watering and topdressing are started after seedling is delayed until the first cluster fruit is planted, and then topdressing is carried out once per cluster fruit is planted.
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