CN114188143B - 一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺及钕铁硼磁体制备方法 - Google Patents

一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺及钕铁硼磁体制备方法 Download PDF

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CN114188143B
CN114188143B CN202111478245.1A CN202111478245A CN114188143B CN 114188143 B CN114188143 B CN 114188143B CN 202111478245 A CN202111478245 A CN 202111478245A CN 114188143 B CN114188143 B CN 114188143B
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周宇
张�林
何卫阳
李�雨
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Hunan Benlang New Material Technology Co ltd
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Abstract

一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺，包括以下步骤：制备烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料，将烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料加工成形状均匀的磁体，将磁体表面清洗干净并进行保温处理，制备重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂的混合悬浊液，将所述混合悬浊液采用手持式喷枪均匀喷涂在保温处理后的磁体表面，对所述磁体进行扩散热处理，对热处理的磁体进行回火处理后得到高矫顽力、低磁稀释的烧结钕铁硼磁体；其中用喷枪喷涂时，枪口离产品表面4‑16cm，枪口与产品表面呈45‑90°角，枪口移动速度450‑650mm/min。本发明采用手持喷枪将悬浊液喷涂到磁体表面，通过合适工艺使得钕铁硼磁体的性能得到提高，该方法操作方便、设备简单，适用于大批量工业化生产。

Description

一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺及钕铁硼磁体制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺及钕铁硼磁体制备方法，属于稀土永磁材料技术领域。
背景技术
钕铁硼永磁体因其优越的磁性能，以及轻型化、小型化、易加工的特点，在其应用领域得到了迅猛发展。近年来，国家为实现碳达峰、碳中和目标，加快推进了以风力发电、新能源汽车、变频电器为代表的节能环保、绿色低碳新兴产业的快速发展，对具有高磁能积、高矫顽力、高工作稳定性的烧结钕铁硼永磁体的需求倍增。传统的烧结钕铁硼制造工艺难以制备高磁能积、高矫顽力的产品，无法满足风力发电及混合动力汽车等综合性能要求较高领域的需求。
目前，国内外制备高综合磁性能的钕铁硼磁体主要是通过晶界扩散的方式来实现，主要的晶界扩散技术包括：溅射、表面涂覆、电沉积等等。
如申请号201711491300.4，名称为“一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法及其专用装置”的发明专利申请在惰性气体保护的密闭仓中，利用等离子体喷枪在烧结磁体的扩散基体表面指定位置沉积一层指定形状的金属镝或金属铽，然后将覆盖了金属镝或金属铽薄膜的烧结磁体的扩散基体放入真空烧结炉中，在真空或不活泼气体中、在等于或低于烧结磁体的扩散基体的烧结温度下进行吸收处理，使金属镝或金属铽通过晶界扩散至烧结磁体的扩散基体内部，从而得到本发明中的烧结磁体。
另如申请号201310209231.9，名称为“一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法”的发明专利在Ar气保护气氛下的密封箱中使用热喷涂的方法在烧结磁体表面喷涂厚度为10～200μm的金属Tb或者Dy；最后将表面涂覆了Tb或者Dy的烧结磁体放入真空烧结炉，在真空或Ar气保护气氛下、750～1000℃对烧结磁体进行热处理，使重稀土元素Tb或者Dy通过扩散沿晶界进入烧结磁体内部。
上述文件中在烧结磁体表面涂覆悬浊液的方式都比较复杂，对设备要求高。
另有申请号202110775712.0，名称为“一种高矫顽力钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散方法”的发明专利申请中虽然提到了利用手动喷枪将悬浊液喷涂在产品表面，形成沉积层，但并没有详细说明如何喷涂。
发明内容
本发明针对当前在磁体表面涂覆悬浊液时成本过高的问题，提出了一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺及钕铁硼磁体制备方法，利用手持喷枪就能将悬浊液均匀喷涂在磁体表面，且喷涂后的磁体性能得到较大提高，降低了生产成本。
本发明为解决上述问题所采用的技术手段为：一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺，包括以下步骤：制备烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料，将烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料加工成形状均匀的磁体，将磁体表面清洗干净并进行保温处理，制备重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂的混合悬浊液，将所述混合悬浊液采用手持式喷枪均匀喷涂在保温处理后的磁体表面，对所述磁体进行扩散热处理，对热处理的磁体进行回火处理后得到高矫顽力、低磁稀释的烧结钕铁硼磁体；其中用喷枪喷涂时，枪口离产品表面4-16cm，枪口与产品表面呈45-90°角，枪口移动速度450-650mm/min。
进一步的，枪口离产品表面8-16cm。
进一步地，枪口与产品表面呈60-90°角。
进一步地，枪口与产品表面呈75-90°角。
进一步地，所述制备烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料是指将配料采用速凝、氢碎、气流磨、成型、烧结的工艺制备出高实密度的烧结钕铁硼坯料。
进一步地，所述将烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料加工成形状均匀的磁体是指将所制坯料通过切片或线切割的方式加工成厚度均匀且≤7mm的片状磁体。
进一步地，所述将磁体表面清洗干净并进行保温处理是指将加工后的磁体用酒精清洗干净，并置于烘箱中进行保温处理，保温温度为60-110℃，保温时间为10-30min。
进一步地，所述制备重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂的混合悬浊液是指将重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂按照比例添加到搅拌机内充分混合均匀，搅拌时间为15-60min，搅拌速度为150-240转/min；其中重稀土金属化合物为微米级重稀土元素Dy、Tb、Ho等的氧化物或氟化物中的一种或多种，溶剂为浓度≥99％的工业酒精或分析纯酒精，添加剂主要为粘接剂；且悬浊液中重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂质量占比分别为：25％-60％、38％-70％、0.5％-15％。
进一步地，对所述磁体进行扩散热处理是指将喷有金属粉化合物的磁体放入烧结炉进行热处理，热处理温度为850-930℃，保温时间为10-24h，保温结束后将产品随炉冷却至60℃以下。
进一步地，对热处理的磁体进行回火处理是指将经过热处理后的磁体，继续进行回火处理，其回火温度为480-520℃，保温时间为3-7h。
本发明的有益效果是：
本发明采用手持喷枪将悬浊液喷涂到磁体表面，通过合适工艺使得钕铁硼磁体的性能得到提高，该方法操作方便、设备简单，适用于大批量工业化生产。
具体实施方式
实施例一
按照38H的设计配方进行配料，其中设计配方采用当前常规使用的配方即可，将配料经熔炼、氢碎、气流磨制得粒径约为3.0μm的细粉，混合均匀后经成型、烧结获得38H的毛坯料；
将38H的毛坯料用切片或线切割加工成规格为30x25x4mm的薄片若干；
将薄片用酒精清洗干净后放入烘箱进行烘烤，烘烤温度为70℃，烘烤时间为15min。
制备混合悬浊液，其中重稀土化合物Dy、Tb、Ho等的氧化物或氟化物中的一种或多种共占比30％-45％，工业酒精或分析纯酒精占比45％-65％，添加剂占比0.8％-7％，搅拌时间20min，搅拌速度为160转/min。
将混合均匀的悬浊液喷涂在烘烤后的磁体表面，喷枪离产品表面4-16cm，枪口与产品表面成45-90°角，喷枪移动速度为450-650mm/min，喷涂前后称量产品重量，分别按照重量比6％、7％、8％进行喷涂。
将喷涂完的产品放入烧结炉进行一段热处理，热处理温度为920℃，保温时间12h。将热处理后的产品继续进行回火处理，回火温度为490℃，保温时间为4h。将回火后的产品用切片机加工成15x10x4mm的薄片若干进行磁性能测试。
烧结的钕铁硼坯料性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000031
不同喷枪工艺制成的钕铁硼磁体性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000041
不同喷涂比例的钕铁硼磁体性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000042
实施例二
按照45H的设计配方进行配料，其中设计配方采用当前常规使用的配方即可，经熔炼、氢碎、气流磨制得粒径约为3.0μm的细粉，混合均匀后经成型、烧结获得45H的毛坯料；
将45H的毛坯料用切片或线切割加工成规格为30x25x5mm的薄片若干；
将薄片用酒精清洗干净后放入烘箱进行烘烤，烘烤温度为80℃，烘烤时间为20min。
制备混合悬浊液，其中重稀土化合物Dy、Tb、Ho等的氧化物或氟化物中的一种或多种共占比30％-48％，工业酒精或分析纯酒精占比50％-65％，添加剂占比1％-10％，搅拌时间25min，搅拌速度为170转/min。
将混合均匀的悬浊液用手持喷枪喷涂在烘烤后的磁体表面，喷枪离产品表面4-16cm，枪口与产品表面成45-90度斜角，喷枪移动速度为450-650mm/min，喷涂前后称量产品重量，分别按照重量比6％、7％、8％进行喷涂。
将喷涂完的产品放入烧结炉进行一段热处理，热处理温度为920℃，保温时间15h。将热处理后的产品继续进行回火处理，回火温度为495℃，保温时间为5h。将回火后的产品用切片机加工成15x10x5mm的薄片若干进行磁性能测试。
烧结的钕铁硼坯料性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000051
不同喷枪工艺制成的钕铁硼磁体性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000052
不同喷涂比例的钕铁硼磁体性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000053
Figure GDA0003472390880000061
实施例三
按照50H的设计配方进行配料，经熔炼、氢碎、气流磨制得粒径约为3.0μm的细粉，混合均匀后经成型、烧结获得50H的毛坯料；
将50H的毛坯料用切片或线切割加工成规格为30x25x6mm的薄片若干；
将薄片用酒精清洗干净后放入烘箱进行烘烤，烘烤温度为95℃，烘烤时间为25min。
制备混合悬浊液，其中重稀土化合物Dy、Tb、Ho等的氧化物或氟化物中的一种或多种共占比32％～58％，工业酒精或分析纯酒精占比39％～63％，添加剂占比3％～15％，搅拌时间30min，搅拌速度为200转/min。
将混合均匀的悬浊液喷涂在烘烤后的磁体表面，喷枪离产品表面4-16cm，枪口与产品表面成45-90°角，喷枪移动速度为450-650mm/min，喷涂前后称量产品重量，分别按照重量比6％、7％、8％进行喷涂。
将喷涂完的产品放入烧结炉进行一段热处理，热处理温度为925℃，保温时间17h。将热处理后的产品继续进行回火处理，回火温度为515℃，保温时间为6h。将回火后的产品用切片机加工成15x10x6mm的薄片若干进行磁性能测试。
烧结的钕铁硼坯料性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000062
不同喷枪工艺制成的钕铁硼磁体性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000071
不同喷涂比例的钕铁硼磁体性能如下表所示：
Figure GDA0003472390880000072
从上述实施例可以看出，喷涂悬浊液的钕铁硼磁体的矫顽力得到了较大的提高，且喷涂的量越多，矫顽力的值更大。且当喷枪离产品表面8-16cm时，磁体的性能较佳；当枪口与产品表面呈75-90°时，达到的效果较好。
上述实施例还涉及一种钕铁硼磁体制备方法，用上述晶界扩散工艺得到。
以上实施例仅供说明本发明之用，而非对本发明的限制，有关技术领域的技术人员在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，还可以做出各种变化或变换，因此所有等同的技术方案也应该属于本发明的保护范围，本发明的保护范围应该由各权利要求限定。

Claims (4)

1.一种钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：制备烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料，将烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料加工成形状均匀的磁体，将磁体表面清洗干净并进行保温处理，制备重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂的混合悬浊液，将所述混合悬浊液采用手持式喷枪均匀喷涂在保温处理后的磁体表面，对所述磁体进行扩散热处理，对热处理的磁体进行回火处理后得到高矫顽力、低磁稀释的烧结钕铁硼磁体；其中用喷枪喷涂时，枪口离产品表面8-16cm，枪口与产品表面呈75-90o角，枪口移动速度450-650mm/min；
所述将磁体表面清洗干净并进行保温处理是指将加工后的磁体用酒精清洗干净，并置于烘箱中进行保温处理，保温温度为60-95℃，保温时间为10-30min；
对所述磁体进行扩散热处理是指将喷有金属粉化合物的磁体放入烧结炉进行热处理，热处理温度为850-930℃，保温时间为10-24h，保温结束后将产品随炉冷却至60℃以下；
对热处理的磁体进行回火处理是指将经过热处理后的磁体，继续进行回火处理，其回火温度为480-520℃，保温时间为6-7h。
2.如权利要求1所述的钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺，其特征在于：所述制备烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料是指将配料采用速凝、氢碎、气流磨、成型、烧结的工艺制备出高实密度的烧结钕铁硼坯料；
所述将烧结钕铁硼磁体的坯料加工成形状均匀的磁体是指将所制坯料通过切片或线切割的方式加工成厚度均匀且≤7mm的片状磁体。
3.如权利要求1所述的钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺，其特征在于：所述制备重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂的混合悬浊液是指将重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂按照比例添加到搅拌机内充分混合均匀，搅拌时间为15-60min，搅拌速度为150-240转/min；其中重稀土金属化合物为微米级重稀土元素Dy、Tb、Ho等的氧化物或氟化物中的一种或多种，溶剂为浓度≥99%的工业酒精或分析纯酒精，添加剂主要为粘接剂；且悬浊液中重稀土金属化合物、溶剂及添加剂质量占比分别为：25%-60%、38%-70%、0.5%-15%。
4.一种钕铁硼磁体制备方法，采用权利要求1-3中的任意一项的钕铁硼磁体的晶界扩散工艺制作。
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