CN114097956A - Functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN114097956A
CN114097956A CN202111364320.1A CN202111364320A CN114097956A CN 114097956 A CN114097956 A CN 114097956A CN 202111364320 A CN202111364320 A CN 202111364320A CN 114097956 A CN114097956 A CN 114097956A
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parts
litopenaeus vannamei
meal
feed
powder
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陈威
杨伟
蔡丽华
杨曼绮
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Xinmen Jiakang Feed Co ltd
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Xinmen Jiakang Feed Co ltd
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    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A23K20/132—Heterocyclic compounds containing only one nitrogen as hetero atom
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

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Abstract

The invention relates to a functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei and a preparation method thereof, wherein the functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of flour, 0.01-3 parts of Jiataikang, 20-25 parts of fish meal, 1-3 parts of shrimp shell powder, 3-6 parts of chicken powder, 3-6 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 1-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 10-15 parts of soybean meal, 7-12 parts of peanut meal, 4-10 parts of rapeseed meal, 3-10 parts of squid paste, 1-2.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-1.5 parts of fish oil, 0.01-1 part of AB bacteria, 0.01-0.1 part of clostridium butyricum, 1-5 parts of compound premix, 0.01-3 parts of vitamin C and 2-6 parts of lecithin. The functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei can promote the litopenaeus vannamei to grow healthily, improve the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei, maintain the intestinal health, effectively prevent and treat the phenomena of white feces, red legs, gill rot and the like in the breeding process, and further improve the survival rate and the yield of the litopenaeus vannamei.

Description

Functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquatic feeds, in particular to a functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The Litopenaeus vannamei, also called Penaeus vannamei, is one of the important breeding varieties in China due to its advantages of fast growth speed, high nutritive value, wide salinity adaptation, high reporting rate and the like.
With the rapid development of shrimp culture in recent years, on one hand, the breeding environment is deteriorated and diseases are frequently caused due to high-density breeding, and on the other hand, the abuse of antibiotics not only causes the problems of drug resistance and drug residue of pathogenic bacteria, but also disturbs the steady state of the intestinal flora of the litopenaeus vannamei. Therefore, the conventional compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei cannot prevent and treat the phenomena of white feces, red legs, gill rot and the like in the culture process, and cannot meet the nutritional requirements of high-density culture.
Patent application CN113057269A discloses a puffed feed for Litopenaeus vannamei, which comprises imported fish meal, shrimp meal, peeled soybean meal, peanut meal, flour, monocalcium phosphate, yeast extract, enzymatic fish paste, fish oil and compound premix; the crude protein content of the expanded feed for the litopenaeus vannamei is 43-46%. The puffed feed for the litopenaeus vannamei does not need to additionally add astaxanthin or other toners, does not increase the investment of cost, and can effectively improve the color of the body surface of the litopenaeus vannamei and increase the brightness of the body surface color of the litopenaeus vannamei through specific selection of protein components and accurate control of protein content in ingredient composition. However, it is not enough to pay attention to the body color of the shrimps in the culture, and more importantly, the phenomena of 'white feces', 'red legs' and 'gill rot' which are easy to occur in the high-density culture can be prevented and controlled, the survival rate and the growth rate are improved, and better economic benefit can be created.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the problems in the existing high-density culture of the litopenaeus vannamei, and provides a functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, which can improve the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei and maintain the intestinal health through experiments, thereby improving the survival rate and the yield of the litopenaeus vannamei, reducing the occurrence of diseases, particularly preventing the occurrence of white feces, and further realizing the healthy culture of the litopenaeus vannamei.
High-density prawn breeding, generally breeding 6-10 w of prawn seedlings per mu under the condition of semi-intensive culture; under the condition of intensive culture, stocking 15w-25w of tails per mu; according to the existing Litopenaeus vannamei intensive culture mode in the market, the density can reach more than 50 w/mu, the high-density culture causes the increase of bait feeding amount and the accumulation of a large amount of sludge at the bottom of a pool, thereby causing the deterioration of water quality, the increase of the number of harmful bacteria in a water body and the generation of secondary bacterial diseases such as EHP, WFD and the like, so that antibiotics are usually required to be matched in the high-density culture process. However, the use of antibiotics leads to the increase of bacterial drug resistance, and long-term use of the antibiotics can not achieve the ideal disease control effect, and also causes harm to human health due to the problem of drug residues in food.
The inventor develops the high-density breeding feed without using antibiotics after long-term exploration, non-transgenic products with high freshness are used in raw materials, the animal and plant protein proportion is reasonable, the contents of water, heavy metal and aspergillus flavus in the feed are strictly controlled, and the health and the safety of food sources are guaranteed. More importantly, the current situation of cultivation is greatly improved by introducing Jia Tai kang, AB bacteria, clostridium butyricum and the like.
AB bacteria and clostridium butyricum are used as beneficial bacteria, and the conventional process adopts a mixing mode, namely the AB bacteria and the clostridium butyricum are directly mixed with other raw materials and enter the feed, so that bacteria can be inactivated due to high temperature conditions in the processes of tempering and after-ripening. The invention adopts an external spraying process, uses fish oil as a substrate, adds AB bacteria and clostridium butyricum into the fish oil to obtain a functional mixture, externally sprays the functional mixture onto the surface of preformed particles to obtain the outer layer of the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, and wraps the functional mixture, thus effectively improving the attachment rate of bacteria on the surface of the feed; meanwhile, the influence of high temperature on the activity of the bacteria can be avoided, and the utilization rate of the raw materials is improved. It should be noted that the external spraying can be completed by using conventional temperature-controlled oil spraying equipment.
The specific scheme is as follows:
a functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of flour, 0.01-3 parts of Jiataikang, 20-25 parts of fish meal, 1-3 parts of shrimp shell powder, 3-6 parts of chicken powder, 3-6 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 1-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 10-15 parts of soybean meal, 7-12 parts of peanut meal, 4-10 parts of rapeseed meal, 3-10 parts of squid paste, 1-2.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-1.5 parts of fish oil, 0.01-1 part of AB bacteria, 0.01-0.1 part of clostridium butyricum, 1-5 parts of compound premix, 0.01-3 parts of vitamin C and 2-6 parts of lecithin;
wherein the Jia Tai kang is a mixed fermentation material, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacillus subtilis and aspergillus oryzae, adding bean pulp, corn flour, bran and water for fermentation, and obtaining a mixture, namely the Jia Tai kang;
the AB bacteria is a compound of bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis.
Further, the feed additive comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16-19 parts of flour, 1.0-2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 22-28 parts of fish meal, 1.5-2.5 parts of shrimp shell powder, 4-5 parts of chicken powder, 4-5 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 2-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 11-13 parts of soybean meal, 8-11 parts of peanut meal, 5-8 parts of rapeseed meal, 4-6 parts of squid paste, 1.5-2.2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.4-1.2 parts of fish oil, 0.1-0.8 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.01-0.08 part of clostridium butyricum, 2-4 parts of composite premix, 0.1-2 parts of vitamin C and 3-5 parts of lecithin.
Further, the feed additive comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17-18 parts of flour, 1.0-2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 24-26 parts of fish meal, 2-2.4 parts of shrimp shell powder, 4-5 parts of chicken powder, 4-5 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 2-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 12-13 parts of bean pulp, 9-10 parts of peanut meal, 5-6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4-5 parts of squid paste, 1.5-2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5-1 part of fish oil, 0.1-0.5 part of AB bacteria, 0.01-0.05 part of clostridium butyricum, 2-3 parts of compound premix, 0.1-1 part of vitamin C and 3-4 parts of lecithin.
Further, in the preparation method of the Jia Tai kang, the number of live yeast in the saccharomyces cerevisiae is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 1010The effective spore content in the bacillus subtilis is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 10 per gram10Per gram, the content of effective spores in Aspergillus oryzae is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 109The mixing mass ratio of the components is as follows: and (3) saccharomyces cerevisiae: b, bacillus subtilis: aspergillus oryzae 4-5:1-2: 1-2;
optionally, the mass ratio of the soybean meal, the corn flour and the bran is 80-90:1-10: 1-10;
optionally, the feed-water ratio in the fermentation is 1: 0.3-0.5.
Further, in the preparation method of the Jia Tai kang, the Jia Tai kang is obtained by fermenting for 30-50h at the fermentation temperature of 20-30 ℃.
Further, the mass ratio of the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus subtilis in the AB bacteria is 1-2:1, wherein the total number of effective live bacteria of the bacillus licheniformis is more than or equal to 1.0 multiplied by 109CFU/g, the total number of effective viable bacteria of the bacillus subtilis is more than or equal to 1.5 multiplied by 109CFU/g。
Further, the compound premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight of 1kg of the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei: 110-11 mg of vitamin B; 8-9mg of riboflavin; 10-11mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride; 120.2-0.3 mg of vitamin B; vitamin K310-11 mg; inositol 100-110 mg; 20-22mg of calcium pantothenate; 50-52mg of nicotinic acid; 2-3mg of folic acid; 2-3mg of biotin; vitamin A (50 ten thousand IU)400-420 mg; 5-6mg of vitamin D; vitamin E (50 ten thousand IU)100-120 mg; ethoxyquinoline 150-160 mg; 0.13-0.14g of wheat middling; 200-220mg of potassium chloride; 60-65mg of potassium iodide; 100-110mg of cobalt sulfate; 24-26mg of copper sulfate; ferrous sulfate 400-420 mg; zinc sulfate 170 and 175 mg; 75-80mg of manganese sulfate; magnesium sulfate 800-820 mg; 5-52mg of sodium selenite; 3.0-3.5g of zeolite powder.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing raw materials according to parts by weight, firstly crushing flour, Jia Tai kang, fish meal, shrimp shell meal, chicken meal, hydrolytic yeast, blood cell protein powder, bean pulp, peanut pulp and rapeseed pulp for one time, and fully mixing the crushed materials to obtain a mixture A; adding the compound premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and vitamin C into the mixture A, fully mixing, and then carrying out superfine grinding to obtain a mixture B;
(2) adding the squid liver paste and lecithin into the mixture B, fully stirring, adding water after uniformly mixing, and fully mixing to obtain a mixture C;
(3) conditioning the mixture C, preparing into granulated feed, curing, drying, cooling and sieving to obtain preformed granules;
(4) and mixing the fish oil, the AB bacteria powder and the clostridium butyricum, and externally spraying the obtained functional mixture onto the surface of the preformed particles to obtain the litopenaeus vannamei functional feed.
Further, in the step (2), 25-35 kg of water is added into each ton of the material; in the step (3), a conditioner is adopted for conditioning, the upper layer temperature of the conditioner is 100-. For example, 30 kg of water is added into each ton of feed, the upper temperature of the conditioner is 109 ℃, the lower temperature is 107 ℃, the temperature of the closed tank is 107 ℃, and the curing time is 50 minutes, so that the formed feed particles have stable and uniform shapes and high microbial preparation activity.
The invention also protects the application of the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei in prawn culture. Preferably, the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei is adopted when the culture density is more than or equal to 50 w/mu, and facultative anaerobes and a carbon source are supplemented in a water body.
Has the advantages that:
(1) the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei disclosed by the invention is prepared from non-transgenic products with high freshness, the animal and plant proteins are reasonably proportioned, the contents of water, heavy metals and aspergillus flavus in the feed are strictly controlled, and the health and safety of food sources are guaranteed.
(2) According to the invention, the Jia peptide kang is added, which is rich in active substances such as low molecular protein, probiotics, oligopeptides, lactic acid, non-starch polysaccharidase and the like, so that the digestibility of the litopenaeus vannamei can be improved, the feed efficiency is improved, the growth is promoted, the feeding cost is reduced, and the economic benefit is improved; meanwhile, facultative anaerobes and carbon sources can be supplemented into the aquaculture water body, organic debris such as residual feed, excrement and the like can be continuously decomposed, harmful substances such as ammonia nitrogen and nitrite can be reduced, nutrition can be slowly released, and diversity and uniformity of bacteria and algae in the aquaculture environment can be improved.
(3) The AB bacteria powder and the clostridium butyricum powder are sprayed outside the feed, so that the immunity and the digestion capability of the litopenaeus vannamei can be effectively improved, the health of the hepatopancreas and the intestinal tract can be maintained, the occurrence of diseases can be reduced, and the white feces can be particularly prevented, so that the healthy culture can be realized.
(4) The fish oil, the AB bacteria powder and the clostridium butyricum are mixed, the obtained mixture is sprayed to the surface of the feed, and the process can effectively improve the attachment rate of bacteria on the surface of the feed along with the adsorption effect of the feed on the oil; meanwhile, the influence of high temperature on the activity of the bacteria can be avoided, and the utilization rate of the raw materials is improved.
In a word, the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, which is obtained by improving the formula and combining the preparation process, can promote the healthy growth of the litopenaeus vannamei, improve the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei, maintain the health of intestinal tracts, effectively prevent and treat the phenomena of white feces, red legs, gill rot and the like in the culture process, and further improve the survival rate and the yield of the litopenaeus vannamei.
Drawings
In order to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention more clearly, the drawings will be briefly described below, and it is apparent that the drawings in the following description relate only to some embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a graph of the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on the survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on the weight gain of Litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the feed of the present invention on Lysozyme (LZM) of the hepatopancreas of the litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of the feed of the present invention on the acid phosphatase (ACP) of the hepatopancreas of the litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) of the hepatopancreas of litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on chitin (Crustin) of the hepatopancreas of litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on tumor necrosis factor (TNF-. alpha.) in the intestinal tract of Litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in intestinal tract of Litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on heat shock protein 70(HSP70) in intestinal tract of Litopenaeus vannamei;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the effect of the feed provided by the present invention on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in intestinal tracts of Litopenaeus vannamei.
Detailed Description
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below. While the following describes preferred embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. The examples do not specify particular techniques or conditions, and are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product specifications. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available. In the following examples, "%" means weight percent, unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17 parts of flour, 2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 24.5 parts of fish meal, 2.4 parts of shrimp shell meal, 4.7 parts of chicken meal, 4.7 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 2.3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 12.2 parts of soybean meal, 9.4 parts of peanut meal, 5.6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4.7 parts of squid paste, 1.9 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.9 part of fish oil, 0 part of AB bacteria powder, 0 part of clostridium butyricum, 2.8 parts of compound premix, 0.1 part of vitamin C and 3.8 parts of lecithin.
Specifically, the Jia Tai kang is a mixed fermentation material, and the fermentation strains are as follows: saccharomyces cerevisiae (viable count of yeast in bacterial powder is more than or equal to 2.0 × 1010One/g), bacillus subtilis (the effective spore content is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 10)10Per gram) and Aspergillus oryzae (effective spore content is not less than 2.0 × 10)9Per gram), the adding proportion is 5:2:1, and the total adding amount of the bacterial powder is calculated according to 0.5 percent of the weight of the raw materials; the fermentation substrates are soybean meal (90%), corn flour (5%) and bran (5%), the ratio of material to water is 1:0.4, and the mixture is Jia Tai kang which is obtained by fermenting at 28 ℃.
The AB bacteria powder is Bacillus licheniformis (the total number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 1.0 multiplied by 10)9CFU/g) and Bacillus subtilis (total number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 1.5 multiplied by 10)9CFU/g), the mass ratio of the two is 1: 1.
The composite premix comprises the following components: contains the following components in each 1kg of feed: vitamin B110 mg; 8mg of riboflavin; pyridoxine hydrochloride 10 mg; vitamin B120.2mg; vitamin K310 mg; 100mg of inositol; 20mg of calcium pantothenate; 50mg of nicotinic acid; 2mg of folic acid; 2mg of biotin; vitamin A (50 ten thousand IU)400 mg; vitamin D5 mg; vitamin E (50 ten thousand IU)100 mg; ethoxyquinoline 150 mg; 0.1328g of wheat middling; 200mg of potassium chloride; 60mg of potassium iodide; 100mg of cobalt sulfate; 24mg of copper sulfate; 400mg of ferrous sulfate; 174mg of zinc sulfate; 78mg of manganese sulfate; magnesium sulfate 800 mg; 50mg of sodium selenite; 3.114g of zeolite powder.
According to the mixture ratio, in the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, the mass fraction of the crude protein is 40.87 percent, and the mass fraction of the crude fat is 7.51 percent.
The preparation method of the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing raw materials according to parts by weight, firstly crushing flour, Jia Tai kang, fish meal, shrimp shell meal, chicken meal, hydrolytic yeast, blood cell protein powder, bean pulp, peanut pulp and rapeseed pulp for one time, and fully mixing the crushed materials to obtain a mixture A; adding the compound premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and vitamin C into the mixture A, fully mixing, and then carrying out superfine grinding to obtain a mixture B;
(2) adding squid liver paste and lecithin into the mixture B, fully stirring, uniformly mixing, adding water with the amount of 30 kilograms of water per ton of material, and fully mixing to obtain a mixture C;
(3) preparing the mixture C into pellet feed after tempering, wherein the upper layer temperature of a tempering device is 109 ℃, the lower layer temperature is 107 ℃, the temperature of a closed tank is 107 ℃, the curing time is 50 minutes, and then, cooling and sieving are carried out to obtain preformed pellets;
(4) and mixing the fish oil, the AB bacteria powder and the clostridium butyricum, and externally spraying the obtained functional mixture onto the surface of the preformed particles to obtain the litopenaeus vannamei functional feed.
Example 2
A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17 parts of flour, 2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 24.5 parts of fish meal, 2.4 parts of shrimp shell meal, 4.7 parts of chicken meal, 4.7 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 2.3 parts of blood globulin powder, 12.2 parts of soybean meal, 9.4 parts of peanut meal, 5.6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4.7 parts of squid paste, 1.9 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.9 part of fish oil, 0.24 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.02 part of clostridium butyricum, 2.8 parts of compound premix, 0.1 part of vitamin C and 3.8 parts of lecithin.
In the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, the mass fraction of crude protein is 40.91%, and the mass fraction of crude fat is 7.49%.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 3
A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17 parts of flour, 2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 24.5 parts of fish meal, 2.4 parts of shrimp shell meal, 4.7 parts of chicken meal, 4.7 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 2.3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 12.2 parts of soybean meal, 9.4 parts of peanut meal, 5.6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4.7 parts of squid paste, 1.9 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.9 part of fish oil, 0.48 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.04 part of clostridium butyricum, 2.8 parts of compound premix, 0.1 part of vitamin C and 3.8 parts of lecithin.
In the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, the mass fraction of crude protein is 41.01%, and the mass fraction of crude fat is 7.50%.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 4
A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of flour, 1.0 part of Jia Tai kang, 22 parts of fish meal, 1 part of shrimp shell meal, 3.5 parts of chicken meal, 6 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 2 parts of blood cell protein powder, 15 parts of bean pulp, 13 parts of peanut meal, 10 parts of rapeseed meal, 4 parts of squid paste, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, 1.5 parts of fish oil, 1 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.1 part of clostridium butyricum, 3 parts of compound premix, 0.3 part of vitamin C and 4 parts of lecithin.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 5
A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of flour, 1.5 parts of Jia Tai kang, 20 parts of fish meal, 1.5 parts of shrimp shell powder, 5.0 parts of chicken powder, 5 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 13 parts of soybean meal, 11 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of rapeseed meal, 5 parts of squid liver paste, 2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 1.0 part of fish oil, 0.48 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.04 part of clostridium butyricum, 4 parts of compound premix, 0.2 part of vitamin C and 5 parts of lecithin.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 6
A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 18 parts of flour, 2.0 parts of Jia Tai kang, 25 parts of fish meal, 3 parts of shrimp shell meal, 4 parts of chicken meal, 5 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 1 part of blood cell protein powder, 11 parts of bean pulp, 10 parts of peanut meal, 5 parts of rapeseed meal, 6 parts of squid paste, 2.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5 part of fish oil, 0.6 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.06 part of clostridium butyricum, 2 parts of compound premix, 1 parts of vitamin C and 3 parts of lecithin.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Comparative example 1
A compound feed for Litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17 parts of flour, 0 part of Jia Tai kang, 26 parts of fish meal, 2.4 parts of shrimp shell meal, 4.7 parts of chicken meal, 4.7 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 2.3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 12.2 parts of soybean meal, 9.4 parts of peanut meal, 5.6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4.7 parts of squid paste, 1.9 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.9 part of fish oil, 0 part of AB bacteria powder, 0 part of clostridium butyricum, 2.8 parts of compound premix, 0.1 part of vitamin C and 3.8 parts of lecithin.
In the compound feed for the litopenaeus vannamei, the mass fraction of crude protein is 41.10 percent, and the mass fraction of crude fat is 7.52 percent.
The preparation method is the same as that of the example 1, and is only different from the example 1 in that the fish oil is directly sprayed to the surfaces of the preformed particles in the step (4) to obtain the compound feed for the litopenaeus vannamei.
Comparative example 2
A compound feed for Litopenaeus vannamei comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17 parts of flour, 0 part of Jia Tai kang, 24.5 parts of fish meal, 2.4 parts of shrimp shell meal, 4.7 parts of chicken meal, 4.7 parts of hydrolyzed yeast powder, 2.3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 12.2 parts of soybean meal, 9.4 parts of peanut meal, 5.6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4.7 parts of squid paste, 1.9 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.9 part of fish oil, 0.48 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.04 part of clostridium butyricum, 2.8 parts of compound premix, 0.1 part of vitamin C and 3.8 parts of lecithin.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Comparative example 3
The formula of the compound feed for the litopenaeus vannamei is the same as that in example 3, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing raw materials according to parts by weight, firstly crushing flour, Jia Tai kang, fish meal, shrimp shell meal, chicken meal, hydrolytic yeast, blood cell protein powder, bean pulp, peanut pulp and rapeseed pulp for one time, and fully mixing the crushed materials to obtain a mixture A; adding the compound premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and vitamin C into the mixture A, fully mixing, and then carrying out superfine grinding to obtain a mixture B;
(2) adding squid liver paste, lecithin, fish oil, AB bacteria powder and clostridium butyricum into the mixture B, fully stirring, adding water after uniformly mixing, wherein the adding amount of the water is 30 kilograms per ton of the material, and fully mixing to obtain a mixture C;
(3) conditioning the mixture C, preparing into granulated feed, curing, drying, cooling and sieving to obtain preformed granules; wherein the upper layer temperature of the tempering device is 109 ℃, the lower layer temperature is 107 ℃, the temperature of the closed tank is 107 ℃, the curing time is 50 minutes, and the mixed feed for the litopenaeus vannamei is obtained by sieving.
Cultivation test
The feeds prepared in the examples and the comparative examples were fed with the feed at regular times per day (8:00, 13:30 and 19:00) for 56d litopenaeus vannamei having an initial body weight of 0.90 ± 0.05g, and the amount of water changed per day during the experiment varied from one quarter to one third.
During the cultivation, it was found that a small amount of white elongated excrements (white feces) were occasionally present on the water surface during the cultivation with the feed of comparative example 1. After being cultured for 56 days, 15 percent of shrimps are dissected to have the phenomena of hepato-pancreatic swelling and meat fatigue; 20% of the shrimps appeared red in the digestive tract, with the midgut appearing red and swollen.
The feed in the comparative example 2 has no white feces in the culture process, but the growth speed of the shrimps is relatively slow, and 10 percent of the shrimps have the phenomena of hepato-pancreatic swelling and meat fatigue after being cultured for 56 days; 8% of the shrimps appeared red in the digestive tract, with the midgut appearing red and swollen.
In the feed of comparative example 3, white elongated excrements (white stools) appeared. After being cultured for 56 days, after being dissected, the liver and the pancreas of 14 percent of shrimps are swollen, and the meat quality is fatigued; 18% of the shrimps appeared red in the digestive tract, with the midgut appearing red and swollen.
During the cultivation with the feed of example 1, no white feces appeared on the water surface. After being cultured for 56 days, 5 percent of shrimps are dissected to have the phenomena of hepato-pancreatic swelling and meat fatigue; 4% of the shrimps appeared red in the digestive tract but there was no significant swelling. It is demonstrated that ingestion of the feed of example 1 reduces the incidence of hepatopancreas and intestinal disease.
During the cultivation with the feed of example 2, no white feces appeared on the water surface. After being cultured for 56 days, 3 percent of shrimps are dissected to have the phenomena of hepato-pancreatic swelling and meat fatigue; 2% of the shrimps appeared red in the digestive tract but there was no significant swelling. It is demonstrated that ingestion of the feed of example 2 reduces the incidence of hepatopancreas and intestinal disease.
During the cultivation with the feed of example 3, no white feces appeared on the water surface. After 56 days of cultivation, 1% of shrimps are dissected to have hepato-pancreatic enlargement; 1% of the shrimps appeared red in the digestive tract but there was no significant swelling. It is demonstrated that ingestion of the feed of example 3 reduces the incidence of hepatopancreas and intestinal disease.
The survival rate and the weight gain rate of the litopenaeus vannamei are shown in the figures 1 and 2, and the marked letters of each group of data in the figures are different and represent obvious difference (P < 0.05). As can be seen from fig. 1 and fig. 2, the survival rate and the weight gain rate of the litopenaeus vannamei fed by the feed of each example are both significantly improved compared with the comparative example 1, and the weight gain rate is not significantly different between the example 1 and the example 2, but is significantly lower than that of the example 3; the survival rate of the examples increased with increasing probiotic addition. The results show that the feed of the embodiment can promote the survival rate of the litopenaeus vannamei and improve the growth rate of the litopenaeus vannamei, wherein the feed of the embodiment 3 has the best effect of promoting the growth of the litopenaeus vannamei.
The serum immunity index is shown in table 1, and it can be seen from table 1 that the serum immunity index of the litopenaeus vannamei fed with the feed of the example is higher than that of the comparative example. The Total Protein (TP) content, the acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, the phenol oxidase activity (PO) and the glutathione catalase (GPX) activity in the serum are all related to the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei, and within a certain range, the higher the value of the indexes is, the stronger the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei is. The results show that the feed of the embodiment can enhance the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei, wherein the feed of the embodiment 3 has the best effect of enhancing the immunity of the litopenaeus vannamei.
TABLE 1 Effect of the various groups of feeds on the serum immune index of Litopenaeus vannamei
Figure BDA0003360061660000141
Note: the letters marked on each group of data are different and represent significant differences (P <0.05)
The expression levels of the hepatopancreatic-associated immunity genes are shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and chitin (Crustin) are important members in an organism immune system and can reflect the capability of the organism to resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, and as can be seen from figures 3-6, compared with a comparative example, the relative expression quantity of mRNA of LZM, ACP, AKP and Crustin of the hepatopancreas of the litopenaeus vannamei fed by the feed of the embodiment is obviously increased, which corresponds to serum immune indexes and anatomical results, which shows that the feed of the embodiment can improve the capability of the litopenaeus vannamei organism to resist pathogens and respond to environmental stimulation, is more favorable for resisting severe breeding environment and improves survival rate; wherein the effect of feeding the feed of example 1 is lower than that of example 2 and example 3, and the feed of example 3 has the best effect of improving the immunity of litopenaeus vannamei.
The expression levels of the genes for gut-associated inflammatory factors are shown in FIGS. 7, 8, 9 and 10. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), heat shock protein 70(HSP70) are clinically important inflammatory factors, are related to pathological damage of organism autoimmunity, and the increase of the values indicates that the organism produces inflammatory damage; transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) may regulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune function. As can be seen from fig. 7 to 10, the expression amounts of mRNA of TNF, AIF and HSP70 in the intestinal tracts of litopenaeus vannamei raised with the feed of examples were significantly down-regulated, and were the lowest in example 3, compared to the comparative example; the mRNA expression level of TNF-beta is obviously up-regulated, and the expression level in the embodiment 3 is obviously higher than that in other embodiments. By combining the anatomical results, compared with the embodiment, the intestinal tract of the litopenaeus vannamei in the comparative example has the cell inflammatory injury and the self-repairing capability of the body is weaker, the body coping and inflammatory reaction relieving capability of the litopenaeus vannamei can be effectively improved by using the feed of the embodiment to feed the litopenaeus vannamei, the colonization and infection of pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract are reduced or resisted, and the incidence rate of enteritis of the litopenaeus vannamei is finally reduced, and meanwhile, the feed of the embodiment 3 for feeding the litopenaeus vannamei is also proved to maintain the steady state of the internal environment of the intestinal tract, further promote the digestion and absorption capability of nutrient substances, and have the best effect of improving the weight gain rate.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, however, the present invention is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications may be made to the technical solution of the present invention within the technical idea of the present invention, and these simple modifications are within the protective scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the various features described in the above embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention is not described in detail in order to avoid unnecessary repetition.
In addition, any combination of the various embodiments of the present invention is also possible, and the same should be considered as the disclosure of the present invention as long as it does not depart from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei is characterized in that: the composite material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of flour, 0.01-3 parts of Jiataikang, 20-25 parts of fish meal, 1-3 parts of shrimp shell powder, 3-6 parts of chicken powder, 3-6 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 1-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 10-15 parts of soybean meal, 7-12 parts of peanut meal, 4-10 parts of rapeseed meal, 3-10 parts of squid paste, 1-2.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-1.5 parts of fish oil, 0.01-1 part of AB bacteria, 0.01-0.1 part of clostridium butyricum, 1-5 parts of compound premix, 0.01-3 parts of vitamin C and 2-6 parts of lecithin;
wherein the Jia Tai kang is a mixed fermentation material, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacillus subtilis and aspergillus oryzae, adding bean pulp, corn flour, bran and water for fermentation, and obtaining a mixture, namely the Jia Tai kang;
the AB bacteria is a compound of bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis.
2. The functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the composition comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16-19 parts of flour, 1.0-2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 22-28 parts of fish meal, 1.5-2.5 parts of shrimp shell powder, 4-5 parts of chicken powder, 4-5 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 2-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 11-13 parts of soybean meal, 8-11 parts of peanut meal, 5-8 parts of rapeseed meal, 4-6 parts of squid paste, 1.5-2.2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.4-1.2 parts of fish oil, 0.1-0.8 part of AB bacteria powder, 0.01-0.08 part of clostridium butyricum, 2-4 parts of composite premix, 0.1-2 parts of vitamin C and 3-5 parts of lecithin.
3. The functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 2, which is characterized in that: the composition comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 17-18 parts of flour, 1.0-2.8 parts of Jia Tai kang, 24-26 parts of fish meal, 2-2.4 parts of shrimp shell powder, 4-5 parts of chicken powder, 4-5 parts of hydrolytic yeast, 2-3 parts of blood cell protein powder, 12-13 parts of bean pulp, 9-10 parts of peanut meal, 5-6 parts of rapeseed meal, 4-5 parts of squid paste, 1.5-2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5-1 part of fish oil, 0.1-0.5 part of AB bacteria, 0.01-0.05 part of clostridium butyricum, 2-3 parts of compound premix, 0.1-1 part of vitamin C and 3-4 parts of lecithin.
4. The functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the preparation method of the Jia Tai kang, the number of live yeast in the saccharomyces cerevisiae is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 1010The effective spore content in the bacillus subtilis is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 10 per gram10Per gram, the content of effective spores in Aspergillus oryzae is more than or equal to 2.0 multiplied by 109The mixing mass ratio of the components is as follows: and (3) saccharomyces cerevisiae: b, bacillus subtilis: aspergillus oryzae 4-5:1-2: 1-2;
optionally, the mass ratio of the soybean meal, the corn flour and the bran is 80-90:1-10: 1-10;
optionally, the feed-water ratio in the fermentation is 1: 0.3-0.5.
5. The functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: in the preparation method of the Jia Tai kang, the Jia Tai kang is obtained by fermenting for 30-50h at the fermentation temperature of 20-30 ℃.
6. The functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the mass ratio of the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus subtilis in the AB bacteria is 1-2:1, wherein the total number of effective live bacteria of the bacillus licheniformis is more than or equal to 1.0 multiplied by 109CFU/g, the total number of effective viable bacteria of the bacillus subtilis is more than or equal to 1.5 multiplied by 109CFU/g。
7. The functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the composite premix comprises the following components: the functional feed contains 110-11 mg of vitamin B per 1kg of functional feed of the litopenaeus vannamei; 8-9mg of riboflavin; 10-11mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride; 120.2-0.3 mg of vitamin B; vitamin K310-11 mg; inositol 100-110 mg; 20-22mg of calcium pantothenate; 50-52mg of nicotinic acid; 2-3mg of folic acid; 2-3mg of biotin; vitamin A (50 ten thousand IU)400-420 mg; 5-6mg of vitamin D; vitamin E (50 ten thousand IU)100-120 mg; ethoxyquinoline 150-160 mg; 0.13-0.14g of wheat middling; 200-220mg of potassium chloride; 60-65mg of potassium iodide; 100-110mg of cobalt sulfate; 24-26mg of copper sulfate; ferrous sulfate 400-420 mg; zinc sulfate 170 and 175 mg; 75-80mg of manganese sulfate; magnesium sulfate 800-820 mg; 5-52mg of sodium selenite; 3.0-3.5g of zeolite powder.
8. A method for preparing a functional feed for Litopenaeus vannamei according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing raw materials according to parts by weight, firstly crushing flour, Jia Tai kang, fish meal, shrimp shell meal, chicken meal, hydrolytic yeast, blood cell protein powder, bean pulp, peanut pulp and rapeseed pulp for one time, and fully mixing the crushed materials to obtain a mixture A; adding the compound premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and vitamin C into the mixture A, fully mixing, and then carrying out superfine grinding to obtain a mixture B;
(2) adding the squid liver paste and lecithin into the mixture B, fully stirring, adding water after uniformly mixing, and fully mixing to obtain a mixture C;
(3) conditioning the mixture C, preparing into granulated feed, curing, drying, cooling and sieving to obtain preformed granules;
(4) and mixing the fish oil, the AB bacteria powder and the clostridium butyricum, and externally spraying the obtained functional mixture onto the surface of the preformed particles to obtain the litopenaeus vannamei functional feed.
9. The method for preparing the functional feed for the litopenaeus vannamei according to the claim 8, which is characterized in that: in the step (2), 25-35 kg of water is added into each ton of the material; in the step (3), a conditioner is adopted for conditioning, the upper layer temperature of the conditioner is 100-.
10. Use of the functional feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to any one of claims 1 to 7 for the cultivation of litopenaeus vannamei.
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