CN114073949A - 用于减少氨排放的催化剂 - Google Patents
用于减少氨排放的催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114073949A CN114073949A CN202110911959.0A CN202110911959A CN114073949A CN 114073949 A CN114073949 A CN 114073949A CN 202110911959 A CN202110911959 A CN 202110911959A CN 114073949 A CN114073949 A CN 114073949A
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- coating
- catalyst according
- metal oxide
- washcoat
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 99
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 50
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 24
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 11
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- UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;1,3,5,2,4,6$l^{2}-trioxadisilaluminane 2,4-dioxide;dihydroxide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2].O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1.O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1 UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 11
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N propan-2-yl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC(C)C AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical class O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001387 inorganic aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种催化剂,该催化剂包含长度为L的载体基材、在载体上被布置为第一层并且在金属氧化物上含有铂的涂层A、以及作为第二层施加到涂层A并且含有Cu交换的分子筛并且不含有贵金属的涂层B,其中涂层A的总载体涂层量相对于经涂覆的催化剂体积为40g/l或更多的载体涂层。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于氨的氧化的催化剂,其用于废气后处理系统中,特别是汽车工程中。
具体实施方式
对清洁机动车辆的废气施加越来越严格的要求。虽然颗粒可通过过滤去除,但不完全燃烧的烃(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)和氮氧化物(NOx)必须被转化为水、二氧化碳和氮气。这经由催化活性固体发生,所述催化活性固体通常作为涂层施加到载体基材。
在稀燃发动机的情况下,HC和CO经由氧化催化剂的转化是可能的,但NOx还原为氮气是不可能的。选择性催化还原(SCR)需要使用NOx储存催化剂或使用所谓的SCR催化剂。虽然NOx储存催化剂不得不定期再生,但这对于SCR催化剂不是必需的。
然而,SCR催化剂的使用需要添加还原剂。惯例是将尿素的水溶液注入SCR催化剂上游的废气系统中。在高于175℃的温度下,氨(NH3)和CO2通过水解形成:
(NH2)2CO+H2O→2NH3+CO2
继而形成的氨用作还原剂,用于经由SCR催化剂将氮氧化物还原为氮气:
x NH3+y NOx(+O2)→1/2(x+y)N2+3x/2H2O
反应以NO/NO2≈1的比率进行尤其快速:
2NH3+NO+NO2→2N2+3H2O
为了实现氮氧化物的尽可能最完全的转化,尿素略微过量投配。这继而导致废气中未转化的氨,由于氨的毒性效应,这是不可取的,并且是氨排放在废气法律中日益受限的原因。
为此,所谓的氨滑移催化剂(ASC)用于经由SCR催化剂转化未转化的氨。将氨氧化成氮气:
4NH3+3O2→2N2+6H2O
具有氨氧化活性的催化剂组分在下文称为AMOX。
与钯和铑催化剂相比,铂催化剂表现出最高的氨氧化活性(Hansen T.K.(2017).Kgs.Lyngby:Technical Univ.of Denmark(DTU))。
对于AMOX组分,贵金属被施加到金属氧化物。氧化铝(Al2O3)可用作载体氧化物,因为其具有优异的热稳定性,但也可使用氧化钛(TiO2)。然后借助于金属氧化物调节载体涂料负载量,该金属氧化物被混合并且可与载体氧化物相同或不同。以这样的方式调节该稀释氧化物的量,使得已经发生载体基材的完整涂覆,但负载尽可能薄,以便保持扩散抑制小。相对于催化剂体积,25g/l的载体涂料负载通常足以用于该目的。
然而,常规Al2O3承载的AMOX催化剂具有不足以氧化成氮气(N2)的选择性。作为不期望的副反应,发生氨氧化成NOx和N2O。这当然是氮氧化物还原的反产性的,并且还由于其作为温室气体的效应而存在问题。
为了增加选择性,上述AMOX催化剂也与SCR活性催化剂组合物组合(WO2016/205506 A1、US2008/292519 A1、US2014/212350 A1、US2014/0157763 A1、US2015/037233A1)。Cu交换的沸石适用于该目的。这些SCR活性组合物通常作为第二(顶部)层施加到AMOX催化剂层。该组合允许通过NOx的后续还原来增加催化剂对N2的选择性,并且总体上构成氨滑移催化剂(ASC)。
然而,Cu在ASC的使用寿命内部分扩散到AMOX催化剂中,并且导致铂的部分中毒,这继而降低AMOX催化剂的催化活性。
因此,本发明的目的是提供与现有技术的已知氨滑移催化剂相比具有更低由于铂与Cu的中毒而失活的氨滑移催化剂。
令人惊奇的是,已发现,AMOX层中更大量的稀释氧化物抵消催化剂的老化,使得在贵金属含量不变的情况下,催化活性随着增加载体涂料负载而增加。这是令人惊讶的,因为可预期由于更厚的层而增加扩散抑制,但当贵金属含量不变时,更多的催化中心是不可用的。因此应降低催化活性。发明人假设铜对铂的毒性通过AMOX层中更大量的稀释氧化物而降低。
因此,该目的通过氨滑移催化剂来实现,其氨氧化层被设计成使得其催化特性受到Cu输入的影响不如现有技术的氨滑移催化剂中那样强。
下面详细描述了本发明。
本发明涉及一种催化剂,该催化剂包含
-长度为L的载体基材,所述载体基材在端部X和端部Y之间延伸,
-涂层A,所述涂层A在所述载体上被布置为第一层并且在金属氧化物α和不携带贵金属的金属氧化物β上含有铂,以及
-涂层B,所述涂层B作为第二层施加到涂层A并且含有Cu交换的分子筛并且不含有贵金属,
其中相对于经涂覆的催化剂体积,涂层A的总载体涂料量为40g/l或更多的载体涂料。
流通式基材和过滤器基材两者均可用作这些催化剂的载体基材。流通式基材是本领域中技术人员已知的并且可商购获得。它们由例如堇青石、钛酸铝或金属箔组成。
所谓的波纹形基材也可用作流通式基材。这些作为基材是本领域中技术人员已知的,由由惰性材料组成的波纹形片材制成。合适的惰性材料为例如具有50μm至250μm的平均纤维直径和2mm至30mm的平均纤维长度的纤维材料。优选由二氧化硅、特别是玻璃纤维制成的纤维耐热材料。
为了生产此类载体基材,将前述纤维材料的片材例如以已知的方式波纹化,并且将单独的波纹形片材形成为柱形的整体地构造的主体,其中通道贯穿主体。优选地,通过将多个波纹形片材堆叠成平行的层来形成具有横向波纹结构的整体地构造的主体,其中在各层之间波纹取向不同。在一个实施方案中,平坦片材可被布置在波纹形片材之间。
金属载体基材通常由由波纹形金属片材制成的结构组成,其中也可结合平坦金属片材层。这些金属片材通常被卷绕使得形成通道结构,所述通道结构的通道平行延伸并且从基材的一端延伸至另一端。金属片材可为连续的或设置有孔,以便允许通道之间的气体交换。此外,这些金属片材结构可被成形为使得潜在的颗粒排放物由该结构(所谓的开放过滤器基材)收集。
载体基材也可被设计成可电加热的,以便更快地使催化剂达到期望的操作温度。在该情况下,涂覆的载体基材本身被设计为电阻器并且由流过它的电流加热,或者类似设计的盘被布置在废气流中涂覆的载体基材上游,使得废气在流过涂覆的载体基材之前被加热。最近,还已提出了催化剂的感应加热,这通过将磁性材料的颗粒引入涂层中而成为可能(WO2017/195107 A2)。
壁流式过滤器为载体主体,该载体主体包括长度L的通道,所述通道在壁流式过滤器的第一端和第二端之间平行地延伸,在第一端或第二端处交替地闭合,并且由多孔壁分开。它们由例如碳化硅、钛酸铝或堇青石组成。
在未涂覆状态下,壁流式过滤器具有例如30%至80%、特别是50%至75%的孔隙率。在未涂覆状态下,它们的平均孔径为例如5μm至30μm。
一般来讲,壁流式过滤器的孔是所谓的开放孔,即它们与通道连接。此外,孔通常彼此互连。这一方面使得能够容易地涂覆内孔表面,且另一方面使得废气能够容易地通过壁流式过滤器的多孔壁。
在优选的实施方案中,载体基材为流通式基材。
在本发明的一个优选变型中,涂层A的总载体涂层量相对于涂覆的催化剂体积为50g/l或更多。优选地,相对于涂覆的催化剂体积选择75g/l或更少的总载体涂料量用于涂层A,因为更高的负载仅略微改善老化稳定性,但是材料消耗和因此的成本以及背压增加通过涂覆而增加。
因此,相对于涂覆的催化剂体积,涂层A的总载体涂层量尤其优选为40g/l至75g/l,更尤其优选为50g/l至75g/l。
氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化硅和/或氧化锆在每种情况下均可用作涂层A中的金属氧化物α或金属氧化物β。本领域中技术人员已知的是,氧化铝可由添加剂来稳定化。也可使用不同金属氧化物或一种或多种混合氧化物的混合物。在本发明中,金属氧化物的混合物应当被理解为是指由两种或更多种物理混合的金属氧化物组成的材料。在本发明中,混合氧化物应当被理解为是指其晶格由氧和两种或更多种金属的阳离子组成的材料。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,金属氧化物α和金属氧化物β不同。这使得可能选择铂的理想载体氧化物作为金属氧化物α,并且同时使用稀释氧化物作为金属氧化物β,该稀释氧化物最佳地改善老化稳定性,因为在不同氧化物的情况下观察到不同强度的效应。因此,氧化钛作为载体氧化物(金属氧化物α)表现出良好的特性。氧化铝作为稀释氧化物(金属氧化物β)表现出良好的特性。发明人假设氧化铝尤其有效地抑制Cu迁移。
优选地,金属氧化物α为氧化钛,并且金属氧化物β为氧化铝。
在一个实施方案变型中,所述催化剂不含有除铂之外的另外的贵金属,即特别是不含有钯,并且除铂之外不含有铑。
优选地,铂在金属氧化物α上以颗粒的形式存在于涂层A中并且具有在颗粒数量上平均的50nm至200nm、优选80nm至120nm的平均粒径。
在本发明中,平均粒径为Pt晶粒的平均直径,该平均直径是基于峰值宽度(最大值一半处的全宽;FWHM)上大约39.8°2θ处的[111]主反射,根据X射线衍射图像计算的;半高宽)。
此处,具有28.4°2θ处的峰和0.06°2θ处的FWHM的硅被用作标准物。
被容纳在涂层B中的Cu交换的分子筛优选为Cu交换的沸石。
沸石为二维或三维结构,沸石的最小子结构可以被认为是SiO4和AlO4四面体。因此,它们也被称为“硅铝酸盐”。这些四面体形成更大结构,其中两个分别经由共用的氧原子连接到彼此。因此可形成不同大小的环结构,诸如4、6或甚至九个四面体配位的Si或Al原子的环结构。各种沸石类型常常由最大环大小来限定,因为该大小决定了哪些客体分子能穿透沸石结构。通常,在具有至多12个四面体的环大小的大孔沸石、具有至多10个四面体的环大小的中孔沸石和具有至多8个四面体的环大小的小孔沸石之间进行区别。沸石由国际沸石协会结构委员会(Structural Commission of the International ZeoliteAssociation)分成由三字母代码指示的结构类型。已知的小孔沸石为结构类型AEI、CHA(菱沸石)、ERI(毛沸石)、LEV(插晶菱沸石)以及KFI。大孔沸石的示例为结构类型八面沸石(FAU)的那些。
大孔沸石和中孔沸石或小孔沸石两者均可用于根据本发明的催化剂。合适沸石的示例属于结构类型ABW、AEI、AFX、BEA、CHA、DDR、ERI、ESV、FAU、FER、KFI、LEV、LTA、MER MFI、MWW、SOD或STT。
优选结构类型AEI、AFX、CHA或LEV的小孔沸石。尤其优选结构类型CHA的沸石。SiO2:Al2O3比率(SAR)优选为2:100,尤其优选为5:50,并且还优选为5:40。
对于本发明,术语“沸石”还包括非沸石分子筛,其偶尔被称为类沸石结构。优选使用前述结构类型的分子筛。示例包括被称为SAPO的磷酸硅铝沸石和已知为AIPO的磷酸铝沸石。
在本发明中,术语“非沸石分子筛”是指四面体配位原子的角接合晶格,其中四面体晶格位置的至少一部分被除硅或铝之外的原子占据。如果硅原子被铝原子和磷原子部分地替代,则它们为二氧化硅-磷酸铝,也被称为SAPO。如果所有硅原子均已被铝原子和磷原子替代,则它们为磷酸铝,也被称为AlPO。
“沸石型”包括基于特定沸石结构的任何材料。因此,特定沸石型包括例如基于特定沸石结构的铝硅酸盐、SAPO和AlPO。因此,菱沸石(CHA)、铝硅酸盐SSZ-13、二氧化硅-磷酸铝SAPO-34和磷酸铝MeAlPO-47全部属于相同的沸石型。相同沸石型的沸石和非沸石分子筛在国际沸石协会(IZA)的数据库中列出。在不脱离本发明的保护范围的情况下,本领域中技术人员可使用该知识和IZA数据库。
载体基材的涂层可根据本领域中技术人员熟悉的方法制备,例如,根据常用的浸涂方法或泵涂和吸涂方法,随后进行热后处理(煅烧)。
涂层A和涂层B优选从载体基材的端部X延伸到端部Y。然而,涂层也可被施加仅超过载体基材的总长度L的10%至80%,以便使得能够构造分区催化剂。
本领域中技术人员知道,在壁流式过滤器的情况下,它们的平均孔径和要涂覆的材料的平均粒度可以彼此匹配,使得后者安置在多孔壁上,该多孔壁将壁流式过滤器的入口通道和出口通道分开(壁上涂层)。然而,也可以选择要涂覆的材料的平均粒度,使得它们位于多孔壁中;即,涂覆内孔表面(壁内涂层)。在该情况下,待涂覆的材料的平均粒度必须足够小以渗透到壁流式过滤器的孔中。
输入通道可同样涂覆有SCR活性涂层,并且出口通道可涂覆有ASC涂层。在该情况下,可另外使用在基材的长度上的分区。
本发明同样包括废气清洁系统,该废气清洁系统包含根据本发明的催化剂和SCR催化剂。后者在废气流中在根据本发明的催化剂的上游连接。在该情况下,SCR可以与根据本发明的催化剂一起安装在一个壳体中,或者也可以布置在单独的壳体中。在前一种情况下,在小废气流和小距离的情况下,SCR仍可通过辐射热来加热;在后一种情况下,SCR和ASC可更灵活地布置在车辆中。
布置在废气流中ASC上游的SCR催化剂原则上可选自氮氧化物与氨的SCR反应中具有活性的所有催化剂,特别是选自汽车废气催化领域的技术人员习以为常的那些催化剂。这包括混合氧化物型的催化剂连同基于沸石(特别是过渡金属交换的沸石)的催化剂。
本发明参考实施例有更详细的描述:
实施例1-根据本发明的催化剂K1
涂层A:通过初始含浸法将铂施加到氧化钛。将所获得的粉末干燥并且煅烧。干燥粉末含有7重量%的铂并且在下文被称为Pt/TiO2。
此后,制备含水勃姆石溶胶,并且向其中添加氧化钛(TiO2)。将Pt/TiO2添加至该分散体中。然后干燥级分为3重量%的Pt/TiO2、87重量%的TiO2和10重量%的Al2O3。
利用由此制备的载体涂料,涂覆由堇青石制成的具有62孔/cm2孔密度和110μm壁厚的可商购获得的催化剂基材,使得Pt负载相对于催化剂体积为1.07g/l。相对于催化剂体积,所得载体涂层负载为50g/l。
涂层B:将CHA类型的Cu交换沸石的粉末搅拌到含水勃姆石溶胶中。利用由此制备的载体涂料,设置有涂层A的催化剂基材以相对于催化剂体积150g/l的负载涂覆、干燥,并且在500℃下煅烧。
实施例2-根据本发明的催化剂K2
涂层A:通过初始含浸法将铂施加到氧化钛。将所获得的粉末干燥并且煅烧。干燥粉末含有7重量%的铂并且在下文被称为Pt/TiO2。
此后,制备含水勃姆石溶胶,并且向其中添加氧化钛(TiO2)。将Pt/TiO2添加至该分散体中。然后干燥级分为2重量%的Pt/TiO2、88重量%的TiO2和10重量%的Al2O3。
利用由此制备的载体涂料,涂覆由堇青石制成的具有62孔/cm2孔密度和110μm壁厚的可商购获得的催化剂基材,使得Pt负载相对于催化剂体积为1.07g/l。相对于催化剂体积,所得载体涂层负载为75g/l。
涂层B:将CHA类型的Cu交换沸石的粉末搅拌到勃姆石溶胶中。利用由此制备的载体涂料,设置有涂层A的催化剂基材以相对于催化剂体积150g/l的负载涂覆、干燥,并且在500℃下煅烧。
实施例3-比较催化剂VK1
涂层A:通过初始含浸法将铂施加到氧化钛。将所获得的粉末干燥并且煅烧。干燥粉末含有7重量%的铂并且在下文被称为Pt/TiO2。
此后,制备含水勃姆石溶胶,并且向其中添加氧化钛(TiO2)。将Pt/TiO2添加至该分散体中。然后干燥级分为6重量%的Pt/TiO2、84重量%的TiO2和10重量%的Al2O3。
利用由此制备的载体涂料,涂覆由堇青石制成的具有62孔/cm2孔密度和110μm壁厚的可商购获得的催化剂基材,使得Pt负载相对于催化剂体积为1.07g/l。相对于催化剂体积,所得载体涂层负载为25g/l。
涂层B:将CHA类型的Cu交换沸石的粉末搅拌到勃姆石溶胶中。利用由此制备的载体涂料,设置有涂层A的催化剂基材以相对于催化剂体积150g/l的负载涂覆、干燥,并且在500℃下煅烧。
测试
首先,从3种催化剂K1、K2和VK1中的每一种获得具有尺寸1"×3"的钻芯。在具有300ppm NH3、5%O2和5%H2O的模型气体系统中确定催化活性,其余为:N2,其中温度以10℃/min从150℃升高至600℃。空间速度为200000h-1。
基于K1和VK1检查新鲜状态下的活性。图1示出了作为温度的函数的氨转化率。可以看出,K1和VK1对氨氧化的催化活性几乎相同。
随后将K1、K2和VK1的钻芯在750℃下在10%H2O和10%O2(其余为:N2)中水热老化16小时。
图2示出了在老化状态下作为催化剂温度的函数的氨转化率。根据本发明的催化剂K1和K2在200℃和550℃之间具有比比较催化剂VK1显著更高的NH3转化率,尽管它们的铂含量与比较催化剂VK1的铂含量相同。第一层的载体涂料负载相对于催化剂体积增加至50g/l,因此显著改善了老化稳定性。
老化催化剂的结果编译于表1中。
此处还令人感兴趣的是,NH3转化率不能通过相对于催化剂体积进一步将第一层的载体涂料负载从50g/l增加至75g/l而显著增加;经由K1和K2的NH3转换率几乎相同。因此,第一层的载体涂层负载的进一步增加导致更高的材料需求,并且因此导致增加的成本以及由催化剂引起的背压的增加,而不带来显著的优点。
表1:
K1 | K2 | VK1 | |
下层的载体涂料负载 | 50g/l | 75g/l | 25g/l |
T<sub>50</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)[℃] | 230 | 225 | 267 |
Claims (14)
1.催化剂,所述催化剂包含
-长度为L的载体基材,所述载体基材在端部X和端部Y之间延伸,
-涂层A,所述涂层A在所述载体上被布置为第一层并且在金属氧化物α和不携带贵金属的金属氧化物β上含有铂,以及
-涂层B,所述涂层B作为第二层施加到涂层A并且含有Cu交换的分子筛并且不含有贵金属,
其中相对于经涂覆的催化剂体积,涂层A的总载体涂料量为40g/l或更多的载体涂料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于相对于所述经涂覆的催化剂体积,涂层A的总载体涂料量为50g/l或更多的载体涂料。
3.根据权利要求1和/或2所述的催化剂,其特征在于相对于所述经涂覆的催化剂体积,涂层A的总载体涂料量为75g/l或更少的载体涂料。
4.根据权利要求1至3中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于相对于所述经涂覆的催化剂体积,用于涂层A的所述总载体涂层量为40g/l至75g/l,更尤其优选50g/l至75g/l。
5.根据权利要求1至4中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述载体基材为流通式基材。
6.根据权利要求1至5中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于金属氧化物α和金属氧化物β不同。
7.根据权利要求1至6中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于金属氧化物α为氧化钛。
8.根据权利要求1至7中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于金属氧化物β为氧化铝。
9.根据权利要求1至8中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于金属氧化物α为氧化钛并且金属氧化物β为氧化铝。
10.根据权利要求1至9中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述催化剂不含有除铂之外的任何贵金属。
11.根据权利要求1至10中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于涂层A中的所述铂以颗粒的形式存在于所述金属氧化物α上并且具有在颗粒数量上平均的50nm至200nm,优选80nm至120nm的平均粒度。
12.根据权利要求1至11中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于被容纳在涂层B中的所述Cu交换的分子筛为Cu交换的沸石。
13.根据权利要求1至12中一项或多项所述的催化剂,其特征在于涂层B中的所述Cu交换的分子筛为类型AEI、AFX、CHA或LEV的Cu交换的沸石,优选CHA。
14.废气清洁系统,其特征在于所述废气清洁系统包含根据权利要求1至13中一项或多项所述的催化剂和SCR催化剂。
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