CN1140118C - 采用视频指纹对各种记录媒体拷贝保护的方法和装置 - Google Patents

采用视频指纹对各种记录媒体拷贝保护的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1140118C
CN1140118C CNB961946369A CN96194636A CN1140118C CN 1140118 C CN1140118 C CN 1140118C CN B961946369 A CNB961946369 A CN B961946369A CN 96194636 A CN96194636 A CN 96194636A CN 1140118 C CN1140118 C CN 1140118C
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����� Լ�������
约翰·瑞安
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格雷戈里·C·科普兰
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Abstract

一种用于各种记录媒体如数字视盘(DVD)的版权保护的方法和装置，使用视频指纹信号和鉴别特征标记的组合以允许播放机以一种很难被破坏的方式处理拷贝保护或非拷贝保护的媒体。只有当要求拷贝保护时视频指纹信号和鉴别特征标记才均记录在媒体上。这种鉴别特征标记的特性是它不会传送到CD记录设备上制造的非法拷贝上。当播放一个受保护或一个不受保护的原版盘片时，鉴别特征标记的存在或不存在不影响播放机正确地播放节目视频。因此所有的原版DVD正常地播放。当播放一个不受保护CD的拷贝时，视频指纹信号不存在也不影响播放机正确地重放视频信号数据。然而，当播放受保护CD的拷贝时，鉴别特征标记的不存在将导致播放机禁止盘片正常地播放。

Description

采用视频指纹对各种 记录媒体拷贝保护 的方法和装置
本申请是由John O.Ryan在94年6月29日提交的、序列号为08/267,635(′635)、名称为“对各种记录媒体拷贝保护的方法和装置”申请的后续申请。本申请还是在94年8月24日提出的、序列号为08/294,983(′983)、名称为“视频指纹的方法和装置”申请的后续申请。
光密纹盘片(CD)通常被公认为存储数字数据的最佳媒体。它的高存储密度、低制造成本和较好的抗误操作性是其他媒体无法相比的。CD作为高保真音频的载体的成功应用很可能会在多媒体领域中重现，在这里该技术已被应用于各种目的、符合许多标准如DVD、CD-ROM、CD-视频、CD-I等的存储数字化音频、视频和字符数字信息的广阔领域。
迄今为止，CD ROM软件版权拥有者尚未具有对付困扰盒式录像带和音频磁带媒体的蔓延的侵权行为(非法拷贝)的必要，这几乎完全是因为与制作母版和复制CD有关的大资金投资成本，它对于侵权行为产生实际上的财政障碍。然而，能够从预先录制的CD做出完好的数据拷贝的密纹盘片记录机器现在对于专业用户来说，可以用大约两千美元买到并且很可能从现在开始的几年中，消费者支付得起的播放记录设备将很容易买到。这将很快在软件生产者需要销售他们的产品为50美元以上以赚取利润和消费者获得的以一个空白盘的价格(设想为10美元到20美元范围内)得到一个完好的拷贝的能力之间产生严重的冲突。此问题很可能比困扰视频业务的侵权行为更严重，因为虽然很少人希望观看一场电影一次以上，但是许多多媒体软件产品设计为重复使用的，使得拥有比租用很可能更为常见。
本发明要解决的基本问题是确保消费者只能通过播放合法制造的CD欣赏软件制造商的产品。
对抗侵权行为的一种方法是在CD记录设备内包括特殊的防拷贝电路，由制造商之间的总协议管理，类似于为数字音频磁带(DAT)媒体开发的连续拷贝管理系统(SCMS)。借助于这个方案，CD记录设备将在数字数据中寻找一个特殊的拷贝禁止指令，一旦找到，就停止记录。但是，这样的系统提供非常有限的保护。甚至当第一次提出用于DAT媒体的SCMS系统时，就完全意识到对于专业的或甚至于业余的侵权者，它提供很少的保护，这些侵权者知道数据格式，并因此能够制成廉价的“黑盒子”(电子电路)以去除拷贝禁止指令，使得记录设备能进行无限制的拷贝。
本申请人相信依赖于在数据流中插入拷贝禁止指令的所有防拷贝系统会被与CD记录设备中的寻找这些指令的电路相同量级复杂度和成本的黑盒子战胜。因此这样的系统的效果是有限的。黑盒子将连接在CD播放机和CD记录设备之间的线路中，并且寻找数据流中的特殊的拷贝禁止指令，并简单地去除或修改这些指令。因此，可以预计如果采用这类防拷贝系统，廉价的黑盒子将激增。
这种拷贝保护方法的另一个困难是需要确保所有CD记录设备制造商要在他们的产品中包括必需的检测电路。一些制造商可能不遵守此规范，也许是期待增加他们的市场份额。甚至在市场上一个小的百分比的不规范的机器的存在也将危及这类拷贝保护方案的生存力。
由于前面的原因，对于密纹盘片媒体需要一个拷贝保护系统，给软件版权拥有者提供一个高水平的保护，它可以防黑盒子侵害并且不会被拒绝遵守该标准的少数硬件制造商所损害。
根据本发明，一个条件播放系统为先前记录在各种媒体，如密纹盘片媒体或数字视盘上的资料提供版权保护。由于描述的本发明可应用于许多不同的媒体，一个本领域普通的技术人员就可以容易地应用本发明的方法于其他媒体，下面将描述对于一种密纹盘片媒体的数字视盘(DVD)媒体的应用。
本发明克服了上述系统的缺点。条件播放系统并不打算防止DVD记录设备从受保护的DVD中拷贝数据，而是通过一种方法使DVD播放机能够确定一个特定的DVD是一个合法的原版还是一个非法的拷贝。如果是合法的，播放机正常地播放DVD。如果不是，播放机关机并显示一个适当的版权警告信息。
在母版盘片的制造期间，一个鉴别特征标记以一种方式刻划在盘片上，该特征标记不能被DVD播放机的常规的光拾取器读取，但是可由其他装置容易地检测。这个鉴别特征标记的特性是准确地传送到由这个母版制造的所有生产盘片。然而，如果采用DVD记录设备进行生产盘片的非法拷贝，该拷贝可以包含盘片的节目数据的准确的复制，但是鉴别特征标记不能传送到该拷贝上。所有符合这个拷贝保护标准的DVD播放机将包括一个搜索鉴别特征标记的子系统。如果没有找到特征标记，DVD播放机将不播放该盘片。
对于如DVD的密纹盘片应用，鉴别特征标记最好通过径向位置调节写光头刻划在母版盘片上，写光头在光头的正常位置附近以几十毫微米的峰峰值产生母版盘片。然后，如下面将描述的利用播放机现有的径向跟踪伺服系统，使播放机复杂度增加最小的DVD播放机读出这个鉴别特征标记。
在所有的DVD播放机中，读光头通过作为播放机功能的常规部分的一个复杂的误差检测系统保持在轨迹上。例如，如果光头稍微朝向轨迹的一边或另一边移动，或者由于偏心轴轨迹在光头下移开，则检测到一个误差并在放大后施加到径向执行机构以将光头重新定位到轨迹中心。由于读光头还必须跟踪一个为定义鉴别特征标记而引入的径向位置调节信号，因此这个误差电压包含一个对应于这个的信号分量，以及对应于椭圆误差等的其他信号。因此，通过适当地处理这个误差电压，可以检测鉴别特征标记。
位置调节信号可以是一个简单的正弦频率信号使得盘片每转刻划整数个周期，或者盘片每整数个转刻划一个完整的周期。在这两种情况下，简化了从各种其它跟踪误差信号中提取的鉴别特征标记。在Morimoto的美国专利5,247,507中描述了一个相关类型的非正常扫描(供参考)，其中描述了在中频附近正弦路径上正常跟踪信号的摆动导致跟踪的摆动。
显然这个拷贝保护系统不能被任何连接在DVD播放机的信号输出和DVD记录设备的信号输入之间的外部黑盒子损害，因为鉴别特征标记不传送到记录设备。
如果少数制造商在他们的DVD播放机上不建立鉴别系统，该系统也不会受损害，因为侵权盘片的制造者将必须给他们的产品标明仅能够在市场上有限的不规范DVD播放机上播放。侵权盘片制造者实际上在宣传他们产品的非法性并会招致起诉。
下面描述这样的条件播放系统的三种形式，所有这三种条件播放系统的一个共同点是使用了上述特殊的鉴别特征标记，它以一种方式被刻划在合法制造的DVD或其他的媒体上，该方式使得鉴别特征标记不是记录的“节目”信号的部分，因此不会传送到非法的拷贝上。
这些条件播放系统的第一个要求是符合特定的如所讨论的DVD标准的所有DVD播放机必须单独在将被播放的每个DVD上寻找鉴别特征标记。如果缺少鉴别特征标记，则所设计的DVD播放机的控制系统将停止播放DVD。如前所述，由于DVD的非法拷贝没有鉴别特征标记，这样的拷贝实际上是无用的。因此，即使非法拷贝可能包括节目信息的完全复制，也能够实现有效的拷贝保护。
此第一种系统的缺点是要求在这些特殊的DVD播放机上播放的所有合法的DVD必须加上鉴别特征标记。因此这个系统只适用于封闭系统，其中系统控制器能够管理所有DVD的拷贝保护。然而从商业的观点来看，希望能够逐个节目地提供和加注拷贝保护。下面描述的第二种和第三种条件播放系统具备这种能力。
在第二种条件播放系统中，被拷贝保护的DVD包含一个特定的指令以通知所有的DVD播放机寻找鉴别特征标记，并且当不存在鉴别特征标记时不播放这样的DVD。该指令记录在例如DVD的初始分区，该部分通常保留用于非节目信息。该指令通过在所有规范的DVD播放机中一个特殊的子系统起作用。这样，只有受拷贝保护的原版DVD能够播放，而拒绝非法拷贝。这个指令将在不需要拷贝保护节目的DVD中省去，这样节目的原版DVD和拷贝都能正常播放。以这种方式，通过使用或者不使用这个“寻找鉴别特征标记并只在找到时播放”指令，可以逐个节目地提供拷贝保护。
然而，尽管第二种条件播放系统具有逐个节目地提供拷贝保护的特性，但在原理上它会被连接在DVD播放机和DVD记录设备之间的信号线路上的特殊的黑盒子所损害。这些黑盒子将从DVD播放机的数据流中搜寻这个“寻找…”指令并且去除或修改它，使得得到的非法拷贝不会触发DVD播放机中的鉴别过程。
称为可编程条件播放系统(PCPS)的第三种条件播放系统克服了上述系统的缺点，提供了一种能逐个节目地启动的拷贝保护方案，它还能强烈地抵抗黑盒子的攻击。它在′983申请中进行了全面的描述。
′983申请中的概念仅可应用于实际上只有得到许可的(所谓合法的)制造商才能制造盘片的系统。该系统考虑了在公用密码和私人密钥下对盘片中运行数据进行加密的需要。这些密钥必须由每个母版盘片的合法制造商保持。如果一个人尝试保护一个消费者可记录的装置，他必须能够使盘片在他们自己使用的机器上播放。有了这种想法，一旦开始给每个人密钥，如上所述的系统就缺少了所需的安全性。因此上面所述系统仍局限于封闭系统。因为用户不想让别人在这些机器上播放盘片，所以具有一个公开的格式是不可取的。在有人做出一通用记录盘片恰好能够在这些机器上播放的情况下，这种系统的目的就达不到了。
然而，所讨论的大多数新型数字视盘(DVD)格式是更公开的格式，任何人都能够在播放机上播放这些盘片。预计在五年内下一代数字格式将具有一种消费者可记录的产品。消费者将能够如同他们现在使用的VHS机器一样地使用它。因此任何要求依需要仅根据密钥下载数据的系统就不太合意了。
因此，需要一种稍微不同的称为指纹条件播放系统的解决途径。为了克服封闭系统的缺陷，人们需要在视频系统中加入一个标记，该标记告诉播放机只有当播放机见到摆动的跟踪时才播放盘片或无条件地播放盘片。这个信号不容易被去除。这个标记将取代在申请08/267,635中描述的加密/解密系统。一种加入这种标记方法是以一个低电平加入一个视频指纹信号到输入视频。在由Gregory Copeland在94年8月24日提出的名称为“一种视频指纹的方法和装置”的′983申请中描述了一个类似的视频指纹系统。这种视频指纹的要素是：1)视频信号中低能见度，2)易于检测，以及3)难于旁路操作。人们不能只在垂直消隐间隔中加上一位，因为它容易被去除。观看者能够容忍在视频信号中一定量的噪声或误差。如在′983申请中描述的指纹系统中加上少量不能看到但能够可靠地提取的低电平的提升。
借助于这样一个指纹系统能够达到上面列出的目的。在数字数据的情况下，某位或在某位中的单个误差会破坏整个计算机程序。这种破坏可能是较小直至灾难性的。只要纯图像完好，即使在视频信号中可以有许多误差，也不成问题。
在视频范围内视频指纹很容易去除。甚至在数字视频范围它也相当容易去除，但在MPEG范围中它是相当困难去除的。大多数相关的数字视频系统将使用活动图像专家组格式的一个或多个版本。这些格式包括为了更有效传输数据的视频压缩技术。没有办法查看和定位MPEG数据。MPEG是一个非线性系统。因此，在MPEG数据中没有指示视频被提升或不被提升的数据。侵权者必须译码MPEG信号到基带视频。在此刻可以移去指纹，但是现在侵权者必须再次重新编码它成为MPEG格式以制造盘片。编码是一个重要的操作。它不是一个无足轻重的事情。虽然有人可以得到MPEG编码器，但这不是一个极简单的系统，这样一个装置的成本为几十万美元。
为了实现视频指纹，一个视频指纹信号在MPEG编码之前加到视频上。通过加上一个少量的提升到第一场，大约为1毫伏到第一场并从第二场减去1毫伏的提升来实现视频指纹信号。这将在电影或其他视频记录中自始至终地进行。接收装置将连续地存储第一场，然后从第二场减去它。因为减去两个相反的量，所以视频指纹信号相加而视频信号被减去。其结果在一个时间周期上积分，几秒钟足以建立一个能被检测的电压。播放机在MPEG译码后检测这个电压信号。如果该信号存在，则播放机知道该盘片是一个受拷贝保护的盘片。播放机将通过查看伺服信号来看是否跟踪是摆动的。在视频系统中检测到的该标记告诉播放机只有当它见到一个鉴别特征标记时才播放盘片。如果检测不到视频指纹信号，播放机将不寻找鉴别特征标记并且将无条件地播放。
上面的描述是基于盘片会携带视频信号这一前提的。因为许多数字视盘具有大量数据处理能力，它们可以用于计算机数据。然而，很可能在大量的应用中，计算机程序也将包括视频。
下面将描述一个DVD系统中指纹条件播放系统的实施例。
图1是结合本发明的一些部件的母版处理硬件的方框图；以及
图2是结合本发明的其它部件的密纹盘片重放装置的方框图。
本发明涉及用于拷贝保护各种节目分配媒体如数字视盘(DVD)的一种方法和装置。这个发明可应用于所有盘片媒体并且其原理可以由一个本领域中普通技术人员扩展到如磁带的其它媒体。本发明对于软件版权拥有者提供高水平的保护，不怕黑盒子破坏并且将不会因少数硬件制造商拒绝遵守标准而受到损害。
如前面提到的，希望能够逐个节目地对版权所有者提供拷贝保护并且接受每个节目的费用或每个盘片的费用作为回报。通过在指纹条件播放系统(FPCPS)中使用视频指纹系统和鉴别特征标记的组合以允许DVD播放机以一种方式处理拷贝保护或者非拷贝保护盘片来实现这一点，这种方式使得很难或有极高代价和时间耗费地来利用黑盒子搞破坏。
FPCPS的一个实施例包含如图1中盘片母版装置的一部分和如图2中一个DVD播放机中的另一个部分。
FPCPS盘片母版设备包括一个接收来自常规源即输入端子22的视频信号的拷贝保护记录装置10，该视频信号输入到视盘指纹插入器12。这种常规视频源可以是525/60格式或625/50格式。此外，视频指纹插入器12从开关20接收版权资料命令信号以在MPEG编码之前给视频信号插入一个视频指纹信号。通过给第一场加上少量(近似于一毫伏)的提升量，并且从第二场减去一毫伏的提升来插入视频指纹信号。在电影或其他视频记录中自始至终进行这种交替的场插入。只有当开关20如图1所示在版权位置时，视频指纹插入器才插入视频指纹信号。当开关20在非版权位置时不会发生视频指纹插入。视频指纹插入器12的输出耦合到MPEG编码器14。MPEG编码器14转换具有或不具有一个视频指纹信号的常规视频信号为一个MPEG格式信号。MPEG编码器14的输出耦合到盘片母版装置用于制造母版盘片。
开关20也耦合到鉴别特征标记发生器24的一个输入。鉴别特征标记发生器24产生一个鉴别特征标记18，其特性和目的已经在前面进行了描述。只有当开关20选择了版权模式时，线路18才连接鉴别特征标记发生器24的输出到盘片母版系统内的径向执行机构(未示出)。
包含在DVD播放机内的伴随拷贝保护装置30如图2所示。线路32上被适当的译码和纠错的来自DVD的MPEG节目数据输入到MPEG译码器36，译码器36转换MPEG节目数据为可以包括或不包括一个视频指纹信号的视频信号。
MPEG译码器36的输出耦合到开关40的一个输入端和视频指纹检测器48的一个输入端。视频指纹检测器48连续地存储每一帧的第一场并且随后从第二场中减去它。视频指纹检测器48减去两个相反的视频指纹信号，使视频指纹信号相加而视频信号减去。视频指纹检测器48在一个时间周期上积分其结果，几秒钟就足够建立起能够被检测的电压。如果视频指纹信号存在，播放机就知道盘片包含版权资料。视频指纹检测器产生输出耦合到“与”门54的第一输入端的拷贝保护信号52。
来自线路34上DVD播放机的径向跟踪伺服放大器的误差信号输入到鉴别特征标记检测器38。如前面所述，这个信号具有一个相应于鉴别特征标记的成份。设计鉴别特征标记检测器38以在线路50上产生一个二进制输出，它表示在鉴别特征标记检测器38输入端存在或不存在鉴别特征标记。例如这个输出可以在鉴别特征标记存在时为逻辑“1”，而在鉴别特征标记不存在时为逻辑“0”。
选择逻辑电平使得当检测到鉴别特征标记时引起“与”门54产生一个输出。当检测到视频指纹信号和鉴别特征标记这两者时，“与”门54输出一个信号56到“或”门58。只有当没有选择任何视频指纹时，视频指纹检测器的输出才给“或”门58的第二输入。只有当视频指纹信号和鉴别特征标记信号两者均存在时或当视频指纹信号不存在时，“或”门58的输出才耦合到开关40的选择器以连接MPEG译码器的输出到视频和音频输出系统。
现在我们可以通过考察这种指纹条件播放系统在不同情况下的响应来了解它的操作。
○当播放一个原版拷贝保护或非拷贝保护的盘片时，视频指纹信号的存在或不存在不影响开关40正确地选择MPEG译码视频。结果，所有的原版盘片将正常地播放。
○当播放一个非拷贝保护盘片的拷贝时，视频指纹的不存在也不影响开关S正确地选择MPEG译码视频，也允许这种盘片正常地播放。
○然而，当播放拷贝保护盘片的非法拷贝时，鉴别特征标记的不存在导致开关S能正确地不选择MPEG译码视频信号。
视频指纹的安全性使侵权者非常困难或不经济地来制造受保护盘片的可播放拷贝。
为了制造受拷贝保护盘片的可播放拷贝，即为了战胜这个方案，侵权者必须做下面中的一项：
1.检测和去除视频指纹信号。
2.重新编码视频信号为一个MPEG信号。如上所述，这是非常昂贵的。
3.当盘片正在被记录时，给非法的拷贝加上一个可行的鉴别特征标记，使得规范的DVD播放机能够正常地播放这些盘片，这是可能的。但要这样做，侵权者需要对DVD记录设备做许多的修改以使它能够设置径向位置调节轨迹。这种修改超出了消费者和软件销售商的能力。但是，坚持认为有很好财政支持的侵权操作不能找到一种方法来做这件事是不现实的。有许多方法对于侵权者来说要“伪造”一个鉴别特征标记会更加困难，但所有这些或多或少取决于可获得的DVD记录设备上径向伺服系统(如果有的话)的精确性能。例如，特征标记可以是一个脉冲函数的形式(而不是一个简单正弦曲线)，使得商业上可买到的DVD记录设备的径向伺服不能够跟踪它。当然，如果我们承认这种虚构的侵权者有无限的财政资源，则他能够在一个专业的盘片母版系统上投资并且做出必须的修改。
然而作为一个实际的事情来说，这种能够消除消费者、销售商和技术上有专业水平知识的人员的侵权的系统和方法应是很有价值的。
尽管上面的实施例描述了一种用于DVD和其他密纹盘片格式的指纹条件播放系统，但其原理还可应用于磁带格式。对于这种应用，鉴别特征标记信号可以加到磁带的控制轨迹上。
虽然结合优选实施例对本发明进行了描述，但本领域的普通技术人员应该理解在不背离它的精神的情况下可以有各种变化。本申请的范围由权利要求书和它们的等同物规定。

Claims (10)

1.一种为节目分配媒体提供拷贝保护的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括下列步骤：
将一个鉴别特征标记加入到要被拷贝保护的所述媒体的跟踪部分，
输入节目数据，
把一个指纹信号加入到所述节目数据，
编码所述印有指纹的节目数据，
在所述媒体上记录所述编码数据，
在一个媒体播放机中检测所述鉴别特征标记，
检测来自所述媒体的所述记录的编码数据，并译码所述检测的编码数据，
检测所述指纹信号，
其中，只有当所述鉴别特征标记和所述指纹信号被检测到时或者当所述指纹信号没有被检测到时才将所述译码数据输入到一数据输出设备(42)。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述节目数据包括视频信号。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其中所述指纹信号包括在所述视频信号的多个帧间在第一场上对所述视频信号的大约为1毫伏的提升和在第二场上的大约为1毫伏的降低。
4.一个用于节目分配媒体的拷贝保护系统，其特征在于，该系统包括：
一个鉴别特征标记发生器(24)，用于把一个鉴别特征标记加入到要被拷贝保护的所述媒体的跟踪部分；
一个端子(22)，用于输入节目数据；
一个指纹插入器(12)，用于把一个指纹信号加入到所述节目数据；
一个编码器(14)，用于编码所述印有指纹的节目数据；
一个盘片母版装置(16)，用于在所述媒体上记录所述编码数据；
一个鉴别特征标记检测器(38)，用于在一个媒体播放机中中检测所述鉴别特征标记；
一个用于检测来自所述媒体的所述记录的编码数据的装置；
一个译码器(36)，用于译码所述检测的编码数据；和
一个视频指纹检测器(48)，用于检测所述指纹信号，
其中，当所述鉴别特征标记和所述指纹信号被检测到时或者当所述指纹信号没有被检测到时，所述译码数据被输入到一数据输出设备(42)。
5.一种用于拷贝保护节目分配媒体的重放设备，包括：一个第一检测器(38)，用于检测来自所述媒体的跟踪部分的鉴别特征标记；一个第二检测器，用于检测来自所述媒体的所记录的编码数据；一个译码器(36)，用于译码所述检测的编码数据；一个第三检测器(48)，用于检测所述译码数据内指纹信号是否存在；一个第四检测器(54)，用于检测所述鉴别特征标记和所述指纹是否存在或所述指纹信号是否不存在；其特征在于，当检测到所述鉴别特征标记和所述指纹两者或者检测不到所述指纹时，一个由所述第四检测器控制的选择器允许所述译码数据的装置输出的所述译码数据输入给一数据输出设备(42)。
6.一种用于在记录媒体的母版制作处理中提供拷贝保护的方法，包括步骤：输入一个数据流，在所述数据流内插入一个指纹信号，编码所述印有指纹的数据流，并产生一个鉴别特征标记信号，其特征在于，在所述记录媒体上记录所述指纹数据流，并且所述鉴别特征标记信号耦合到一个记录装置的时基控制机构以根据所述鉴别特征标记信号修改所述时基控制机构。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述记录媒体是光密纹盘片。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述记录媒体是DVD盘片。
9.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述记录媒体是磁带。
10.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述数据流是视频信号。
CNB961946369A 1995-06-07 1996-05-22 采用视频指纹对各种记录媒体拷贝保护的方法和装置 Expired - Lifetime CN1140118C (zh)

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CA2220845C (en) 2001-01-23
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PT830783E (pt) 2001-06-29
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GR3035549T3 (en) 2001-06-29
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AU5869396A (en) 1996-12-30
MX9709578A (es) 1998-07-31
CN1187277A (zh) 1998-07-08
KR19990022674A (ko) 1999-03-25
DE69611300D1 (de) 2001-01-25
US5659613A (en) 1997-08-19
WO1996041468A1 (en) 1996-12-19
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CA2220845A1 (en) 1996-12-19
ES2152534T3 (es) 2001-02-01
EP0830783A1 (en) 1998-03-25
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KR100421577B1 (ko) 2004-07-27
ATE198248T1 (de) 2001-01-15

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