CN114011251B - 一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 8
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- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜,包括陶瓷膜基板,所述陶瓷膜基板的上表面复合有第一铂层,陶瓷膜基板的下表面复合有第二铂层,第一铂层上复合有铜层;所述陶瓷膜基板厚度为2.0‑3.0mm,第一铂层和第二铂层的厚度均为10nm‑1μm,铜层厚度为10nm‑1μm。本发明通过对陶瓷膜表面进行金属溅射,在陶瓷膜表面固定催化剂,制备了一种可用于硝酸盐还原的双面导电膜,导电膜上固定的金属催化剂可将硝酸盐选择性地还原为氮气,一方面避免了传统生化反应的复杂操作,另一方面可增强电子传质,加快反应速率。本发明的导电膜不但可用于污水处理,还可用于对水质要求高的饮用水及工业用水的深度处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于污水处理技术领域,具体涉及一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
污水中氮元素以硝酸盐为主的离子形式稳定存在,主要来源如化肥制造、钢铁生产、肉类加工、饲料生产等。污水排入水体后,含氮有机物经无机化作用分解产生硝酸盐。水中硝酸盐浓度过高会导致水体富营养化,危害水生生态环境,硝酸盐进入人体还会引起高铁血红蛋白症,严重时可致人死亡。
目前,污水处理领域最常用的硝酸盐还原方法是生化法,指各类硝酸盐还原菌依次经水解氨化、硝化作用、反硝化作用将污水中的硝酸盐还原为氮气去除。但该方法需同时设置好氧池与厌氧池,占地面积大,成本高,并且存在细菌污染等问题。电化学还原硝酸盐技术具有环境兼容性、高效性、安全性、产物选择性等优势,并且装置占地较小、操作系统自动化程度高,对实际生产应用有重要意义。但单独采用电化学还原硝酸盐存在着氮气选择性差、反应速率低、通电条件下阴极排斥带负电的硝酸盐降低还原效率、需额外增设对电极等技术局限。
膜分离技术分离系数大,可在常温下连续操作,分离过程中无相间变化,多用于水体深度处理及水资源回用。但其应用于污水处理时,通常会产生大量难处理的浓水,并且因膜污染问题和选择性与渗透率的矛盾限制其发展。现有技术中,将膜分离法与电化学方法耦合的研究多为将膜与电化学催化反应相互分割开来,将选择性透过膜作为反应器的一部分,而非直接参与电化学反应,这样会导致反应器组件多,更换复杂,另外,还原过程仅发生在电极表面,速率低且电极表面的电子不能及时传递给硝酸根进而与水中氢离子结合发生析氢反应,降低了法拉第效率,增大了处理成本。
迄今为止,电化学硝酸盐还原的研究多针对通过电子传递到阴极表面直接电化学还原,而将双面电化学氧化还原过程与多孔催化膜结合,利用阴阳极导电膜协同作用还原硝酸盐的研究较少。本发明通过对陶瓷膜的双面改性,开发出一种能够将硝酸盐选择性地快速还原为氮气的双面导电反应膜。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于解决上述现有技术的不足,提供一种能够将硝酸盐选择性地快速还原为氮气的导电膜及其制备方法,为电化学膜硝酸盐还原领域提供新思路。
技术方案
本发明以多孔陶瓷膜作为电化学硝酸盐还原催化剂载体,将阴阳极金属直接负载在多孔陶瓷膜上,多孔膜孔隙内有限的空间提高了催化剂与硝酸盐的传质效率,有效加快了反应速率,可在短时间内获得较高硝酸盐转化率。具体方案如下:
一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜,包括陶瓷膜基板,所述陶瓷膜基板的上表面复合有第一铂层,陶瓷膜基板的下表面复合有第二铂层,第一铂层上复合有铜层;所述陶瓷膜基板厚度为2.0-3.0mm,第一铂层和第二铂层的厚度均为10nm-1μm,铜层厚度为10nm-1μm。
进一步,所述陶瓷膜基板为二氧化钛陶瓷膜或二氧化锆陶瓷膜。
上述高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)采用去离子水对陶瓷膜基板清洗5次以上,然后在去离子水中浸渍24-30h,取出干燥,备用;
(2)在10-7Pa的真空条件下,采用共聚焦磁控共溅射装置向陶瓷膜基板的上表面和下表面均溅射一层金属铂,然后在陶瓷膜基板上表面的金属铂层上再溅射一层铜,共聚焦磁控溅射装置施加偏压10W-100W,沉积速率为0.1nm-10nm/min,得到导电膜。
一种用于硝酸盐还原的导电膜反应器,包括反应器本体、上述导电膜、蓄水室和蠕动泵,所述导电膜横置于反应器本体内,并将反应器本体分隔成进料室和渗透室,进料室位于导电膜上方,渗透室位于导电膜的下方,蓄水室出口与进料室入口连通,进料室出口与蠕动泵的入口相连,蠕动泵的出口与蓄水室的入口相连;导电膜上的铜层与直流稳压电源的负极相连,导电膜上的第二铂层与直流稳压电源的正极相连。
使用时,污水从蓄水室进入反应器本体内的进料室后,启动蠕动泵,污水在蠕动泵的带动下由蓄水室与进料室间以0.1-0.2bar压力、0.5-1.0L min-1的错流速度进行内循环,启动电源进行硝酸盐还原反应,得到处理后的污水。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明通过对陶瓷膜表面进行金属溅射,在陶瓷膜表面固定催化剂,制备了一种可用于硝酸盐还原的双面导电膜,导电膜上固定的金属催化剂可将硝酸盐选择性地还原为氮气,一方面避免了传统生化反应的复杂操作,另一方面可增强电子传质,加快反应速率;本发明采用双极双面一体的导电膜结构,无需增设对电极,成品膜更换简单,外加电场作用下,导电膜两侧电极排斥带同种电荷的粒子,降低了膜表面污染成核率,而且电催化产生的活性氧物质可将微生物氧化为生物污垢,防止其粘滞在导电膜上,因此,导电膜还具备抗污染和自清洁功能。
本发明的导电膜不但可用于污水处理,还可用于对水质要求高的饮用水及工业用水的深度处理。此外,通过改变溅射的金属催化剂种类,本发明还可用于污水硝酸盐还原产氨,未来有望替代高能耗的哈伯法进行工业制氨。本发明为今后电催化反应性膜硝酸盐还原方向提供了理论依据与应用基础。
附图说明
图1为导电膜的结构示意图;
图2为用于硝酸盐还原的导电膜反应器的结构示意图;
其中,1-陶瓷膜基板;2-第一铂层;3-第二铂层;4-铜层;5-进料室;6-渗透室;7-蠕动泵;8-蓄水室。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
实施例1
如图1,一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜,包括陶瓷膜基板1,所述陶瓷膜基板的上表面复合有第一铂层2,陶瓷膜基板的下表面复合有第二铂层3,第一铂层2上复合有铜层4;所述陶瓷膜基板厚度为2.5mm,第一铂层和第二铂层的厚度均为0.5μm,铜层厚度为0.5μm。
上述高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)采用去离子水对陶瓷膜基板清洗6次,然后在去离子水中浸渍25h,取出后干燥,备用;
(2)在10-7Pa的真空条件下,采用共聚焦磁控共溅射装置向陶瓷膜基板的上表面和下表面均溅射一层金属铂,然后在陶瓷膜基板上表面的金属铂层上再溅射一层铜,共聚焦磁控溅射装置施加偏压50W,沉积速率为5nm/min,得到导电膜,利用溅射室中央的石英测厚仪控制溅射厚度,得到导电膜。
步骤(2)中,溅射制备前,需先将陶瓷膜置于硅支架上,陶瓷膜基本上表面(过滤时面向进料液的表面)面向金属溅射靶,设置靶体以四面体结构排列,并与陶瓷膜角度控制在20-40°,距离15-20cm,随后将溅射室压力保持在10-7Pa以下,并使用超纯氩气提供0.3Pa的工作压力,以避免残余空气导致金属功能性表面产生氧化钝层,溅射制备过程中,共聚焦磁控共溅射装置分别向陶瓷膜功能性表面两侧溅射铂粒子,得到第一铂层和第二铂层,然后在第一铂层上表面溅射铜粒子,利用溅射室中央的石英测厚仪控制溅射厚度。
一种用于硝酸盐还原的导电膜反应器,结构图如图2所示,包括反应器本体、实施例1的导电膜、蓄水室8和蠕动泵7,所述导电膜横置于反应器本体内,并将反应器本体分隔成进料室5和渗透室6,进料室5位于导电膜上方,渗透室6位于导电膜的下方,蓄水室8出口与进料室5入口连通,进料室5出口与蠕动泵7的入口相连,蠕动泵7的出口与蓄水室8的入口相连;导电膜上的铜层与直流稳压电源的负极相连,导电膜上的第二铂层与直流稳压电源的正极相连。
使用时,污水从蓄水室进入反应器本体内的进料室后,启动蠕动泵,污水在蠕动泵的带动下由蓄水室与进料室间以0.1-0.2bar压力、0.5-1.0L min-1的错流速度进行内循环,启动电源进行硝酸盐还原反应,得到处理后的污水。
应用测试:
1.采用实施例1的导电膜反应器处理硝酸盐模拟废水
实验方法包括如下步骤:
1)制备硝酸盐模拟污水:使污水中硝酸盐浓度达50mg·N/L,同时加入0.5g/L硫酸钠提高溶液导电性,污水初始pH为6.8。
2)采用实施例1的导电膜反应器处理污水,将硝酸盐模拟污水加入到蓄水室中,污水从蓄水室进入进料室后,启动蠕动泵,污水在蠕动泵的带动下由蓄水室与进料室间以0.1-0.2bar压力、0.5-1.0L min-1的错流速度进行内循环,启动电源(直流电压应控制在1-2V)进行硝酸盐还原反应,反应期间收集全部渗透液,待污水全部通过导电膜直至不能再收集到渗透液为止。测试渗滤液中硝酸盐氮、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮浓度,计算对硝酸盐降解率及对氮气的选择性,硝酸盐降解率按以下公式计算:
硝酸盐降解率(%)=(C0-CNO3-N)/C0
其中,C0指硝酸盐初始浓度,CNO3-N指反应结束后,收集的渗透液中硝酸盐氮浓度。
以氮气生成率代表氮气选择性,氮气生成率通过以下公式计算:
氮气生成率(%)=(C0-CNO3-N-CNH4-N-CNO2-N)/C0
其中,C0指硝酸盐初始浓度,CNO3-N、CNH4-N、CNO2-N分别指反应结束后,收集的渗透液中硝酸盐氮、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮浓度。
实验结果:硝酸盐降解率为85.2%,氮气生成率为76.5%,这说明本发明的导电膜反应器实现水中硝酸盐高效去除。
2.采用传统电化学方法处理硝酸盐模拟废水
传统电化学反应器,包括阴极板,阳极板,电化学反应池和电源;阴极板和阳极板竖直插入电化学反应池内,电化学反应池内设磁力搅拌器,阴极板与电源负极相连,阳极板与电源正极相连,阴极板以钛板为基板,钛板厚度为2.5mm,一侧复合有铂层,另一侧复合有铜层,铂层厚度为0.5μm,铜层厚度为0.5μm;阳极板为钛板。
将硝酸盐模拟污水加入电化学反应池中,启动在磁力搅拌器,设置转速为300rpm-500rpm,启动电源,设置电压为1-2V开始硝酸盐电化学还原反应。测试处理后污水中硝酸盐氮、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮浓度,计算对硝酸盐还原效率及对氮气的选择性。
实验结果:硝酸盐降解率为为81.8%,氮气生成率为25.8%。
Claims (4)
1.一种高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜,包括陶瓷膜基板,其特征在于,所述陶瓷膜基板的上表面复合有第一铂层,陶瓷膜基板的下表面复合有第二铂层,第一铂层上复合有铜层;所述陶瓷膜基板厚度为2.0-3.0mm,第一铂层和第二铂层的厚度均为10nm-1μm,铜层厚度为10nm-1μm。
2.如权利要求1所述高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜,其特征在于,所述陶瓷膜基板为二氧化钛陶瓷膜或二氧化锆陶瓷膜。
3.权利要求1或2所述高效去除水中硝酸盐的导电膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)采用去离子水对陶瓷膜基板清洗5次以上,然后在去离子水中浸渍24-30h,取出干燥,备用;
(2)在10-7 Pa的真空条件下,采用共聚焦磁控共溅射装置向陶瓷膜基板的上表面和下表面均溅射一层金属铂,然后在陶瓷膜基板上表面的金属铂层上再溅射一层铜,共聚焦磁控溅射装置施加偏压10 W-100 W,沉积速率为0.1 nm-10 nm/ min,得到导电膜。
4.一种用于硝酸盐还原的导电膜反应器,其特征在于,包括反应器本体、权利要求1或2所述导电膜、蓄水室和蠕动泵,所述导电膜横置于反应器本体内,并将反应器本体分隔成进料室和渗透室,进料室位于导电膜上方,渗透室位于导电膜的下方,蓄水室出口与进料室入口连通,进料室出口与蠕动泵的入口相连,蠕动泵的出口与蓄水室的入口相连;导电膜上的铜层与直流稳压电源的负极相连,导电膜上的第二铂层与直流稳压电源的正极相连。
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