CN113831782A - 长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚氨酯分散体中的用途 - Google Patents
长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚氨酯分散体中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113831782A CN113831782A CN202110702001.0A CN202110702001A CN113831782A CN 113831782 A CN113831782 A CN 113831782A CN 202110702001 A CN202110702001 A CN 202110702001A CN 113831782 A CN113831782 A CN 113831782A
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- -1 citric acid ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 51
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 14
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Abstract
本发明涉及长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚氨酯分散体中的用途。描述了长链柠檬酸酯在用于生产多孔聚合物涂层、优选用于生产多孔聚氨酯涂层的含水聚合物分散体中作为聚合物添加剂的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于塑料涂层和人造皮革领域。
背景技术
更具体地讲,本发明涉及使用长链柠檬酸酯作为添加剂生产多孔聚合物涂层、尤其是多孔聚氨酯涂层。
涂有塑料的纺织品例如人造皮革通常由其上层压有多孔聚合物层的纺织品载体组成,而该多孔聚合物层进而涂布有顶层或顶涂层。
在这种情况下,多孔聚合物层优选具有在微米范围内的孔并且为空气可渗透的且因此是透气的,即对于水蒸气是可渗透的,但是为防水的。多孔聚合物层通常包括多孔聚氨酯。为了环保地生产基于PU的人造皮革,近来已经开发了一种基于含水聚氨酯分散体(称为PUD)的方法。这些分散体通常由分散在水中的聚氨酯微粒组成,固体含量通常在30-60重量%的范围内。为了生产多孔聚氨酯层,将这些PUD机械发泡,涂布在载体上(层厚度通常在300-2000μm之间),然后在高温下干燥。在该干燥步骤期间,存在于PUD体系中的水蒸发,这导致形成聚氨酯颗粒的膜。为了进一步提高膜的机械强度,还可以在生产过程期间向PUD体系中额外地添加亲水性(多)异氰酸酯,并且在干燥步骤期间这些异氰酸酯会与存在于聚氨酯颗粒表面上的游离OH基团反应,从而导致聚氨酯膜的额外交联。
如此生产的PUD涂层的机械和触感性能由多孔聚氨酯膜的泡孔结构以至关重要的程度决定。此外,多孔聚氨酯膜的泡孔结构影响材料的空气可渗透性和透气性。在此可以用非常细小的均匀分布的泡孔获得特别好的性能。在上述生产过程期间影响泡孔结构的一种常规方法是在机械发泡之前或期间向PUD体系中添加泡沫稳定剂。合适的稳定剂的首要作用是在发泡操作期间可以将足够量的空气打入PUD体系中。其次,泡沫稳定剂对产生的气泡的形态有直接影响。气泡的稳定性也以至关重要的程度受到稳定剂类型的影响。这是重要的,尤其是在经发泡的PUD涂层的干燥期间,原因是可以这种方式防止干燥缺陷诸如泡孔粗大或干燥裂纹。
过去在上述PUD方法中已经使用了各种泡沫稳定剂。例如,文献US2015/0284902A1或US 2006 0079635A1描述了基于硬脂酸铵的泡沫稳定剂的使用。然而,使用相应的基于硬脂酸铵的稳定剂有许多缺点。在此一个明显的缺点是硬脂酸铵在人造皮革成品中具有很高的迁移能力。这样的效果是随时间流逝表面活性剂分子积累在人造皮革的表面处,这会导致皮革表面处出现白色变色。此外,尤其是当相应的材料与水接触时,这种表面活性剂迁移会在人造皮革表面上产生令人不愉快的油腻的膜。
硬脂酸铵的另一个缺点是与硬水接触时形成不溶性钙皂。在基于硬脂酸铵生产的人造皮革与硬水接触的情况下,因此在人造皮革表面上会产生白色起花,尤其是在深色皮革的情况下,这是不希望的。
基于硬脂酸铵的泡沫稳定剂的另一个缺点是,它们确实允许含水聚氨酯分散体的有效发泡,但是经常导致相当粗糙且不规则的泡沫结构。这会对人造皮革成品的光学和触觉性能产生不利影响。
硬脂酸铵的另一个缺点是所生产的PUD泡沫经常具有不足的稳定性,这会导致其加工中的缺点,尤其是在高温下干燥PUD泡沫中。这样的结果是,例如,必须相对温和且缓慢地干燥相应的泡沫,这进而导致在人造皮革生产中更长的处理时间。
作为基于硬脂酸铵的泡沫稳定剂的替代物,过去将多元醇酯和多元醇醚确定为含水聚氨酯分散体的有效泡沫添加剂。这些结构例如见述于文献EP 3487945A1和WO2019042696A1中。与硬脂酸铵相比,多元醇酯和多元醇醚的主要优点在于,它们在人造皮革成品中仅轻微地迁移(如果有的话),因此不会导致不希望的表面变色。此外,多元醇酯和多元醇醚对硬水不敏感。
多元醇酯和多元醇醚相对于基于硬脂酸铵的泡沫稳定剂的另一个优点还在于,它们通常导致明显更细且更均匀的泡沫结构,这对采用这些物质生产的人造皮革材料的性能具有有利的影响。多元醇酯和多元醇醚经常也产生稳定得多的PUD泡沫,这进而带来了人造皮革生产中与工艺相关的优点。
尽管有这些优点,但是多元醇酯和多元醇醚也不是完全没有潜在的缺点。一个潜在的缺点在于,在某些情况下由于PUD体系中存在其他助表面活性剂可能会削弱这些化合物的泡沫稳定作用。然而,尤其是在含水聚氨酯分散体的生产中,助表面活性剂的使用并不罕见。在这种情况下,助表面活性剂用于改进聚氨酯预聚物在水中的分散并且通常保留在最终产品中。在包含多元醇酯或多元醇醚作为泡沫添加剂的含水聚氨酯分散体的机械发泡期间,在某些情况下相应的助表面活性剂会对体系的发泡特性产生不利影响。结果,在某些情况下,可能只有很少的空气(如果有的话)被打入体系中;所得泡沫结构则将比较粗糙且皮革质量下降。助表面活性剂还会对产生的泡沫的稳定性产生不利影响,这可能导致在经发泡的PUD体系的加工期间产生泡沫老化,进而导致产生的泡沫涂层出现故障和缺陷。
另一个潜在的缺点是,包含多元醇酯或多元醇醚作为泡沫添加剂的PUD体系经常需要很高的剪切能才能有效发泡。在某些情况下这进而会带来局限性和与过程相关的缺陷并限制了工业上用于产生泡沫的机器的选择。
因此,本发明解决的问题是提供用于生产基于PUD的泡沫体系和泡沫涂层的添加剂,其能够使得PUD体系有效发泡并且不具有本领域中详述的缺点。已经令人意外地发现,长链柠檬酸酯能够解决所述问题。
发明内容
因此,本发明提供了长链柠檬酸酯在用于生产多孔聚合物涂层、优选用于生产多孔聚氨酯涂层的含水聚合物分散体、优选含水聚氨酯分散体中作为添加剂、优选作为泡沫添加剂的用途。
本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的用途在此令人意外地具有各种优点。
一个优点是长链柠檬酸酯使得含水PUD体系能够特别有效地发泡。这里值得注意的是,由此产生的泡沫具有特别细的泡孔结构且具有特别均匀的泡孔分布,这进而对基于这些泡沫生产的多孔聚合物涂层的机械和触觉性能产生非常有利的影响。此外,以这种方式可以改进涂层的空气可渗透性或透气性。
另一个优点是,即使在相对较低的剪切速率下,长链柠檬酸酯也能够使得PUD体系有效发泡,这在人造皮革生产期间的局限性更小且可加工性更宽。
又一个优点是长链柠檬酸酯使得能够生产特别稳定的泡沫。首先,尤其是由于在生产过程中额外的时间灵活性,这对其加工性具有有利的影响。其次,提高的泡沫稳定性具有的优点是,在干燥相应泡沫期间,可以避免诸如干燥缺陷诸如泡孔粗化或干燥裂纹。此外,改进的泡沫稳定性使得泡沫能够更快地干燥,这从环境和经济角度来看都提供了加工优点。
又一个优点是,几乎不会因存在于PUD体系中的助表面活性剂(如果有的话)而损害长链柠檬酸酯的功效。因此,即使在包含助表面活性剂的PUD体系的情况下,根据本发明的表面活性剂制剂也能够使得体系有效发泡并形成同时极稳定的细小且均匀的泡沫。
又一个优点是,在人造皮革成品中根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯几乎没有任何迁移能力(如果有的话),因此不会导致不希望的表面变色或起花(efflorescence)。此外,根据本发明的表面活性剂对硬水(如果有的话)几乎不敏感。
贯穿本发明的术语“长链柠檬酸酯”涵盖柠檬酸(C6H8O7)与长链烷醇和烯醇的酯。在本文中所谓的“长链”是指醇具有至少12个、优选至少14个碳原子,更优选至少16个碳原子。在此优选支化和线性烃基二者。
贯穿本发明的术语“助表面活性剂”涵盖可以与根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯一起存在于聚合物分散体中的另外的表面活性剂。这些表面活性剂尤其包括在聚合物分散体的生产期间使用的表面活性剂。例如,聚氨酯分散体经常通过合成PU预聚物来生产,其在第二步骤中将该PU预聚物分散在水中并然后与扩链剂反应。为了改进预聚物在水中的分散性,在此可以使用助表面活性剂。在本发明的上下文中,助表面活性剂优选为阴离子助表面活性剂。
在下文中通过示例的方式进一步描述本发明,而无意将本发明限制于这些说明性实施方案。在以下规定了范围、通式或化合物类别的情况下,这些旨在不仅包括明确提及的化合物的相应范围或组,而且还包括可以通过除去各个值(范围)或化合物而获得的化合物的所有子范围和子组。在本说明书的上下文中引用文献的情况下,该文献的全部内容(特别是关于形成引用了该文献的上下文的主题的内容)旨在形成本发明的公开内容的一部分。除非另有说明,否则百分比是重量百分比。除非另有说明,否则在下文中给出了已通过测量确定的参数时,该测量在25℃的温度和101 325Pa的压力下进行。在本发明中使用了化学(经验)式的情况下,规定的系数不仅可以是绝对值,而且可以是平均值。对于聚合型化合物,系数优选代表平均值。本发明中给出的结构式和经验式为所有异构体的代表,这些异构体可以通过重复单元的不同排列来实现。
在本发明的上下文中,尤其优选如下获得的那些长链柠檬酸酯:使长链醇与柠檬酸反应并消除水。如果需要,这些反应可以使用合适的催化剂,例如有机酸或无机酸(诸如对甲苯磺酸、硫酸或甲磺酸)、酸性盐、羰基氯、金属或两性金属氧化物、金属醇盐或羧酸盐例如(原)钛酸四丁酯或2-乙基己酸锡(II)。相应的反应是本领域技术人员已知的并且例如见述于–Chemie Lexikon(Thieme-Verlag,1996)中。
在本发明的上下文中,进一步优选的是,根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的平均酯化度为1-2.7、优选为1.3-2.6、更优选为1.4-2.5、甚至更优选为1.5-2.4。酯化度在此定义为醇与柠檬酸的摩尔比。平均酯化度是指算术平均值。
用于制备根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的上述反应可能未进行完全,因此未转化的醇和/或柠檬酸的残基也可能存在于反应混合物中。因此,在本发明的上下文中,术语“柠檬酸酯”也涵盖包含游离醇和/或游离柠檬酸的那些酯。
此外,可能的是,在用于制备根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的上述反应中,可以在反应期间形成由单酯、二酯和三酯组成的不同酯的混合物并且这些混合物可以进一步包含游离柠檬酸和/或游离脂肪醇。因此,在本发明的上下文中,术语“柠檬酸酯”也涵盖这样的混合物。
此外,可能的是,在用于制备根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的上述反应中可以在反应期间形成柠檬酸的线性、支化或环状的低聚或聚合型缩合产物。因此,在本发明的上下文中,术语“柠檬酸酯”还涵盖包含柠檬酸的线性、支化或环状的低聚或聚合型缩合产物以及这些化合物的酯的那些酯。在整个本申请的上下文中,术语“低聚”表示包含2个或更多个重复单元的分子。
用于制备长链柠檬酸酯的醇优选为月桂醇(1-十二烷醇)、肉豆蔻醇(1-十四烷醇)、鲸蜡醇(1-十六烷醇)、玛格丽醇(margaryl alcohol)(1-十七烷醇)、硬脂醇(1-十八烷醇)、花生醇(1-二十烷醇)、山嵛醇(1-二十二烷醇)、木蜡醇(1-二十四烷醇)、蜡醇(1-二十六烷醇)、蒙旦醇(montanyl alcohol)(1-二十八烷醇)、蜂花醇(1-三十烷醇)、棕榈油醇(顺-9-十六碳烯-1-醇)、油醇(顺-9-十八碳烯-1-醇)和/或反油醇(反-9-十八碳烯-1-醇)和在每种情况下具有相同的总结构式的结构异构体以及这些物质的混合物,特别优选鲸蜡醇和硬脂醇以及这两种物质的混合物。
上述长链醇的来源可以是植物或动物脂肪、油或蜡。例如,可以使用:猪油、牛油、鹅脂、鸭脂、鸡脂、马脂、鲸油、鱼油、棕榈油、橄榄油、鳄梨油、种子仁油、椰子油、棕榈仁油、可可脂、棉籽油、南瓜子油、玉米仁油、向日葵油、小麦胚芽油、葡萄籽油、芝麻油、亚麻子油、大豆油、花生油、羽扇豆油、菜籽油、芥末油、蓖麻油、麻风树油、核桃油、霍霍巴油、卵磷脂(例如基于大豆、菜籽或向日葵)、骨油、牛蹄油(neatsfoot oil)、琉璃苣油、羊毛脂、鸸鹋油、鹿脂、旱獭油、貂油、红花油、大麻油、南瓜油、月见草油、妥尔油,还有巴西棕榈蜡、蜂蜡、小烛树蜡、小冠巴西棕榈蜡、甘蔗蜡、雷塔莫(retamo)蜡、棕榈蜡、酒椰蜡、茅草(esparto)蜡、苜蓿蜡、竹蜡、大麻蜡、道格拉斯冷杉蜡、软木蜡、剑麻蜡、亚麻蜡、棉蜡、达玛蜡、茶蜡、咖啡蜡、大米蜡、夹竹桃蜡、蜂蜡和/或羊毛蜡。
进一步优选的是使用支化长链伯醇或仲醇制备根据本发明的柠檬酸酯。在此尤其优选Guerbet醇,即通过Guerbet缩合形成的支化醇,以及通过Bashkirov法通过石蜡氧化形成的支化仲醇。
在本发明的上下文中进一步优选的是使用以上详述的醇的烷氧基化、优选乙氧基化/丙氧基化衍生物来制备根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯。在这种情况下,优选的是每个醇基团带有不超过10个、优选不超过7个、更优选不超过5个、甚至更优选不超过3个烷氧基单元。
在本发明的上下文中尤其优选的是,根据本发明的柠檬酸酯是柠檬酸单棕榈酯、柠檬酸二棕榈酯、柠檬酸单硬脂酯、柠檬酸二硬脂酯,以及这些物质的混合物,尤其优选柠檬酸二棕榈酯和/或柠檬酸二硬脂酯和/或柠檬酸单硬脂单棕榈酯以及这些物质的混合物。
在本发明的上下文中,尤其优选符合通式(I)的那些柠檬酸酯
其中R1基团独立地为相同或不同的具有12至40个碳原子、优选14至30个、更优选具有16至24个碳原子的一价脂族或芳族、饱和或不饱和的烃基,或为H,条件是所有R1基团的至少0.3、优选0.4、更优选0.5、甚至更优选0.6的统计学数值平均值为H。因此,式(I)还描述了柠檬酸与长链醇的各种单酯、二酯和三酯的混合物。根据本发明,同样优选这样的混合物。统计学数值平均值是算术平均值。
如已经描述的,在用于制备根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的上述反应期间,还可以形成柠檬酸的线性、支化或环状的低聚或聚合型缩合产物。因此,长链柠檬酸酯以及符合通式(I)的那些可能另外包含符合通式(II)的那些。在本发明的上下文中,这同样是优选的。
MwDxTyQz 式(II)
其中
W=0至11、优选0至5、特别优选0至2,
x=0至10、优选0至5、特别优选0至2,
y=0至5、优选0至5、特别优选0至2,
z=0至3、优选0至2、特别优选0至2,
且R1如上定义,条件是所有R1基团的至少10%、优选至少15%、更优选至少20%的统计数值平均值为H。
关于通式(II),应当注意的是,在此结构单元M、D、T和Q在每种情况下均通过氧桥连接。在此总是将两个形式上的O1/2基团连接以形成氧桥(-O-),其中任何O1/2基团只能与另一个O1/2基团连接。
在结构方面,根据本发明的柠檬酸酯可以通过湿化学系数表征,例如其羟值、其酸值和其水解值。用于确定羟值的合适的确定方法尤其是根据DGF C-V 17a(53)、Ph.Eur.2.5.3Method A和DIN 53240的那些。用于确定酸值的合适的方法尤其是根据DGFC-V 2、DIN EN ISO 2114、Ph.Eur.2.5.1、ISO 3682和ASTM D 974的那些。用于确定水解值的合适的确定方法尤其是根据DGF C-V 3、DIN EN ISO 3681和Ph.Eur.2.5.6的那些。在本发明的上下文中,在此优选酸值为35-150mgKOH/g、优选40-140mgKOH/g、更优选45-125mgKOH/g的那些柠檬酸酯。
本发明涵盖中和的和未中和的长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚合物分散体中作为添加剂的用途,特别优选中和的长链柠檬酸酯的用途。在本发明的整个范围内,术语“中和”也涵盖部分中和。对于中和(包括部分中和),可以使用常规碱。这些常规碱包括水溶性金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钡、氢氧化锶、氢氧化钙,并且优选在水溶液中解离成游离金属离子和氢氧根离子的碱金属氢氧化物,尤其是NaOH和KOH。这些还包括与水反应形成氢氧根离子的无水碱,例如氧化钡、氧化锶、氧化钙、氧化锂、氧化银和氨。除了这些上述碱金属以外,可用作碱的固体物质还有不具有HO(在纯化合物中)在溶解于水中时同样会发生碱性反应的那些固体物质;这些物质的实例包括胺诸如单烷基胺、二烷基胺和三烷基胺,例如,在酰胺胺、单烷醇胺、二烷醇胺和三烷醇胺或单氨基烷基胺、二氨基烷基胺和三氨基烷基胺的情况下,该烷基也可以是官能化的烷基,以及例如弱酸的盐诸如碳酸钾、碳酸钠、磷酸三钠等。此外,还可以使用更高官能度的胺例如乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺或三亚乙基四胺进行中和。
如已经提到的,本发明考虑了如上详细描述的长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚合物分散体中、优选在含水聚氨酯分散体中用作添加剂的用途。在此聚合物分散体优选选自含水聚苯乙烯分散体、聚丁二烯分散体、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯分散体、聚乙烯基酯分散体和/或聚氨酯分散体。这些分散体的固体含量优选在20-70重量%的范围内、更优选在25-65重量%的范围内。根据本发明特别优选长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚氨酯分散体中作为添加剂的用途。在此尤其优选基于聚酯多元醇、聚酯酰胺多元醇、聚碳酸酯多元醇、聚缩醛多元醇和/或聚醚多元醇的聚氨酯分散体。
在本发明的上下文中,优选的是,基于含水聚合物分散体的总重量,长链柠檬酸酯的浓度在0.1-20重量%的范围内、更优选在0.2-15重量%的范围内,尤其优选在0.5-10重量%的范围内。
优选的是,在含水聚合物分散体中使用长链柠檬酸酯作为使分散体发泡的发泡助剂或泡沫稳定剂即作为发泡添加剂。但是,此外,它们也可以用作干燥助剂、流平添加剂、湿润剂和流变添加剂,这同样对应于本发明的优选的实施方案。
除了根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯之外,含水聚合物分散体还可包含其他添加物/制剂组分,例如有色颜料、填料、消光剂、稳定剂诸如水解或紫外线稳定剂、杀菌剂、抗氧化剂、吸收剂、交联剂、流平添加剂、增稠剂和其他助表面活性剂。
可以在合适的溶剂中以纯或共混的形式将长链柠檬酸酯添加到含水分散体中。就此而言,优选的溶剂选自水、丙二醇、二丙二醇、聚丙二醇、二乙二醇丁醚、三甘醇丁醚、乙二醇、二乙二醇、聚乙二醇、基于EO、PO、BO和/或SO的聚亚烷基二醇、基于EO、PO、BO和/或SO的醇烷氧基化物以及这些物质的混合物,非常特别优选含水稀释剂或共混物。长链柠檬酸酯的共混物或稀释物优选包含至少5重量%、更优选10重量%、甚至更优选15重量%的根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯。
在根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的含水稀释物或共混物的情况下,将水溶助长剂化合物添加到共混物中以改进制剂性能(粘度、均质性等)会是有利的。此处水溶助长剂化合物是由亲水部分和疏水部分组成但是分子量太低而不能具有表面活性剂性能的水溶性有机化合物。它们导致有机物质、特别是疏水性有机物质在含水制剂中的溶解度或溶解度性能的改进。术语“水溶助长剂化合物”是本领域技术人员已知的。在本发明的上下文中,优选的“水溶助长剂化合物”是甲苯磺酸碱金属盐和铵盐、二甲苯磺酸碱金属盐和铵盐、萘磺酸碱金属盐和铵盐、枯烯磺酸碱金属盐和铵盐以及苯酚烷氧基化物,尤其是具有至多6个烷氧基化物单元的苯酚乙氧基化物。
要使用的长链柠檬酸酯不是纯净形式而是与其他助表面活性剂组合在含水聚合物分散体中、优选在含水聚氨酯分散体中作为添加剂也会是有利的。例如这些可用于改进的体系的相容性,或者在预配制的表面活性剂混合物的情况下用于改进的制剂性能。在这种情况下,根据本发明优选的助表面活性剂例如是游离脂肪醇、脂肪酸酰胺、环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物、甜菜碱例如酰氨基丙基甜菜碱、胺氧化物、季铵表面活性剂、两性乙酸盐、脂肪酸的铵盐和/或碱金属盐、烷基硫酸盐(alkyl sulfates)、烷基醚硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐(alkylsulfonates)、烷基苯磺酸盐、烷基磷酸盐、烷基磺基琥珀酸盐(alkylsulfosuccinates)、烷基磺基琥珀酰胺酸盐、烷基肌氨酸盐以及这些物质的混合物,非常特别优选优选具有12至40个、更优选具有14-30个、甚至更优选具有16-24个碳原子的游离脂肪醇,以及具有12至40个、更优选具有14-30个、甚至更优选具有16-24个碳原子的烷基硫酸盐,以及这些物质的混合物。另外,助表面活性剂可以包含基于有机硅的表面活性剂,例如三硅氧烷表面活性剂或聚醚硅氧烷。在脂肪酸的铵盐和/或碱金属盐的情况下,优选的是,它们包含小于25重量%的硬脂酸盐,并且尤其是不含硬脂酸盐。
如上所述,在根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯与其他助表面活性剂组合的情况下,尤其优选的是,基于根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯和助表面活性剂的组合,这些组合包含在1重量%至60重量%之间、优选在2重量%至50重量%之间、更优选在3重量%至40重量%、甚至更优选在5重量%至30重量%之间的助表面活性剂。
如上所述,由于本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的使用导致由含水聚合物分散体生产的多孔聚合物涂层的显著改进,因此本发明同样提供了包含至少一种如上所详述的根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯的含水聚合物分散体。
本发明还提供了由含水聚合物分散体生产的多孔聚合物层,所述含水聚合物分散体通过使用根据本发明如上详述的长链柠檬酸酯的而获得。
优选地,根据本发明的多孔聚合物涂层可以通过包括以下步骤的方法生产:
a)提供混合物,所述混合物包含至少一种含水聚合物分散体、至少一种根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯和任选存在的其他制剂组分,
b)使混合物起泡以产生泡沫,
c)任选地添加至少一种增稠剂以调节湿泡沫的粘度,
d)将经发泡的聚合物分散体的涂层施用到合适的载体,
e)干燥/固化涂层。
多孔聚合物涂层具有优选在微米范围内的孔,优选具有小于350μm、更优选小于200μm、尤其优选小于150μm、非常尤其优选小于100μm的平均泡孔尺寸。平均泡孔尺寸可以优选通过显微镜确定,优选通过电子显微镜确定。为此目的,采用具有足够放大倍数的显微镜观察多孔聚合物涂层的截面并确定至少25个泡孔的尺寸。然后将观察到的泡孔或泡孔尺寸的算术平均值作为平均泡孔尺寸。
为了得到优选的配置,尤其是为了得到在该方法中优选使用的长链柠檬酸酯和聚合物分散体,参考前面的描述以及上述优选的实施方案,尤其是如权利要求中所详细描述。
显然,如上所述的根据本发明的方法的处理步骤不受限于任何固定的时间顺序。例如,处理步骤c)可以在早期、与处理步骤a)同时执行。
本发明的一个优选实施方案是在处理步骤b)中通过施用高剪切力使含水聚合物分散体发泡。在此可以借助于本领域技术人员熟悉的剪切装置来进行发泡,所述装置例如Dispermats、溶解器、Hansa混合器或Oakes混合器。
此外,优选的是,在处理步骤c)结束时产生的湿泡沫的粘度至少为5Pa·s、优选至少为10Pa·s、更优选至少为15Pa·s且甚至更优选至少为20Pa·s,但不大于500Pa·s、优选不大于300Pa·s、更优选不大于200Pa·s且甚至更优选不大于100Pa·s。泡沫粘度在此例如可以借助于配有LV-4转子的Brookfield的LVTD型粘度计来确定。用于确定湿泡沫粘度的相应测试方法是本领域技术人员已知的。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,在处理步骤b)中泡沫具有最大的均质性和泡孔细度。如果需要,本领域技术人员能够基于他们的典型经验以常规方式通过肉眼或用光学辅助工具(例如放大镜或显微镜)简单直接目视检查来验证这点。“泡孔细度”与泡孔尺寸有关。平均孔尺寸越小,则泡沫泡孔越细。如果需要,细泡孔含量例如可以用光学显微镜或用扫描电子显微镜来确定。“均质”是指泡孔尺寸分布。均质泡沫具有非常窄的泡孔尺寸分布,使得所有泡孔的尺寸都大致相同。这可以进而用光学显微镜或用扫描电子显微镜定量。
如上文已述,可以向体系中添加其他增稠剂以调节湿泡沫粘度。此处增稠剂优选选自缔合性增稠剂。此处缔合性增稠剂是通过存在于聚合物分散体中的颗粒的表面处缔合而导致增稠作用的物质。该术语是本领域技术人员已知的。优选的缔合性增稠剂选自聚氨酯增稠剂、疏水改性的聚丙烯酸酯增稠剂、疏水改性的聚醚增稠剂和疏水改性的纤维素醚。非常特别优选聚氨酯增稠剂。另外,在本发明的上下文中,优选的是,基于全部分散体组成,增稠剂的浓度在0.01-10重量%的范围内。更优选在0.05-5重量%的范围内、最优选在0.1-3重量%的范围内。
在本发明的上下文中,另外优选的是,在处理步骤d)中产生的经发泡的聚合物分散体的涂层的层厚度为10-10000μm、优选为50-5000μm、更优选为75-3000μm、甚至更优选为100-2500μm。经发泡的聚合物分散体的涂层可以通过本领域技术人员熟悉的方法生产例如刮涂。在此可以使用直接或间接涂布法(称为转移涂布)。
在本发明的上下文中,同样优选的是,在处理步骤e)中经发泡和涂布的聚合物分散体的干燥在升高的温度下进行。在此优选根据本发明最低干燥温度为50℃、优选60℃、更优选至少为70℃。此外,可以在不同温度下的多个阶段中干燥经发泡和涂布的聚合物分散体,以避免发生干燥缺陷。考虑到温度、通风和大气的相对湿度所采用的相应干燥技术在工业中是广泛使用的并且是本领域技术人员已知的。
如已经描述的,可以借助于本领域技术人员已知的被广为实践的方法来实现处理步骤c)-e)。例如,在“Coated and laminated Textiles”(Walter Fung,CR-Press,2002)中对此进行了综述。
在本发明的上下文中,尤其优选包含长链柠檬酸酯且平均泡孔尺寸小于350μm、优选小于200μm、尤其优选小于150μm、最优选小于100μm的那些多孔聚合物涂层。平均泡孔尺寸可以优选地通过显微镜确定,优选地通过电子显微镜确定。为此目的,通过具有足够放大倍数的显微镜观察多孔聚合物涂层的截面并确定至少25个泡孔的尺寸。为了获得该评估方法的足够的统计数据,所选择的显微镜的放大倍数应当优选使得观察场中至少存在10x 10个泡孔。平均泡孔尺寸则按照所观察的泡孔或泡孔尺寸的算术平均值来计算。通过显微镜确定泡孔尺寸为本领域技术人员所熟悉。
包含至少一种根据本发明的长链柠檬酸酯和任选存在的其他添加剂的根据本发明的多孔聚合物层(或聚合物涂层)例如可以用于纺织工业中例如用于人造皮革材料、用于建筑行业中、电子行业中、体育行业中或汽车行业中。例如,基于本发明的多孔聚合物涂层,可以生产日常用品诸如鞋、鞋垫、袋、手提箱、小箱子、衣物;汽车部件;优选座套、门部件的覆盖物、仪表板部件、方向盘和/或手柄以及换档盖罩;装配用品诸如桌垫、垫子或座椅家具;电子设备中的缝隙填充物;医疗应用中的缓冲和减震材料;或胶带。
具体实施方式
实施例
材料:
YS:3000:来自DOW的基于MDI(二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(methyldiphenyl diisocyanate))的聚氨酯分散体。作为其制备方法的结果,产物包含1-3重量%的阴离子助表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(CAS:25155-30-0);
十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS;CAS:25155-30-0)来自Sigma Aldrich。这是用于生产含水聚氨酯分散体的标准助表面活性剂;
ECO颜料黑:来自Cromogenia的含水颜料分散体(黑色);
粘度测量:
所有粘度测量均使用装配有LV-4转子的Brookfield粘度计LVTD进行,转速恒定地为12rpm。为了进行粘度测量,将样品转移到100ml的罐中,该罐中浸有至规定深度的测量转子。一直等待恒定的粘度计测量结果被显示。
实施例1:酯化度为2.1的柠檬酸硬脂酯的合成:
在搅拌并引入N2的同时将硬脂醇(≥95%,275.2g,1.02mol,2.1eq.)加热至70℃,然后加入柠檬酸(无水,93.10g,0.485mol,1.0eq.)。在引入N2的同时将反应混合物加热至140℃并在150毫巴的压力下搅拌3小时,直到酸值达到62mg KOH/g。使用压滤机(1μm)在120℃的温度下在2巴下过滤混合物。冷却后,获得酸值为57mg KOH/g的无色固体。
实施例2:酯化度为2.4的柠檬酸硬脂酯的合成:
在搅拌并引入N2的同时将硬脂醇(≥95%,244.0g,0.902mol,2.4eq.)加热至70℃,然后加入柠檬酸(无水,72.23g,0.376mol,1.0eq.)。在引入N2的同时将反应混合物加热至140℃并在150毫巴的压力下搅拌4小时,直到酸值达到50mg KOH/g。使用压滤机(1μm)在130℃的温度下在2巴下过滤混合物。冷却后,获得酸值为48mg KOH/g的无色固体。
实施例3:酯化度为2.1的柠檬酸山嵛酯的合成:
在搅拌并引入N2的同时将山嵛醇(70-80%,245.7g,0.763mol,2.1eq.)加热至80℃,然后加入柠檬酸(无水,69.78g,0.363mol,1.0eq.)。在引入N2的同时将反应混合物加热至140℃并在150毫巴的压力下搅拌2小时,直到酸值达到63mg KOH/g。使用压滤机(1μm)在120℃的温度下在2巴下过滤混合物。冷却后,获得酸值为61mg KOH/g的无色固体。
实施例4:比较例:
除了根据本发明的柠檬酸酯之外,还使用了基于聚甘油-3硬脂酸酯的比较性表面活性剂,该表面活性剂通过使103.3g聚甘油(OHN=1124mg KOH/g,Mw=240g/mol)与155.0g工业级硬脂酸反应来制备。
实施例5:
根据表1中详述的组成将来自实施例1-3的柠檬酸酯和基于聚甘油酯的比较性表面活性剂共混并然后在80℃下均化。然后用KOH将本发明的表面活性剂制剂1-3中和至pH=7。在共混后比较性表面活性剂4的pH已经为7并且未被中和。
表1:下文中使用的表面活性剂共混物的组成:
实施例6:发泡测试:
为了测试根据本发明的添加剂组合的功效,进行了一系列发泡实验。为此目的,在第一步中,使用了来自Covestro的DLU聚氨酯分散体。使用的泡沫稳定剂是本发明的表面活性剂制剂1-3(参见表1)以及作为比较物的两种表面活性剂Stokal STA(硬脂酸铵)和Stokal SR(磺基琥珀酸钠)的组合。表2概述了相应实验的组合物。
所有发泡实验均手动进行。为此目的,首先将聚氨酯分散体和表面活性剂放入500ml塑料杯中并用配有分散盘(直径=6cm)的溶解器在1000rpm下均化3分钟。为了使混合物发泡,然后将剪切速率提高到2000rpm,确保将溶解盘始终浸入分散体中至足以形成适当涡流的程度。以该速度将混合物发泡至体积为约425ml。然后将混合物在1000rpm下再剪切15分钟。在该步骤中,将溶解器盘足够深地浸入混合物中使得不再有其他空气引入体系中,但整个体积仍在运动。
表2:泡沫制剂概述:
在所有情况下,在该发泡操作结束时均获得了细小的均质泡沫。值得注意的是,用本发明的表面活性剂1-3产生的泡沫具有较高的粘度(参见表2)。借助于配备有施涂框(涂层厚度=800μm)的涂膜器(来自TQC的AB3220)将泡沫涂在有机硅化的聚酯膜上,然后在60℃下干燥5分钟,然后在120℃下再干燥5分钟。
与样品#4相比,经干燥的本发明样品#1-#3的特点在于更均匀的宏观外观和更柔软的感觉。此外,在电子显微镜研究中可以确定更细的泡孔结构。
实施例7:迁移测试:
为了评估根据本发明的表面活性剂的表面迁移,通过以下方法生产人造皮革材料。首先,将顶涂层施用于有机硅化的聚酯膜(层厚100μm)。然后将其在100℃下干燥3分钟。随后,将泡沫层(层厚度为800μm)涂布在干燥的顶涂层并在60℃下干燥5分钟,并在120℃下干燥5分钟。在最后步骤中,将含水粘合剂层(层厚度为100μm)涂布在干燥的泡沫层上,然后将纺织品载体层压到仍然湿润的粘合剂层上。将完成的层压材料在120℃下再次干燥5分钟并然后从聚酯膜上剥离。
所有涂布和干燥操作在此均使用来自Mathis AG的Labcoater LTE-S进行。在此根据表3中列出的组成来配制顶涂层和粘合剂层;使用的泡沫层是表2中列出的泡沫制剂,其通过实施例6中所述的方法发泡。
表3:用于生产人造皮革材料的顶涂层和粘合剂制剂:
为了评估表面活性剂迁移,在生产后将人造皮革样品在100℃的水中放置30分钟并然后在室温下干燥过夜。在该处理后,用Stokal STA/SR表面活性剂制备的比较性样品(泡沫制剂#4,表2)在人造皮革表面上具有明显可见的白点,而在用根据本发明的表面活性剂(泡沫制剂#1-#3,表2)制备的样品的情况下则未观察到这种表面变色。
实施例8:助表面活性剂相容性:
为了评估助表面活性剂相容性,使用YS:3000PUD体系进行进一步的发泡测试。其包含1-3重量%的阴离子助表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(CAS:25155-30-0)。在这些实验中使用的表面活性剂是表1中列出的表面活性剂制剂1-4。表4给出了泡沫制剂的组成的概述。
表4:泡沫制剂的概述:
基于这些制剂,通过实施例6中所述的方法制备泡沫涂层。在此值得注意的是,用比较性表面活性剂4制备的样品#8具有粗糙得多且不太均匀的泡沫结构。在泡沫涂层干燥之后,还可在泡沫结构中观察到清晰裂纹,这表明泡沫的稳定性不足。相比之下,用本发明的表面活性剂制备的样品#5-#7再次显示出极细的泡孔和均匀的泡沫结构。它们也没有干燥裂纹。
此外,还进行了一系列发泡实验,其中故意地在实际上无助表面活性剂的DLU体系中添加十二烷基苯磺酸钠(一种已描述过的用于PUD稳定的常见助表面活性剂)。在这些实验中,所使用的表面活性剂也是表1中列出的表面活性剂制剂1-4。表5给出了泡沫制剂的组成的概述。
表5:泡沫制剂概述:
在此同样通过实施例6中所述的方法制备泡沫涂层。在此再次值得注意的是,用比较性表面活性剂4制备的样品#12具有干燥裂纹和粗糙得多的泡孔结构,而本发明的样品#9-#11再次显示出细小且均匀的泡孔结构且没有缺陷。在此几乎没有观察到与类似的无助表面活性剂的样品#1-#3(见实施例6)的区别。因此,这些实验证明了根据本发明的表面活性剂在助表面活性剂相容性方面的显著改进。
Claims (15)
1.长链柠檬酸酯在含水聚合物分散体中、优选在含水聚氨酯分散体中作为添加剂、优选作为泡沫添加剂的用途。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于所述长链柠檬酸酯能通过使长链醇与柠檬酸缩合获得。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的用途,其特征在于所述长链柠檬酸酯的平均酯化度为1-2.7、优选为1.3-2.6、更优选为1.4-2.5、甚至更优选为1.5-2.4,其中所述酯化度定义为醇与柠檬酸的所用摩尔比。
4.根据权利要求1至3中至少一项所述的用途,其特征在于所使用的醇优选为月桂醇(1-十二烷醇)、肉豆蔻醇(1-十四烷醇)、鲸蜡醇(1-十六烷醇)、玛格丽醇(1-十七烷醇)、硬脂醇(1-十八烷醇)、花生醇(1-二十烷醇)、山嵛醇(1-二十二烷醇)、木蜡醇(1-二十四烷醇)、蜡醇(1-二十六烷醇)、蒙旦醇(1-二十八烷醇)、蜂花醇(1-三十烷醇)、棕榈油醇(顺-9-十六碳烯-1-醇)、油醇(顺-9-十八碳烯-1-醇)和/或反油醇(反-9-十八碳烯-1-醇)和/或具有相同经验式的相应结构异构体,以及这些物质的混合物,特别优选鲸蜡醇和/或硬脂醇以及这两种物质的混合物,和/或支化的长链伯醇和/或仲醇,尤其优选Guerbet醇,即通过Guerbet缩合形成的支化醇,以及通过Bashkirov法通过石蜡氧化形成的支化仲醇。
6.根据权利要求1至5中至少一项所述的用途,其特征在于所述长链柠檬酸酯额外地包含游离的未反应的醇和游离的柠檬酸。
7.根据权利要求1至6中至少一项所述的用途,其特征在于所述长链柠檬酸酯额外地包含柠檬酸的线性、支化或环状的低聚或聚合型缩合产物及其酯化衍生物。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的用途,其特征在于所述长链柠檬酸酯被中和,所述中和还包括部分中和,优选使用以下物质来完成中和:水溶性金属氢氧化物例如氢氧化钡、氢氧化锶、氢氧化钙和/或优选是在水溶液中解离成游离金属离子和氢氧根离子的碱金属氢氧化物尤其是NaOH和KOH,和/或与水反应形成氢氧根离子的无水碱例如氧化钡、氧化锶、氧化钙、氧化锂、氧化银和/或氨,和/或碱性胺例如单烷基胺、二烷基胺和/或三烷基胺,所述烷基也可以是官能化的烷基,例如,在酰胺胺、单烷醇胺、二烷醇胺和三烷醇胺或单氨基烷基胺、二氨基烷基胺和三氨基烷基胺的情况下,或更高官能度的胺例如乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺或三亚乙基四胺,和/或弱酸的盐诸如碳酸钾、碳酸钠和/或磷酸三钠。
9.根据权利要求1至8中至少一项所述的用途,其特征在于所述长链柠檬酸酯与至少一种其他助表面活性剂组合作为含水聚合物分散体中、优选含水聚氨酯分散体中的添加剂,其中所述助表面活性剂优选包括脂肪醇、脂肪酸酰胺、环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物、甜菜碱例如酰氨基丙基甜菜碱、胺氧化物、季铵表面活性剂、两性乙酸盐、脂肪酸的铵盐和/或碱金属盐、烷基硫酸盐、烷基醚硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐、烷基磷酸盐、烷基磺基琥珀酸盐、烷基磺基琥珀酰胺酸盐、烷基肌氨酸盐或基于有机硅的助表面活性剂以及这些物质的混合物,非常特别优选优选具有12至40个、更优选具有14-30个、甚至更优选具有16-24个碳原子的游离脂肪醇,以及具有12至40个、更优选具有14-30个、甚至更优选具有16-24个碳原子的烷基硫酸盐,以及这些物质的混合物。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的用途,其特征在于所述含水聚合物分散体选自含水聚苯乙烯分散体、聚丁二烯分散体、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯分散体、聚乙烯基酯分散体和/或聚氨酯分散体,尤其是聚氨酯分散体,其中基于总分散体,这些分散体的固体含量优选在20-70重量%的范围内、更优选在25-65重量%的范围内。
11.根据权利要求1至10中至少一项所述的用途,其特征在于,基于含水聚合物分散体的总重量,所述长链柠檬酸酯的浓度在0.1-20重量%的范围内、更优选在0.2-15重量%的范围内,尤其优选在0.5-10重量%的范围内。
12.含水聚合物分散体、优选含水聚氨酯分散体,其包含优选如权利要求1至11所述的长链柠檬酸酯。
13.使用长链柠檬酸酯优选如权利要求1至11中所述作为含水聚合物分散体、优选含水聚氨酯分散体中的添加剂生产多孔聚合物涂层、优选多孔聚氨酯涂层的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)提供混合物,其包含至少一种含水聚合物分散体、至少一种长链柠檬酸酯和任选存在的其他添加剂,
b)使混合物起泡以产生泡沫,
c)任选地添加至少一种增稠剂以调节湿泡沫的粘度,
d)将经发泡的聚合物分散体、优选聚氨酯分散体的涂层施用到合适的载体,
e)干燥涂层。
14.多孔聚合物涂层、优选多孔聚氨酯涂层,其能通过使用长链柠檬酸酯作为含水聚合物分散体、优选含水聚氨酯分散体中的添加剂在这样的聚合物涂层的生产中获得、优选能通过根据权利要求13所述的方法获得。
15.日常用品,其包含根据权利要求14所述的多孔聚合物涂层,所述日常用品优选为鞋、鞋垫、袋、手提箱、小箱子、衣物;汽车部件,优选座套、门部件的覆盖物、仪表板部件、方向盘和/或手柄以及换档盖罩;装配用品诸如桌垫、垫子或座椅家具;电子设备中的缝隙填充物;医疗应用中的缓冲和减震材料;或胶带。
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US20210403676A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
US11932747B2 (en) | 2024-03-19 |
MX2021007317A (es) | 2021-12-27 |
BR102021012197A2 (pt) | 2022-01-04 |
EP3929231A1 (de) | 2021-12-29 |
JP2022008233A (ja) | 2022-01-13 |
KR20210158802A (ko) | 2021-12-31 |
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