CN113796270A - Method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation - Google Patents
Method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation, belonging to the technical field of rice planthopper prevention and control. The method comprises the following steps: transplanting rice to tillering stage, shallow irrigation, sunning in tillering stage, alternative deep and shallow flooding irrigation, and cutting off water. The method can effectively prevent and control the rice planthopper, reduce the application of chemical pesticides and ensure the ecological environment of farmland and the quality safety of rice.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of rice planthopper prevention and control, in particular to a method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation.
Background
The rice is the first large grain crop in China, and the total yield is about 2.1 hundred million tons, which accounts for 31.6 percent of the total yield of the grains in China. The rice planthopper is one of main pests of rice and is an important factor threatening high and stable yield of the rice. In the 80 s of the 20 th century, chemical pesticides had effectively controlled the outbreak of rice planthoppers in global rice planting areas. However, due to the long-term application of a large amount of chemical pesticides, the resistance of rice planthoppers to various pesticides such as imidacloprid, carbamate and the like is continuously improved, the rice planthoppers erupt again in the global rice planting area, the harm of brown planthoppers is the most serious, and the annual yield reduction of the rice can reach more than 200 ten thousand tons. In view of the severity of the harm, rice planthoppers are listed in the first class crop pest and disease records in the Ministry of agriculture in 2020.
At present, only adult rice planthoppers can be prevented and controlled chemically, the adult rice planthoppers cannot play a role in rice planthopper eggs, the average egg laying amount of single adult rice planthoppers is about 350, the egg laying period is about one week, if the early-stage base number is not controlled, the population after the eggs are hatched is exponentially increased, and the yield is reduced or the rice planthoppers are lost. Meanwhile, in the later period of rice growth, the plant canopy is dense, the chemical pesticide needs to be mixed with sand to reach the bottom of a population, the prevention and treatment process is complicated, and a part of rice planthoppers are only fumigated to be stunned and can be revived after the pesticide effect is reduced, so that the prevention effect is low. Irrigation is a key factor for ensuring high and stable yield of rice, and a traditional irrigation mode represented by intermittent irrigation and wet irrigation provides good survival conditions for spawning and egg hatching of rice planthoppers, so that the cardinal number of the rice planthoppers is increased; meanwhile, the rice planthopper population development law shows that the rice transplanting to the tillering prosperity stage has less occurrence amount (low risk period), the booting stage is rapidly developed (middle risk period), and the heading to yellow maturity stage reaches the peak (high risk period), the booting stage to the yellow maturity stage of the rice is a key period for preventing and controlling the rice planthoppers, and the period is a main water-saving stage of a traditional irrigation mode, so that the rice planthoppers are easy to outbreak disasters in the traditional irrigation mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation. The method can effectively prevent and control the rice planthopper, reduce the application of chemical pesticides and ensure the ecological environment of farmland and the quality safety of rice.
The invention provides a method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation, which comprises the following steps:
transplanting rice to tillering stage, shallow irrigation, sunning in tillering stage, alternative deep and shallow flooding irrigation, and cutting off water.
Preferably, the shallow water irrigation comprises the following steps: the irrigation depth of each time of irrigation is 3-4 cm, and re-irrigation is carried out when the water layer falls back to 0.8-1.2 cm.
Preferably, the end of tillering is when the number of seedlings reaches 80% of the target effective spike.
Preferably, the field is subjected to tillering control, and the method comprises the following steps: and (4) sunning the field for 4-6 days, wherein the sunning degree is based on the condition that the mud surface is not sunk when the feet step on the field.
Preferably, the alternate deep and shallow flooding irrigation comprises the following steps: under the condition of not using pesticides, correspondingly setting the field flooding depth for irrigation according to the field planthopper population density; after each irrigation is finished, when the depth of a water layer falls back to 0.8-1.2 cm, resetting the flooding depth by combining the population density of the field rice planthoppers for re-irrigation, and constructing a depth-alternating flooding irrigation mode;
the flooding depth is calculated according to a formula I:
y ═ 5+ X1/200, formula I;
wherein Y is the deepest depth of single irrigation and is unit cm; x is the population density of the rice planthoppers, the unit is one hundred clusters, and the value range of X is more than 0 and less than or equal to 1500.
Preferably, the biopesticide is used when the population density of the rice planthopper exceeds 1500 per hundred clumps, and the depth of the water layer in the field is kept to be more than 5 cm.
Preferably, the biological pesticide comprises 30-60 ml/mu of 180 hundred million spores/ml metarhizium anisopliae or 500-800 times of azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate with the mass percentage content of 0.5%.
Preferably, the early rice, the middle rice and the late rice are drained and sunned in the fields from the yellow ripeness stage to the mature stage 7d, 7d and 10d before harvesting respectively.
Preferably, before the late rice is harvested, the water is drained in advance and the field is sunned when the lowest daily temperature is lower than 18 ℃.
The invention provides a method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation. Compared with the traditional irrigation, the method is characterized in that the flooding depth is correspondingly set in combination with the population density dynamic of the rice planthoppers from the booting stage to the yellow maturing stage of the rice, the re-irrigation is carried out after the water layer falls back to about 1cm, and the deep and shallow alternate flooding irrigation mode is constructed. The method has the following beneficial effects:
firstly, in the prior art, the prevention and control of the rice planthoppers mainly depend on chemical pesticides, but the chemical pesticides can only be used for preventing and controlling nymphs and adults of the rice planthoppers, but cannot play a role in preventing and controlling the rice planthopper eggs, particularly, the labor investment for sand-mixed pesticide application is large in the late growth period of rice, the process is complicated, the pesticide effect is general, and the serious threat is caused to the ecological environment of a rice field and the quality safety of rice. According to the method, the activity of the rice planthopper eggs is effectively reduced, the hatching rate of the rice planthopper eggs is reduced, the base number of the rice planthopper is reduced, the risk of outbreak of the rice planthopper at the later stage is effectively reduced, the application of chemical pesticides is reduced, the ecological environment of a rice field is protected, and the quality safety of rice is improved through deep and shallow alternate flooding irrigation.
Secondly, the traditional irrigation has the characteristics of shallow flooding depth (about 3 cm), short water layer retention time (1-3 days), long re-irrigation interval time (3-5 days) and the like, and leaf sheaths within 15cm of the base of a rice plant are the main egg laying areas of the rice planthoppers, so that the traditional flooding mode has limited control effect on the rice planthopper eggs, and the cardinal number of the rice planthoppers is increased. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the irrigation depth is more than 5cm each time from the booting stage to the yellow ripe stage, the irrigation is repeated when the water layer naturally falls back to about 1cm, a depth alternate flooding irrigation mode is constructed, the hatching rate of rice planthopper eggs is reduced through continuous depth alternate flooding, and the risk of outbreak of rice planthoppers at the later stage is effectively reduced.
And thirdly, the traditional irrigation mode represented by intermittent irrigation and wet irrigation provides good environmental conditions for the development and incubation of rice planthopper eggs in the key water-saving stage through the irrigation mode from the booting stage to the yellow-ripe stage of rice, and increases the risk of late outbreak. According to the method, the flooding depth is set correspondingly according to the change of the population density of the rice planthoppers by taking 5cm as the basic flooding depth from the booting stage to the yellow maturing stage of the rice in the key period of controlling the rice planthoppers, and the double aims of effectively controlling the large outbreak of the rice planthoppers and reasonably saving water resources are realized through the alternate flooding irrigation of the depth.
Fourth, in the prior art, chemical pesticides are selectively applied to the rice planthopper in the initial period of the rice planthopper for prevention and control, but the rice planthopper can migrate into the rice planthopper for many times in the whole growth period, so that a large amount of chemical pesticides are applied, and great threat is brought to the ecological environment of the farmland. According to the invention, by combining with the field pest situation, when the number of rice planthoppers per hundred exceeds 1500, the biological pesticide is used, and a comprehensive prevention and control method which takes physical prevention and control as the main part and takes biological pesticide prevention and control as the auxiliary part is constructed, so that the rice planthoppers are effectively prevented and controlled, zero input of chemical pesticide is realized, and the ecological environment of the farmland and the quality safety of rice are ensured.
Fifth, under the prior art, farmers often neglect the influence of weather on rice planthoppers and excessively depend on chemical pesticides. The method combines weather forecast, when the late growth period of late rice is greatly cooled and the lowest daily temperature is lower than 18 ℃, the rice planthopper can move outwards, chemical pesticides do not need to be used, water can be drained in advance to dry the field, so that water resources are saved, harvesting is facilitated, and the method is high in practicability.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation, which comprises the following steps:
transplanting rice to tillering stage, shallow irrigation, sunning in tillering stage, alternative deep and shallow flooding irrigation, and cutting off water.
The present invention irrigates with shallow water in the period from transplanting to tillering. In the present invention, the shallow irrigation preferably comprises the steps of: the irrigation depth of each irrigation is preferably 3-4 cm, and re-irrigation is carried out when the water layer falls back to 0.8-1.2 cm. The rice is transplanted to a low-risk stage when tillering is full, and normal tillering of the rice can be guaranteed by setting the shallow water irrigation condition.
The invention can be used for field drying and tillering control in the last tillering stage. In the present invention, the end stage of tillering is preferably when the number of seedlings reaches 80% of the target effective spike. Namely, the invention preferably stops flooding and carries out the tillering control when the seedling number reaches 80 percent of the target effective spike. In the present invention, the field deterioration control preferably comprises the following steps: and (4) sunning the field for 4-6 days, wherein the sunning degree is based on the condition that the mud surface is not sunk when the feet step on the field.
The method carries out alternate flooding irrigation on depth from the booting stage to the yellow ripe stage. The key period from the booting stage to the yellow maturing stage of rice is the rice planthopper prevention and control. In the present invention, the alternating deep and shallow flooding irrigation preferably comprises the following steps: under the condition of not using pesticides, correspondingly setting the field flooding depth for irrigation according to the field planthopper population density; after each irrigation is finished, when the depth of a water layer falls back to 0.8-1.2 cm, resetting the flooding depth by combining the population density of the field rice planthoppers for re-irrigation, and constructing a depth-alternating flooding irrigation mode;
the flooding depth is calculated according to a formula I:
y ═ 5+ X1/200, formula I;
wherein Y is the deepest depth of single irrigation and is unit cm; x is the population density of the rice planthoppers, the unit is one hundred clusters, and the value range of X is more than 0 and less than or equal to 1500. Namely, the irrigation depth is increased by 1cm when the number of the planthoppers in the hundred clusters is increased by 200.
The invention preferably observes the population quantity of the interfield rice planthopper every two days. In the present invention, when the population density of the rice planthoppers exceeds 1500 per hundred clumps, it is preferable to use the biopesticide while keeping the depth of the water layer in the field to be 5cm or more. In the invention, the biopesticide preferably comprises 30-60 ml/mu of 180 hundred million spores/ml metarhizium anisopliae or 500-800 times of azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate with the mass percentage content of 0.5%. The biological pesticide disclosed by the invention is combined with the depth of a field water layer to force the rice planthopper to transfer to the middle upper part of the rice, so that the biological pesticide can be better contacted with the rice planthopper, the pesticide effect is enhanced, and the rice planthopper falls on the water surface after being damaged to ensure the pesticide effect.
The invention can cut off water and harvest in mature period. From the yellow mature period to the mature period of the rice, the leaves and leaf sheaths of the rice are aged, and the damage of the rice planthopper is relatively reduced. In the invention, the early rice, the middle rice and the late rice are preferably drained and sunned in the fields from the yellow ripeness stage to the mature stage of the rice at 7d, 7d and 10d before harvesting. Reduce the soil humidity to avoid falling into the machine during harvesting. In the invention, before the late rice is harvested, when the lowest daily temperature is lower than 18 ℃, the late rice is preferably drained in advance and sunned. Specifically, if the late rice is greatly cooled in advance before harvesting, the lowest daily temperature is lower than 18 ℃, the rice planthoppers move outside, and the rice is preferably drained in advance and sunned in the field before harvesting so as to save water resources.
The method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on alternate flooding irrigation in depth and depth is further described in detail with reference to the following specific embodiments, and the technical scheme of the invention includes but is not limited to the following embodiments.
Example 1
The rice is transplanted to tillering stage and irrigated in shallow water, tillering stage is used for drying field to control tillering, booting to yellow mature stage and irrigated in deep and shallow water alternatively, and the mature stage is harvested with water cut off.
Transplanting the rice to a tillering full period, irrigating the rice to 3-4 cm in depth in the field, and re-irrigating when the depth of a water layer falls back to about 1cm after each time of irrigation.
And (3) stopping flooding at the last stage of tillering of the rice when the number of seedlings reaches 80% of the target effective spike, and performing field drying and tillering control, wherein the field drying time is 4-6 days, and the field drying degree is based on the condition that the mud surface is not sunk when the soil is stepped on by feet.
The method is characterized in that the booting stage to the yellow-maturing stage of rice are key periods of rice planthopper prevention and control, under the condition of not using pesticides, the field rice planthopper population density in the period is combined, the field flooding depth Y is 5+ X1/200 is correspondingly set, namely the irrigation depth is based on 5cm, then the irrigation depth is increased by 1cm when the number of the rice planthoppers in the clusters is increased by 200, Y, X respectively represents the deepest depth of single irrigation and the corresponding rice planthopper population density, the unit is cm, only/cluster, and the value interval of X is 0< X < 1500. After each irrigation, re-irrigating when the depth of the water layer falls back to about 1cm, and constructing a depth-alternating flooding irrigation mode.
Observing the population quantity of the rice planthoppers in the field every two days, when the quantity of each hundred of the pests in the field exceeds 1500, adopting the biological pesticides such as 30-60 ml/mu of 180 hundred million spores/ml metarhizium anisopliae or 500-800 times of azadirachtin emulsifiable solution with the mass percentage content of 0.5% for prevention and control, keeping a water layer of more than 8cm on the field surface during application, forcing the rice planthoppers to transfer to the middle upper parts of the rice, leading the biological pesticides to be better contacted with the rice planthoppers, enhancing the pesticide effect, and leading the rice planthoppers to fall on the water surface after being damaged so as to ensure the pesticide effect.
In the period from the yellow maturity stage to the mature stage of the rice, the damage of the rice planthopper is relatively reduced due to the aging of leaves and leaf sheaths of the rice, the early rice, the middle rice and the late rice can be drained and sunned at 7d, 7d and 10d before harvesting respectively, and the soil humidity is reduced so as to avoid machine sinking during harvesting. If the late rice is greatly cooled in advance, the lowest daily temperature is lower than 18 ℃, the rice planthoppers can move outside, and water can be drained in advance before harvesting to dry the field so as to save water resources.
Example 2
Under the traditional irrigation mode, namely, the rice is transplanted to tillering full-growth stage shallow water irrigation, field drying and tillering control are carried out at the tillering final stage, batch irrigation is carried out at the booting stage (when water is irrigated 3-5 cm deep, water layer is irrigated to 3-5 cm again after 2-3 d, water layer is irrigated again), the water layer is maintained at 3-5 cm at the heading stage, after the grouting stage, batch irrigation is continuously carried out (water layer is irrigated again after 4-6 d), the irrigation is stopped for more than 10d before harvesting, and after the last horse race water is irrigated.
Under the flooding irrigation mode, the rice is from the booting stage to the yellow ripe stage (different from the key stage of the traditional irrigation mode), and when the population density of the rice planthoppers is increased from 0 to 1500, the flooding depth is correspondingly increased from 5.0cm to 12.5 cm.
TABLE 1 flooding depth settings from booting ear to yellow ripe stage under different rice planthopper population densities
Table 2 shows the effect of alternate flooding irrigation on the hatching rate of planthopper eggs in each growth period of rice. Table 2 shows that the hatching rate of the rice planthopper eggs irrigated by the alternate flooding of the depth is reduced by 59.9 percent compared with that of the rice planthopper eggs irrigated by the conventional irrigation. From the perspective of rice in different seasons, under the traditional irrigation mode, the hatching rate of rice planthopper eggs of early rice is the minimum, and the hatching rate of rice planthopper eggs of late rice is the maximum; under the irrigation mode of alternate flooding, the hatching rate of the rice planthopper eggs of early rice is the largest, the hatching rate of the rice planthopper eggs of medium rice is the smallest, and the hatching rate of the late rice is the smallest. From the average rice planthopper egg hatchability of rice in different growth periods, under the traditional irrigation mode, the growth progress of late rice is promoted without obvious difference, and the average growth rate reaches 92.4%; under the alternate deep and shallow flooding irrigation mode, the growth process of late rice is obviously reduced, the maximum booting stage is 44.2%, and the average booting stage is 32.5%. The results show that the hatching rate of the rice planthopper eggs can be obviously reduced by the alternate deep and shallow flooding irrigation compared with the traditional irrigation, and the risk of the large outbreak of the rice planthopper is effectively controlled.
TABLE 2 influence of alternate flooding irrigation on the hatching rate of planthopper eggs in each growth period of rice
And table 3 shows the effect of alternate flooding irrigation on the rice planthopper population density and rice yield in each growth period of rice. Table 3 shows that the population density of the rice planthoppers subjected to the deep and shallow alternate flooding irrigation is reduced by 63.9 percent compared with that of the rice planthoppers subjected to the traditional irrigation. From the point of view of the average rice planthopper population density of rice in different growth periods, the growth process of late rice tends to increase firstly and then decrease, the maturity period reaches the maximum, the traditional irrigation and the alternating deep and shallow flooding irrigation respectively comprise 2329 per hundred clump and 885 per hundred clump, and the booting period is the minimum and comprises 748 per hundred clump and 353 per hundred clump. From the average rice planthopper population density variation of rice in different growth periods, the depth alternate flooding irrigation is reduced by 60 percent compared with the traditional irrigation. From the rice yield, the yield of the alternate deep and shallow flooded irrigation is increased by 8.8 percent compared with the traditional irrigation. The results show that the alternate deep and shallow flooding irrigation can effectively reduce the population density of the rice planthoppers compared with the traditional irrigation, reduce the variation of the population density of the rice planthoppers among all growth periods, effectively control the large occurrence of the rice planthoppers and be beneficial to ensuring the rice yield.
TABLE 3 influence of alternate flooding irrigation on the plant hopper population density and rice yield in each growth period of rice
Note: the data in the table are the mean values of the population density of rice planthoppers per investigation over each breeding period.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for preventing and controlling rice planthopper outbreak based on depth alternate flooding irrigation comprises the following steps:
transplanting rice to tillering stage, shallow irrigation, sunning in tillering stage, alternative deep and shallow flooding irrigation, and cutting off water.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said shallow irrigation comprises the steps of: the irrigation depth of each time of irrigation is 3-4 cm, and re-irrigation is carried out when the water layer falls back to 0.8-1.2 cm.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the end stage of tillering is when the number of shoots reaches 80% of the target effective ear.
4. The method according to claim 1 or 3, wherein said solar field tillering comprises the steps of: and (4) sunning the field for 4-6 days, wherein the sunning degree is based on the condition that the mud surface is not sunk when the feet step on the field.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said alternate deep and shallow flooded irrigation comprises the steps of: under the condition of not using pesticides, correspondingly setting the field flooding depth for irrigation according to the field planthopper population density; after each irrigation is finished, when the depth of a water layer falls back to 0.8-1.2 cm, resetting the flooding depth by combining the population density of the field rice planthoppers for re-irrigation, and constructing a depth-alternating flooding irrigation mode;
the flooding depth is calculated according to a formula I:
y ═ 5+ X1/200, formula I;
wherein Y is the deepest depth of single irrigation and is unit cm; x is the population density of the rice planthoppers, the unit is one hundred clusters, and the value range of X is more than 0 and less than or equal to 1500.
6. The method according to claim 1 or 5, wherein the biopesticide is used when the population density of the rice planthopper exceeds 1500 per hundred clumps, and the depth of the water layer in the field is maintained to be 5cm or more.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the biopesticide comprises 30-60 ml/mu of 180 hundred million spores/ml metarhizium anisopliae or 500-800 times of azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate with 0.5% by mass.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the early rice, middle rice and late rice are drained and sunned at 7d, 7d and 10d before harvesting from the yellow mature period to the mature period of the rice.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the late rice is harvested by draining the field ahead of time when the daily minimum temperature is below 18 ℃.
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| 张荣萍等: ""不同灌水方式对水稻齐穗期功能叶性状的影响"", 《西昌学院学报》 * |
| 新疆农垦科技: ""间歇灌溉能减轻病虫为害"", 《新疆农垦科技》 * |
| 李超等: ""灌溉方式对优质晚稻褐飞虱及其主要天敌种群动态的影响"", 《中国生态农业学报》 * |
| 邱佩等: ""淹灌和间歇灌溉对晚稻田节肢动物群落"", 《中国农村水利水电》 * |
| 郑许松等: ""淹水对褐飞虱生长发育和稻株营养成分的影响"", 《中国水稻科学》 * |
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