CN113768033A

CN113768033A - Fermented feed and preparation method and application thereof

Info

Publication number: CN113768033A
Application number: CN202111014898.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李宁; 林辉; 熊晓莉
Original assignee: Chongqing Technology and Business University
Current assignee: Chongqing Technology and Business University
Priority date: 2021-08-31
Filing date: 2021-08-31
Publication date: 2021-12-10

Abstract

The invention discloses a fermented feed and a preparation method and application thereof; the preparation method of the fermented feed comprises the following steps: (1) adding a fermentation microbial inoculum into a fermentation culture medium containing inorganic calcium, adding water, and carrying out liquid fermentation; (2) adding tenebrio molitor feces, tenebrio molitor powder, whole wheat flour and bean flour into the fermentation liquor obtained in the step (1), wherein the tenebrio molitor feces are excrement generated by tenebrio molitor, and the tenebrio molitor powder is powder obtained by drying and crushing tenebrio molitor bodies, and then carrying out solid state fermentation; (3) and (3) granulating and drying the fermentation product obtained in the step (2) to obtain the fermentation type feed. The invention greatly improves the content of soluble calcium in the feed, improves the absorbability of calcium in the feed and can meet the requirement of the crayfish on calcium ions.

Description

Fermented feed and preparation method and application thereof

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of feeds, and particularly relates to a fermented feed and a preparation method and application thereof.

Background

The growth process of the crayfish can go through a plurality of molting, and each molting is a test for life and death of the crayfish. The lack of calcium in the growing process of the crayfish can lead to the death of the crayfish due to the failure of shelling. Therefore, high calcium feed is required for the cultivation of crayfish.

Most of the high-calcium crayfish feeds in the market today only contain inorganic calcium which is not easy to be absorbed by animals, and the nutrition ratio of the feeds is reduced by adding a large amount of inorganic calcium in the feeds. In the existing crayfish breeding industry, the concentration of calcium ions in the breeding water body is increased by splashing quick lime into the water body, however, the calcium supplement for the crayfish in this way can cause the calcium ions in the water body to be too high, and a large amount of calcium ions can be combined with phosphate ions to cause the phosphorus content in the water body to be reduced, so that the growth of the crayfish is not facilitated. In addition, the pH value of the water body is increased sharply by using a large amount of quicklime, the pH range required by the growth of the crayfish is 7.5-8.5, and if the pH value exceeds the range, the growth of the crayfish is influenced and even the crayfish is dead.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a fermented feed, a preparation method and application thereof, which can greatly improve the content of soluble calcium in the feed, improve the absorbability of calcium in the feed and meet the requirement of crayfish on calcium ions.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the invention discloses a preparation method of a fermented feed, which comprises the following steps:

(1) adding a fermentation microbial inoculum into a fermentation culture medium containing inorganic calcium, adding water, and carrying out liquid fermentation;

(2) adding tenebrio molitor feces, tenebrio molitor powder, whole wheat flour and bean flour into the fermentation liquor obtained in the step (1), wherein the tenebrio molitor feces are excrement generated by tenebrio molitor, and the tenebrio molitor powder is powder obtained by drying and crushing tenebrio molitor bodies, and then carrying out solid state fermentation;

(3) and (3) granulating and drying the fermentation product obtained in the step (2) to obtain the fermentation type feed.

As a preferred technical scheme, in the step (1), the fermentation bacteria agent comprises enterococcus faecalis and lactobacillus plantarum.

In a preferred embodiment, in step (1), the fermentation medium includes shell powder and brown sugar.

As a preferable technical scheme, in the step (1), the fermentation temperature is 30-40 ℃ and the fermentation time is 2-3d during liquid fermentation.

As a preferred technical scheme, in the step (2), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is added into the fermentation liquor, and the tenebrio molitor feces, tenebrio molitor powder, whole wheat flour and bean flour are added after the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is completely dissolved in the fermentation liquor and gelatinized.

As a preferable technical scheme, in the step (2), 40-60 parts of tenebrio molitor manure, 5-15 parts of tenebrio molitor powder, 10-30 parts of whole wheat flour and 10-30 parts of bean flour are added according to parts by weight.

As a preferable technical scheme, in the step (2), the fermentation temperature is 30-40 ℃ during solid state fermentation, and the fermentation time is 2-3 days.

The invention also discloses the fermented feed prepared by the preparation method.

The invention also discloses application of the fermented feed in feeding crayfish.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. the invention adopts a two-stage liquid-solid combined fermentation mode, so that inorganic calcium is converted into organic calcium (calcium lactate) which is more beneficial to the absorption of animals, the content of soluble calcium after fermentation is more than ten times of that before fermentation, and the content of soluble calcium in the feed is greatly improved. Compared with the high-calcium feed in the market, the fermented feed has about three times of soluble calcium under the condition that the total calcium content is not large, so that the absorbability of calcium in the feed is greatly improved, and the requirement of the crayfish on calcium ions can be met.

2. The two-stage liquid-solid combined fermentation mode adopted by the invention can greatly reduce the water content of the material in the fermentation process, the fermentation effect of the two-stage fermentation mode under the condition of the same water content is twice that of the one-stage fermentation mode, and the purposes of reducing the water content of the material and saving the drying cost are achieved.

3. According to the invention, through a biological fermentation technology, proteins in feed raw materials are decomposed into polypeptides and amino acids which are more beneficial to digestion and absorption of animals, and organic acids generated by fermentation can improve the nutritional value of the feed, so that the smell of the feed has higher penetrability in water and a food calling effect.

4. The traditional fermented aquatic feed needs to dry the fermented components, add liquid adhesive into the dried components, granulate and dry. The invention adopts the blending fermentation technology of the adhesive and the feed raw materials, the fermented mixed components can be directly granulated and dried, the energy consumption of two times of drying is reduced, and the fermentation mode does not influence the fermentation effect of the feed and the adhesive property of the adhesive.

5. The invention takes the yellow mealworm feces as one of the feed raw materials, changes waste into valuable and solves the environmental problem that a large amount of culture byproducts in the yellow mealworm culture industry cannot be treated. The yellow mealworm excrement contains 19.53% of crude protein, 3.12% of total nitrogen, 41.85% of total carbon, 4.73% of total phosphorus, 0.31% of total sulfur and 18.06% of crude fiber, and contains a plurality of trace elements such as zinc, boron, iron, magnesium, calcium, copper and the like, and has a good effect of promoting the growth of animals. At present, farmers sell or discard the insect dung at low price, which not only causes resource waste but also pollutes the environment. The invention takes the yellow mealworm excrement as one of the feed raw materials, thereby improving the economic benefit of the insect excrement to a greater extent.

6. The invention realizes the feasibility of feeding the crayfish with the wheat bran feed (consisting of wheat bran, fresh vegetables, kitchen garbage and the like). The wheat bran feed has low nutritional value, and the crayfish is not like the wheat bran feed and cannot meet the nutritional requirements of the crayfish in the growth process because the crayfish is not digested and absorbed well. The wheat bran feed is the most main feed source for the yellow mealworm breeding industry and can meet the nutrient substances required by the full-stage growth of the yellow mealworms. The wheat bran feed is biologically treated by the flour weevil, most of nutrient substances of the feed can be reserved due to the simple digestion system of the flour weevil, the nutrient substances digested by the flour weevil can be more beneficial to the secondary digestion and absorption of aquatic animals, and the high-protein flour weevil and the worm dung which is generated by the digestion of the flour weevil and is more beneficial to the digestion and absorption of the crayfish can be obtained. The feasibility of feeding the crayfish with the wheat bran feed can be realized by preparing the feed by taking the insect powder and the insect feces as raw materials, and the feed cost of the crayfish breeding industry can be reduced.

Drawings

In order to make the object, technical scheme and beneficial effect of the invention more clear, the invention provides the following drawings for explanation:

FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the effect of adhesion during and after fermentation;

FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the effect of two-stage liquid-solid combined fermentation and single-stage solid fermentation;

FIG. 4 is a graph comparing water-soluble calcium with total calcium in feed;

FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the content of small molecule peptides in feed;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of the organic acid content in the feed;

FIG. 7 is a graph I comparing the feeding results of black-shelled shrimps;

FIG. 8 is a graph II comparing the feeding results of black-shelled shrimps;

FIG. 9 is a graph I comparing feeding results for crayfish;

FIG. 10 is a graph II comparing the feeding results of crayfish;

FIG. 11 is a comparison of feeding results for crayfish with a third graph;

FIG. 12 is a graph comparing the feeding results of crayfish with a graph of four.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further described with reference to specific examples to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention and to practice the same, but the examples are not intended to limit the present invention.

Preparation of fermented feed

According to the process flow diagram shown in fig. 1, the fermented feed is prepared according to the following steps:

(1) selecting high-quality shell fragments, and crushing the shell fragments into powder by using a crusher;

(2) selecting high-quality massive brown sugar, and grinding the brown sugar into fine particles by using a grinding bowl;

(3) enterococcus faecalis and lactobacillus plantarum are mixed according to the proportion of 1: 1, mixing in proportion to prepare a lactobacillus fermentation agent;

(4) boiling a certain amount of tap water, and cooling to room temperature;

(5) sequentially adding 5 parts by weight of the shell powder prepared in the step (1), 5 parts by weight of the brown sugar particles prepared in the step (2), 6 parts by weight of the lactobacillus fermentation inoculum prepared in the step (3) and 100 parts by weight of the cold boiled water prepared in the step (4) into a fermentation bottle, sealing the fermentation bottle, fully shaking up to dissolve the brown sugar, and putting the fermentation bottle into a constant-temperature incubator after the brown sugar is dissolved; the fermentation temperature is controlled to be 30-40 ℃, and the fermentation is carried out for 2 days; shaking the fermentation bottle once every 3h to ensure that the lactic acid produced in the fermentation process fully reacts with the shell powder to generate calcium lactate beneficial to the absorption of the crayfish, wherein the step plays a role in activating and expanding the lactic acid bacteria in the liquid fermentation process and plays a role in quickly generating a large amount of calcium lactate;

(6) after the step (5) is finished, adding 2 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose into the fermentation liquor until the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is completely dissolved into a colloid;

(7) sieving the yellow mealworm excrement with a 45-mesh sieve, and taking undersize products;

(8) selecting high-quality soybean meal, and crushing the soybean meal into powder by using a crusher;

(9) drying and crushing yellow mealworms into powder;

(10) taking 50 parts by weight of the tenebrio molitor manure in the step (7), 20 parts by weight of the bean flour prepared in the step (8), 10 parts by weight of the tenebrio molitor flour prepared in the step (9) and 20 parts by weight of whole wheat flour, and fully and uniformly mixing;

(11) mixing the colloidal state fermentation liquid prepared in the step (6) and the mixture prepared in the step (10), fully and uniformly mixing, adding the mixture into a fermentation bottle again after mixing, and fermenting under a sealed condition; the fermentation temperature is controlled at 30-40 ℃, and fermentation is carried out for 2 days, thus obtaining a fermentation product after unsealing;

(12) mixing the fermentation product prepared in the step (11) with 2 parts of spirulina powder, and preparing the mixture into feed particles by adopting a circular membrane granulator and a roller type granulator;

(13) and (3) carrying out sectional drying on the feed particles obtained in the step (12) to ensure that the water content is lower than 13%.

Secondly, changing the preparation conditions of the fermented feed and carrying out performance test

1. Comparison of the effects of adhesion during and after fermentation

Adhesion in the fermentation process: and after the liquid fermentation process is finished, adding sodium carboxymethylcellulose powder into the fermentation liquor, after the sodium carboxymethylcellulose is completely dissolved in the fermentation liquor and becomes colloid, uniformly mixing the sodium carboxymethylcellulose powder with the materials, carrying out anaerobic solid state fermentation, and directly granulating and drying after the fermentation is finished to obtain the finished feed.

Bonding after the fermentation process: after the solid-liquid fermentation is finished, the materials are dried and crushed into powder, and then are uniformly mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose dissolved by clear water, and then are granulated and dried into finished feed.

Non-fermented feed: directly mixing the unfermented materials with the dissolved sodium carboxymethyl cellulose uniformly, granulating and drying to obtain the finished feed.

The performance of the feed is shown in figure 2, and it can be seen that the dispersion rates of the feed which is adhered in the fermentation process, adhered after fermentation and directly adhered without fermentation in one hour are not greatly different, which indicates that the adhesion effect of the adhesive is not influenced by blending and fermenting with the adhesive. The invention proves that by adopting the blending fermentation technology of the adhesive and the feed raw materials, the fermented mixed components can be directly granulated and dried, the energy consumption of two times of drying is reduced, and the fermentation mode does not influence the fermentation effect of the feed and the adhesive property of the adhesive.

2. Comparison of fermentation effects of two-stage liquid-solid combined fermentation and single-stage solid fermentation under different water contents

Fermentation conditions are as follows: the conditions of the two-stage liquid-solid combined fermentation are two days of liquid fermentation and two days of solid fermentation, and the conditions of the single-stage solid fermentation are four days of solid fermentation.

The performance of the feed is shown in figure 3, and it can be seen from the figure that the fermentation effect of the two-stage fermentation under different water contents is far better than that of the single-stage fermentation. In the two-stage fermentation process, when the moisture content of the dry basis of the material is less than 100%, the fermentation effect is increased along with the increase of the moisture content, and when the moisture content of the dry basis is higher than 100%, the moisture content of the dry basis of the material has little influence on the fermentation effect.

Pure solid-state single-stage formula fermentation process initial stage, the lactic acid bacteria content of material is very low, the fermentation effect is poor, the moisture content of material is higher, be favorable to the lactic acid bacteria to proliferate in a large number in the fermentation initial stage more, thereby it shortens the fermentation cycle to promote the fermentation effect, consequently, single fermentation material moisture content has seriously influenced the fermentation effect, the moisture content of material is low excessively just can not reach anticipated fermentation effect, the too high fermentation effect who has not mistake of the moisture content of material, but be unfavorable for the granulation and the stoving of later stage material, the energy cost that the stoving needs has been increased.

Liquid fermentation process in two segmentation fermentations has the effect of activation and propagation lactic acid bacteria, can produce a large amount of lactic acid bacteria in short time, promote the fermentation effect, reduce the influence degree of moisture content to the fermentation, and the rate of formation of organic acid (mainly with calcium lactate) is far higher than pure solid state fermentation in the liquid fermentation process, the distribution of the organic acid of production is more even in the liquid simultaneously, more be favorable to with the shell powder reaction of adding wherein, reaction rate has been accelerated, the rate of formation of calcium lactate and the conversion rate that inorganic calcium converts into organic calcium have been improved greatly. In the liquid fermentation process, the pH value is lower and lower along with the increase of time, and the growth of the lactobacillus is inhibited by the excessively low pH value.

3. Comparison of Water-soluble calcium with Total calcium in feed

B: fermented feed without shell powder, C: adding the shell powder into the fermented feed, and D: shell powder-added fermented feed, E: certain brand of high calcium feed.

The performance of the feed is shown in fig. 4, it can be seen from the figure that the content difference between the water-soluble calcium content of B and the water-soluble calcium content of C is 2.53 mg/g and 2.34mg/g, the soluble calcium content of D is about 6.8 times of that of B and E, and the total calcium content of C and E is about 6 times of that of B, so that the pure addition of shell powder to the feed can only increase the total calcium content of the feed without fermentation treatment, and the content of the soluble calcium in the feed can not be increased, which is not beneficial to the absorption of calcium by shrimps and crabs, and has poor calcium supplement effect. The shell powder is added in the fermentation process, so that a large amount of organic calcium which is beneficial to the absorption of shrimps and crabs can be generated, and the absorption of the shrimps and crabs to calcium is improved. The content of soluble calcium in D is about three times that of E, the total calcium content is not greatly different, namely 29.09 and 27.32mg/g, so that the existence form of calcium in E mainly exists in the form of insoluble inorganic calcium which is not beneficial to absorption of shrimps and crabs. The soluble calcium in the D is 16.08mg/g and accounts for 55.28 percent of the total calcium content, the content of organic calcium in the feed is greatly improved through fermentation, and the absorption and utilization of calcium by shrimps and crabs are facilitated.

4. Comparison of small molecule peptide content in feed

The content ratio of the small molecular peptides in the feed is shown in fig. 5, and as can be seen from the graph, the lactobacillus can decompose large molecular proteins in tenebrio molitor feces and other components into small molecular peptides, so that the content of the small molecular peptides in the feed is increased, the protein digestion capacity of shrimps and crabs is improved, the smell of the feed is improved, the feed has unique flavor, and the feeding attraction and palatability of the feed are improved. The result shows that the content of the micromolecule peptide in the fermented feed is 4 times of that before fermentation and 3 times of that in the high-calcium shrimp and crab feed of a certain brand.

5. Comparison of organic acid content in feed

The organic acid content of the feed is shown in fig. 6, and it can be seen from the graph that a large amount of lactic acid can be produced through fermentation and protein molecules are partially decomposed into amino acids, so that the total organic acid content of the feed is greatly increased. The organic acid can improve the nutritive value of the feed and the appetite of shrimps and crabs, has unique fragrance, ensures that the smell of the feed has penetrability in water and has the function of food calling. The results show that the organic acid content of the fermented feed is about 5 times of that of the unfermented feed and the high-calcium feed.

6. Comparison of feeding effects

(1) Feeding attraction comparison for black-shelled shrimps

The experimental method comprises the following steps: two feeding dishes are placed in a glass jar for culturing a plurality of black-shell shrimps, then 0.1 g of fermented feed and a certain brand of high-calcium feed are fed into the two dishes respectively, and the number of the black-shell shrimps on the dishes in different time and the time required for eating the feed are counted.

The results of feeding the black-shelled shrimps are shown in fig. 7 and 8, and it can be seen from the graphs that the number of the black-shelled shrimps on the vessel fed with the fermented feed in each time period is more than that of the vessel fed with a certain high-calcium feed, the fermented feed is consumed for 90 minutes, and the high-calcium feed is consumed for 180 minutes. The result shows that the black-shelled shrimps are more preferred to be fermented feed, and the fermented feed has stronger food calling effect on the black-shelled shrimps. This is because the flavor of the fermented feed is improved, and the small molecules having a flavor produced by fermentation have a strong attraction ability to the black-shelled shrimps.

(2) Growth effect of crayfish seedlings

Body length growth experiment method: selecting 60 crayfish seedlings with the length of 1cm, independently putting each seedling in an isolation bottle for feeding, and dividing the crayfish into three groups, wherein each group comprises 20 crayfish, and the three groups are respectively fed with fermented feed, unfermented feed and certain brand of high-calcium feed.

The feed coefficient experiment method comprises the following steps: the 60 crayfish seedlings were fed separately in isolation bottles and divided into 3 groups of 20 shrimps each. And the sum of the mass of 20 shrimps in each group before feeding was recorded. The 3 groups of shrimps are respectively fed with fermented feed, unfermented feed and certain brand of high-calcium feed, and 1g of feed is fed to each group of shrimps every day for 10 days in total. The sum of the mass of each group of shrimps after ten days was recorded.

The molting period experimental method comprises the following steps: the 60 crayfish seedlings were fed separately in isolation bottles and divided into 3 groups of 20 shrimps each. And the sum of the mass of 20 shrimps in each group before feeding was recorded. The 3 groups of shrimps are respectively fed with fermented feed, unfermented feed and certain brand high-calcium feed, 1g of feed is fed to each group of shrimps every day, the date of first shelling, second shelling and third shelling of each shrimp is recorded, and the time interval of every two shelling is calculated.

The feeding results of the crayfish fries are shown in fig. 9, fig. 10, fig. 11 and fig. 12, and it can be seen from the graphs that the crayfish fed with the fermented feed, the unfermented feed and the certain high-calcium feed has the body length increment of 2.2 cm, 1.6 cm and 1.5 cm in a month, the crayfish fed with the fermented feed, the unfermented feed and the certain high-calcium feed has the weight increment of 5.2 g, 4.4 g and 3.4 g in ten days, the feed coefficients are 1.9, 2.3 and 3.0 respectively, and the average shelling period is 11 days, 12 days and 14 days, which shows that the feeding effect of the fermented feed is better than that of the unfermented feed and better than that of the certain brand of high-calcium feed. The feed has the advantages that the effect of feeding the crayfish by taking the tenebrio molitor feces and the tenebrio molitor powder as raw materials is good, the nutritional requirements of the crayfish for growth can be met, the effect of promoting the generation of the crayfish is achieved, the nutritional value of the feed, the feed conversion rate and the content of soluble calcium ions in the feed are improved through fermentation, and the shelling period of the crayfish is shortened.

The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The equivalent substitution or change made by the technical personnel in the technical field on the basis of the invention is all within the protection scope of the invention. The protection scope of the invention is subject to the claims.

Claims

1. A preparation method of a fermentation type feed is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

2. The method for producing a fermented feed according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the fermentation bacteria agent comprises enterococcus faecalis and lactobacillus plantarum.

3. The method for producing a fermented feed according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the fermentation medium comprises shell powder and brown sugar.

4. The method for producing a fermented feed according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the fermentation temperature is 30-40 ℃ during liquid fermentation, and the fermentation time is 2-3 days.

5. The method for producing a fermented feed according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), sodium carboxymethylcellulose is added into the fermentation liquor, and the tenebrio molitor dung, the tenebrio molitor powder, the whole wheat flour and the bean flour are added after the sodium carboxymethylcellulose is completely dissolved in the fermentation liquor and gelatinized.

6. The method for producing a fermented feed according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), 40-60 parts of tenebrio molitor manure, 5-15 parts of tenebrio molitor powder, 10-30 parts of whole wheat flour and 10-30 parts of bean flour are added according to parts by weight.

7. The method for producing a fermented feed according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), the fermentation temperature is 30-40 ℃ during solid state fermentation, and the fermentation time is 2-3 days.

8. A fermented feed produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

9. Use of the fermented feed according to claim 8 for feeding crayfish.