CN113663536B - 一种双层聚合物分离膜及其应用 - Google Patents
一种双层聚合物分离膜及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113663536B CN113663536B CN202110210574.1A CN202110210574A CN113663536B CN 113663536 B CN113663536 B CN 113663536B CN 202110210574 A CN202110210574 A CN 202110210574A CN 113663536 B CN113663536 B CN 113663536B
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Abstract
本发明提出一种双层聚合物分离膜及其应用。本发明通过在双层膜制备过程中,向铸膜液或纺丝液中添加具有活性基团和特征基团的改性单体,利用单体的活性基团与铸膜液或纺丝液中的聚合物发生接枝反应、利用单体的特征基团增强与其他聚合物的分子间相互作用,以提高聚合物之间的相容性,制备界面黏结性优良的双层膜。该方法同时适用于双层平板膜和双层中空纤维膜的制备,并且可以实现在温和的制备条件下制备界面处具有互相贯穿结构的双层膜。界面处的互相贯穿的结构使得制备的双层膜具有优良的层间黏结性,同时具有更低的传质阻力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于膜分离技术领域,具体涉及一种通过具有特殊官能团的单体改性聚合物制备层间黏结性优良的双层膜的方法。
背景技术
过程工业作为国民经济发展的支柱产业为社会发展提供基础物质保障。过程工业中的物料分离纯化过程占据了巨大的能源消耗,同时伴随着大量的固体、液体、气体废弃物的排放。膜分离技术作为新兴的分离技术兼具能耗低、分离精度高、环境友好等优势,将其与传统分离纯化工艺耦合可以实现技术革新与产业升级以淘汰落后产能、降低环境污染。膜分离技术已经在石化、食品、医药、水处理等诸多领域展现了巨大的应用价值和社会经济效益。
分离膜作为膜分离技术的核心,按照膜构型主要分为整体非对称结构膜和复合膜两种。整体非对称结构膜通常由相转化法制备,其制备工艺简洁有利于过程放大。但受限于膜的选择分离层和支撑层由同种聚合物材料整体相转化的制备方法,整体非对称膜的分离性能通常较低。相比于整体非对称膜,复合膜由于各层结构、性质可以独立设计从而获得更优的分离性能。然而,传统复合膜通常需要多步骤的制备过程,造成生产周期长,试剂消耗多,生产设备投资大等问题。
由共刮涂或共挤出技术制备的双层膜结合了整体非对称膜和复合膜的优势,具有简洁的一步制备的工艺方法同时兼备各层独立设计的复合膜结构形式。例如,在一步共挤出过程中,通过使用分离性能优异的膜材料作为分离层,而使用价格低廉、机械性能优异的膜材料作为支撑层,双层膜可以实现以最低的材料成本,获得最优化的性能。双层膜已经在超滤、纳滤、压力延迟渗透、渗透汽化、气体分离等膜分离领域展现了广阔的应用前景。
两层聚合物的相容性差异、机械性质差异、两层铸膜液(纺丝液)成膜条件匹配问题等诸多因素或其耦合作用均会造成双层膜的层间结合力弱,从而导致双层膜在制备或应用中发生分层。由于双层膜的分层现象导致的分离性能降低,使用寿命缩短问题,已经成为阻碍双层膜发展的技术瓶颈。如何优化层间结构,扩大聚合物选择范围,利用不相容聚合物制备层间黏附性优良的双层膜已经成为双层膜发展的亟待解决的技术难题。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种通过具有特殊官能团的单体接枝改性聚合物制备黏结性优良的双层膜,以及提供了这种膜的制备方法和改性剂的用途。
本发明的第一个方面,提供了:
一种双层聚合物分离膜,包括第一聚合物层以及第二聚合物层;在第一聚合物层中还含有改性剂。
在一个实施方式中,所述的第一聚合物是含有亚胺结构的高分子聚合物;所述的第二聚合物是含有羰基、羧基或者醚键的高分子聚合物。
在一个实施方式中,所述的第一聚合物是聚酰亚胺、聚醚酰亚胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺等;所述的第二聚合物是聚醚酰亚胺、聚醚砜、聚砜等。
在一个实施方式中,所述的改性剂是是含有氟或氟甲基和氨基的氟代芳香氨类单体。
在一个实施方式中,所述的改性剂是4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺。
在一个实施方式中,所述的双层膜是平板式或者中空纤维式。
在一个实施方式中,所述的双层膜是微滤膜、超滤膜、纳滤膜、反渗透膜、渗透汽化膜、蒸汽渗透膜、气体分离膜或者正渗透膜。
本发明的第二个方面,提供了:
上述的双层膜的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
第1步,将第一聚合物、改性剂、溶剂、添加剂配制成第一溶液;
第2步,将第二聚合物、溶剂、添加剂配制成第二溶液;
第3步,将第一溶液和第二溶液相层叠涂覆,再经过相转化后,得到分离层。
在一个实施方式中,所述的第3步中是制备平板式分离膜,包括以下步骤:采用共刮涂技术,将第一溶液、第二溶液刮涂在支撑载体上,经过一定时间的相分离处理后使溶剂进入凝胶浴中,固化成双层平板膜。
在一个实施方式中,所述的第3步中是制备中空纤维式,包括以下步骤:采用共挤出技术,将第一溶液、第二溶液与芯液从纺丝喷头挤出,经过一定距离的空气间隙进入凝固浴中,固化成双层中空纤维膜。
在一个实施方式中,第一溶液中第一聚合物、改性剂、添加剂的含量范围是:15-25%、 1-10%、0-5%。
在一个实施方式中,第二溶液中第二聚合物、添加剂的含量范围是:15-25%、0-5%。
在一个实施方式中,凝固浴是水。
在一个实施方式中,所述的溶剂是NMP,添加剂是LiCl。
本发明的第三个方面,提供了:
上述的双层聚合物膜在用于液体分离或者气体分离中的应用。
本发明的第四个方面,提供了:
上述的改性剂在用于制备双层聚合物膜的试剂中的应用。
在一个实施方式方式中,所述的试剂是用于提高第一溶液和第二溶液的高分子间的相互渗透性,提高两层聚合物之间的结合力。
附图说明
图1是本发明制备得到的双层膜的示意图。
图3是双层膜的形态。顶层分别为:(a)区域是纯(b)区域是2wt%添加量的 (c)区域是4wt%添加量的(d)区域是6wt%添加量的底层为Ultem。图4是不同含量的4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺接枝改性P84聚酰亚胺/Ultem聚醚酰亚胺双层中空纤维膜的断面形貌图。
图5是上下层铸膜液的浊点线。
图13是双层膜界面区的形貌。
图14是不同FTB掺入量的双层中空纤维NF膜的水分离性能:(a)区域是纯水渗透性;(b) 区域是不同单盐的截留率;4wt%FTB掺入双层中空纤维膜的溶剂分离性能:(c)区域是四环素溶液的紫外可见吸收光谱;(d)区域是维生素B12溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱。
具体实施方式
本发明提出一种通过具有特殊官能团的单体改性聚合物制备层间黏结性优良的双层膜的方法。本发明通过在双层膜制备过程中,向铸膜液或纺丝液中添加具有活性基团和特征基团的改性单体,利用单体的活性基团与铸膜液或纺丝液中的聚合物发生接枝反应、利用单体的特征基团增强与其他聚合物的分子间相互作用,以提高聚合物之间的相容性,制备界面黏结性优良的双层膜。该方法同时适用于双层平板膜和双层中空纤维膜的制备,并且可以实现在温和的制备条件下制备界面处具有互相贯穿结构的双层膜。界面处的互相贯穿的结构使得制备的双层膜具有优良的层间黏结性,同时具有更低的传质阻力。该制备方法具有一定的普适性,能够拓展制备双层膜的聚合物的选择范围,并拓展双层膜的应用领域。
示意图1说明:
传统制备双层膜的方法,由于聚合物之间相容性差异,或者成膜过程中参数匹配问题,制备的双层膜的两层界面处结合力弱(界面处高分子不易于互相渗透),易于分层。
本方法,在一层聚合物层中的高分子(如上层)接枝改性单体,提高了两层聚合物的相容性、分子间相互作用增强,从而导致两层界面处高分子相互渗透,形成黏附性优良的双层膜。
本发明中,对于上下层聚合物(其并不是指空间意义的上下关系,也可以定义为第一聚合物层和第二聚合物层,只是用于定义其相互层叠的空间位置关系)。
对于第一聚合物,基于本发明的技术构思,应当是含有亚胺结构的高分子聚合物,如聚酰亚胺、聚醚酰亚胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺等;对于第二聚合物,应当是含有羰基、羧基或者醚键的高分子聚合物,例如:聚醚酰亚胺、聚醚砜、聚砜等。在此基础上,采用的改性剂应当是含有氟或氟甲基和氨基的氟代芳香氨类单体。另一方面,改性剂的加入后可以改善第一聚合物和第二聚合物之间的相容性,增强与第二聚合物中含羧基和醚的分子间的相互作用,提高两种聚合物之间的相容和渗透性,由上述两个原因导致双层膜成膜过程中,界面处高分子相互扩散增强。界面处高分子相互扩散,贯穿,使得双层膜层间黏附性优良。
在以下的实施例中,如通过4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺接枝改性聚酰亚胺,可以制备层间黏附性优良的聚酰亚胺/聚醚酰亚胺双层膜,也可以制备层间黏附性优良的聚酰亚胺/聚醚砜双层膜。
例如,可以采用如下原料:
改性剂:4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺(FTB)
聚酰亚胺和1000聚醚酰胺分别作为选择层和支撑层的候选聚合物,因为(1) 是一种高性能的纳滤材料,具有刚性结构,但材料成本相对较高。然而,具有中等的材料成本,具有相当灵活和多孔的结构。(2)和具有独特的性能和较差的相容性,这给实现和双层膜的粘附带来了困难和挑战。采用氟取代芳香胺单体 4-氟-2(三氟甲基)苄胺,FTB中胺的存在可与分子中的酰亚胺反应。具有高电负性的氟原子的加入可改变聚合物的极性,并促进与分子中所含羧基和醚的分子间相互作用。该方法有可能扩大非互溶聚合物制备无分层双层膜的选择范围。通过这种方法得到的界面区的穿透结构可以进一步拓宽双层膜的应用领域。
其分子式如下所示:
FTB与P84的交联接枝过程如下所示:
基于以上的过程,本发明中的双层膜,是指通过同步的方式依次将两层聚合物的原料进行施加,最终形成由第一聚合物和第二聚合物相层叠的双层膜。这里的双层膜的结构,可以是指平板状的,也可以是指中空纤维状的。当平板状时,是通过两种聚合物的溶液相叠地刮涂方式在支撑材料上进行涂膜,相转化后获得双层膜;如果采用中空纤维状时,可以采用共挤出的方式通过纺丝头压出,并且在纺丝头的内部压出芯液,再经过凝固浴固化后,得到双层的中空纤维膜。
更具体地说,其制备步骤如下:
平板膜的制备过程是:
步骤一,铸膜液(纺丝液)配制:
铸膜液(纺丝液)A:将第一高分子聚合物与改性剂、溶剂、添加剂按一定配比混合均匀,配制成铸膜液(纺丝液)A。
铸膜液(纺丝液)B:将第二高分子聚合物与溶剂、添加剂按一定比例混合均匀,配制成铸膜液(纺丝液)B。
步骤二,刮涂(纺制)双层膜:
采用共刮涂技术,将脱泡后的铸膜液A、B刮涂在支撑载体上,经过一定时间的相分离处理后使溶剂进入凝胶浴中,固化成双层平板膜。
中空纤维膜的制备过程是:
采用共挤出技术,将脱泡后的纺丝液A、B与芯液从纺丝喷头挤出,经过一定距离的空气间隙进入凝胶浴中,固化成双层中空纤维膜。
以下实验中所采用的材料
采用聚酰亚胺(HP Polymer GmbH)作为双层膜的选择层材料。采用SABIC提供的1000聚醚酰胺作为支撑层的聚合物材料。以N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP,99%,Macklin)为溶剂,四氢呋喃(THF,99%,国药化学试剂股份有限公司)为挥发性助溶剂,在选择性层的溶液中。使用4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺(FTB,>99%,Leyan)对聚酰亚胺进行改性。以氯化锂(LiCl,>99%,阿拉丁)和二氧化硅(SiO2,>99.8%,Maclin)作为载体层铸膜溶液中的添加剂。采用1,6-己二胺(HDA,99%,国药化学试剂有限公司)交联双层膜。将从国药化学试剂有限公司购得的硫酸钠(Na2SO4,99%)、氯化钠(NaCl,99%)、硫酸镁(MgSO4,99%)、氯化镁(MgCl2,99%)溶解于水溶液中,测试纳滤性能。将从阿拉丁中提取的四环素(Mw:444.435Da)和维生素B12(Mw:1355.37Da)溶于甲醇中,测试其耐溶剂纳滤性能。
铸膜液配制,测定铸膜液浊点,粘度,相分离行为
聚酰亚胺和聚醚酰亚胺聚合物在90℃的真空烘箱中干燥过夜以去除水分。首先将聚酰亚胺溶解在NMP和THF的混合物中,并搅拌1天以形成均匀溶液。然后在聚合物溶液中加入一定量的FTB单体,再搅拌1天。聚醚酰亚胺在70℃下溶解于NMP中,加入一定量的氯化锂和二氧化硅,搅拌2天。形成均匀溶液后,将溶液静置2天以消除气泡。
在室温下,用滴定法测定了添加FTB的溶液和溶液的浊点。在玻璃瓶中制备了均匀的铸膜溶液,并在滴定实验中保持搅拌一致。将小滴水分批加入均匀的溶液中,直到溶液变浑浊并在搅拌下保持24小时以上。计算了添加水的总量。用Brookfield粘度计(DV2T)测定了不同铸膜溶液的粘度。在剪切速率为10s-1时获得粘度。
用偏光显微镜(PLM,Olympus BX53,日本)观察了掺入一定量FTB的铸膜溶液及其与铸膜溶液的相转变过程,并用CDD相机进行了记录。详细步骤可以参阅文献(T.Z.Jia,J.P.Lu,X.Y.Cheng,Q.C.Xia,X.L.Cao,Y.Wang,W.Xing,S.P.Sun,Surfaceenriched sulfonated polyarylene ether benzonitrile(SPEB)that enhances heavymetal removal from polyacrylonitrile(PAN)thin-film composite nanofiltrationmembranes,J.Membr.Sci.623 580 (2019)214-223.)。
制备双层平板膜和双层中空纤维膜
具体的操作步骤如下:
将高分子聚合物P84聚酰亚胺和Ultem聚醚酰亚胺置于90℃真空干燥箱中12小时,去除水气。
将P84聚酰亚胺高分子溶解于NMP溶剂中,磁力搅拌24小时至形成均匀溶液。向高分子溶液中加入4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺改性剂,室温下,磁力搅拌24小时至形成均匀铸膜液A。
将Ultem聚醚酰亚胺高分子和LiCl添加剂溶解于NMP溶剂中,水浴加热70℃,磁力搅拌24小时至形成均匀铸膜液B。
将铸膜液A,B静置12小时,进行脱泡。
采用相转化法和共刮涂(co-casting)技术,调整高分子铸膜液B的刮刀高度为150μm, 高分子铸膜液A的刮刀高度为200μm,将高分子铸膜液A,B刮涂于载体(玻璃板或者无纺布)上,将其浸入凝胶浴(纯水)中,铸膜液固化成双层平板膜。
采用干-湿法纺丝和共挤出(co-extrusion)技术,利用注射泵将高分子铸膜液A,B和芯液分别从三孔喷丝头挤出。初生纤维经过一段空气间隙后,浸入凝胶浴(水)中固化双层中空纤维膜。固化后的中空纤维膜丝经收丝装置收集后,浸入纯水中2天,置换溶剂。然后将膜丝浸泡30%甘油水溶液中2天后,空气中晾干。
双层平板膜的详细制备过程也可以参见(Q.C.Xia,J.Wang,X.Wang,B.Z.Chen,J.L.Guo, T.Z.Jia,S.P.Sun,A hydrophilicity 598gradient control mechanism forfabricating delamination-free dual-layer membranes,J.Membr.599Sci.539(2017)392-402)。
表1总结了详细的铸膜液组成及其黏度。
表1
利用三孔喷丝头,采用干喷湿纺和共挤出技术制备了双层中空膜。两台ISCO注射泵同时向喷丝板内和外喷液,液相色谱泵同时向喷丝板内喷液。共挤出的涂料在进入水混凝剂之前经历了气隙。通过卷取滚筒收集沉淀的中空纤维。用自来水将初生中空纤维漂洗2天,去除残留溶剂。将部分用于模块制造的中空纤维浸入40wt%甘油水溶液中2天,然后在环境空气中干燥。另一种中空纤维采用溶剂交换法,包括三次正己烷和三次甲醇,以消除表面张力。
膜表征
采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了顶层与一定量的FTB单体结合后的化学变化。使用FTIR光谱仪(Thermo Scientific,Nicolet iS50)在400–4000cm-1范围内应用衰减全反射(ATR)模式,每个样品共64次扫描。为了进一步量化聚酰亚胺上FTB的含量,使用X射线光电子能谱(XPS,Escalab250Xi,Thermo Scientific)进行元素分析。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、日立S4800对双层平板膜的形貌进行了观察。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、日立TM3000对双层中空纤维膜的截面形貌进行了观察。在FESEM或SEM分析之前,样品在液氮中破碎并用金溅射。
利用FTIR和XPS研究了FTB单体与聚酰亚胺在顶层铸膜溶液中的接枝反应。1780、 1718和1360cm-1处的酰亚胺带的信号强度逐渐衰减,而1534cm-1处的酰胺带随着溶液中FTB单体含量的逐渐增加而增强(图2),这表明中的酰亚胺基与FTB中的胺反应并形成酰胺基。随着FTB单体添加量的增加,XPS检测到的1317cm-1处的三氟甲基带(图2) 和F/O原子比随之增加(表2),进一步验证了FTB在P84聚合物链上的成功掺入。FTB单体与聚酰亚胺之间反应机理如前文所示。FTB接枝改性表示为FTB-P84。每个重复单元包含一个FTB单体的表示为S-FTB-P84,每个重复单元包含两个FTB单体的表示为D-FTB-P84。FTB单体的加入在聚合物链上引入了酰胺和三氟甲基单元,可作为质子给体和受体并形成与含羰基聚合物的分子间相互作用。说明通过4-氟 -2-(三氟甲基)苄胺接枝改性,P84聚酰亚胺的亚胺键特征峰减弱,酰胺键特征峰出现并增强,同时出现了氟甲基特征峰。证明了4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺改性剂成功接枝到P84聚酰亚胺高分子链上,并引入了氟甲基,酰胺基团。
表2制备得到的P84膜的表层XPS元素分析结果
含有一定量FTB的溶液与溶液使用耦合浇铸刀在玻璃板上共刮涂。然后在室温下将膜浸入混凝浴中,进行相转化。图3说明了在顶层铸膜溶液中添加不同FTB制备的双层膜的形态演变。当使用未添加FTB单体的纯铸膜溶液作为顶层铸膜溶液时,在共铸后的水中凝固过程中,顶层直接从底层分离(图3的(a)区域)。在顶层溶液中加入2wt%的FTB单体,可使双层膜在凝固过程中获得宏观粘附。然而,当在液氮中断裂时,双层膜轻微分层(图3的(b)区域)。进一步增加顶层溶液中的FTB单体含量,可以无分层的界面区域(图3(的c)区域,(d)区域)。说明未添加的4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺改性剂的双层膜,上层P84聚酰亚胺层和下层Ultem聚醚酰亚胺层直接剥离分层。随着4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺改性剂的加入,双层膜界面处黏附性逐渐增强,当添加一定量的4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺接枝改性P84聚酰亚胺后,双层膜上下层实现了优良的黏附性。
将所阐述的双层平板膜的制备方法成功地移植到采用干喷湿纺和共挤出技术制备双层中空纤维纳滤膜上。详细的纺丝条件见表3。
表3
随着FTB添加量的逐渐增加,可以观察到从分层到轻微附着和进一步粘附的类似形态转变(图4)。外层约为5μm,大部分为海绵结构,而内部层约为200μm,大部分为长指状大孔隙。说明未添加的4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺改性剂的双层膜图4的(a)区域所示,外层P84聚酰亚胺层从内层Ultem聚醚酰亚胺层直接剥离。随着4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺改性剂的加入,双层膜界面处黏附性逐渐增强,如图4的(b)区域所示。当添加一定量的的4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺接枝改性P84聚酰亚胺后,双层膜内外层实现了优良的黏附性如图3的 (c)(d)区域。
FTB接枝改性对铸膜液的热力学性质和成膜动力学影响
聚合物分子的互穿可在双层膜的界面区域形成互穿网络结构,从而使双层膜具有坚固的完整性和较低的转移阻力。铸膜铸膜
测量了和铸膜铸膜溶液的浊点曲线,如图5所示。底层溶液的浊点曲线非常接近聚合物溶剂轴,表明对水的耐受性非常有限。与溶液相比,纯溶液的浊点曲线与聚合物溶剂轴之间的距离要大得多。因此,与铸膜溶液相比,纯铸膜溶液的相转化速度要慢得多。随着溶液中FTB单体含量的增加,浊点曲线向聚合物-溶剂轴相反方向移动。因此,上下层溶解液的浊点曲线之间的距离增大,说明上下层降水速率差异较大。顶层铸膜溶液的逐步延迟沉淀速率可为顶层聚合物与底层聚合物相互渗透提供更多停留时间,这是促进双层粘合的一个因素。
通过显微镜进一步观察了相转化过程(图6)。将一小滴溶液滴在玻璃载玻片上,并用玻璃罩盖住。铸膜铸膜溶液与非溶剂(水)接触后,在水-铸膜液界面发生溶剂与非溶剂的交换。当水的侵入超过液-液分离的临界浓度时,聚合物稀相核形成并聚结。铸膜溶液中FTB 单体含量的增加不会显著改变指状大孔的生长速度。因此,随着顶层铸膜铸膜溶液中FTB单体添加量的增加,水从顶层铸膜溶液渗透到界面区域的速度不会减慢。从上述表征可以明显看出,铸膜的热力学在为双层膜界面区域的粘附提供先决条件方面起着更重要的作用。
FTB接枝改性对双层膜界面处高分子相互渗透的影响
从本质上讲,双层膜的粘附起源于聚合物分子的相互渗透,即聚合物分子或链段的自发混合,当铸膜铸膜溶液被共铸或共挤出时而在界面处相遇时,聚合物分子的互穿性是由混合吉布斯自由能(ΔGM/RT)在热力学上决定的,可以用下面的方程来描述:
式(16)中,ФA、Ф(B)和NA(NB)分别表示聚合物A(B)的体积分数和聚合度,而χ定义为聚合物-聚合物相互作用参数。ΔGH/RT项反映了聚合物之间特定的分子间相互作用对混合自由能的贡献。上式给出了聚合物分子自发混合的两个主要因素:(1)聚合物之间的相互相对亲和力,可以用相互作用参数或溶解度参数来描述;(2)聚合物之间的特定分子间相互作用,如氢键。
溶解度参数反映了相互作用力的性质和大小,体现了“相似相溶”的原则。聚合物对之间的溶解度参数差异很小,表明它们之间具有更好的相互亲和力,并且可能具有更好的相容性。纯和的溶解度参数组分根据它们的化学结构进行分组计算,具体的计算过程如下:
聚合物的溶解度参数可用基团贡献法计算,这取决于组成官能团的内聚能及其在重复单元中的摩尔体积。聚合物的总溶解度参数δtotal及其分散力分量δd、偶极子分量δp和氢键分量δh可由下列方程求得:
表4是上式所用参数的数值。
表4
由于缺少氟基团的参数,偶极和氢键组分结合为δa,由δtotal和δd计算如下:
物质1和2混合物的溶解度参数组分i的计算方法如下:
δi,mixture=φ1·δi,1+φ2·δi,2
得到了不同配比的和混合物以及不同配比的和混合物的溶解度参数组分。通过溶解度参数(图7的(a)区域)评估顶层和底层聚合物之间的相对亲和力。导出的纯和之间的溶解度参数差为3.34 cal1/2cm-3/2,这反映了聚合物对之间有限的相互相对亲和力。通过在聚合物链上逐步加入FTB单体,改性和之间的溶解度参数差从3.34降到0.27cal1/2cm-3/2,这意味着和之间的亲和力显著提高。进一步提高FTB单体的比例,从到聚合物对之间的溶解度差再次变大。换言之,在聚合物链上加入过量的 FTB单体可提高由大量支化基团和F原子引起的空间位阻,并阻碍改性分子之间的相互作用。
用Lifshitz-van der Waals/酸碱(LW/AB)法计算了膜表面的表面能和极化率。根据LW/AB 法,由非极性组分γLW和酸碱性组分γAB组成的固体表面γ的表面能如下:
γ=γLW+γAB
电子供体酸碱组分γAB可根据电子供体γ+和电子受体γ-计算,如下所示:
固液相γSL之间的界面能可计算为:
下标S表示固体,L表示液体。下标SL表示固液相界面。将上述方程与Young方程相结合,可得到如下关系:
通过获取三种不同极性液体(水、甘油和二碘甲烷)的接触角测量仪(KRUSS、DSA30) 测量的接触角数据及其表面张力参数(表5),可以通过方程式(4)得到γLW、γ+和γ–的值。膜表面的极化率(Pol)可进一步计算如下:
Pol=γAB/γ
表5
随着在上逐渐加入FTB,顶层的表面能不遵循明显的趋势,但加入FTB的的极化率显著提高(图7的(b)区域)。聚合物分子的极化率与聚合物之间的分子相互作用 (如偶极-偶极相互作用)正相关。和之间的特殊分子间相互作用通过聚合物共混物的红外透射峰的频移进一步得到验证。氟基(1317cm-1)和酰胺基(1534cm-1)的特征峰出现在和的混合物中(图8的(a)(b)区域,表6)。和混合物中的羰基(C=O)和芳香醚(C-O-C)与纯和混合物相比频率更高(图8的(c)(d)区域,表6)。因此,共混物中的分子间相互作用可归因于酰胺基、氟基和羰基之间的氢键和偶极-偶极相互作用。
表6
由于在纯和聚合物中不存在有效的质子给体基团,特定的分子间相互作用包括纯和之间的π-π堆积和n-π络合物。在聚酰亚胺链上加入FTB单体后,酰胺基的氢可以作为质子供体,并与的醚和羰基形成氢键。此外,来自FTB-接枝的甲基氟化物可能与含有分子的羰基和醚形成强烈的相互作用。和之间增强的相互相对亲和力和建立的特定分子间相互作用有助于促进聚合物分子在双层膜界面区域的相容性和渗透性。为了验证上述两个因素的作用,即进一步研究了聚合物之间的亲和力和分子间的特殊相互作用对分子在双层膜界面区的相互渗透、聚合物共混溶液的相行为以及双层膜界面形态的影响。
界面相的相行为转变反映了聚合物之间的相容性。为了模拟共铸过程中在界面区域遇到 的铸膜混合,将不同FTB添加量的铸膜溶液和铸膜铸膜溶液等效地混合。将混 合铸膜溶液搅拌24小时,然后静置24小时,然后用光学显微镜观察。如光学显微镜所观察 到的,所有的混合溶液在宏观上呈现均匀状态,而在微米尺度上有不同程度的相分离(图11)。 纯和的混合溶液由高度分散的相组成,如微小的液滴(图11的(a)区域)。这 可能是因为纯和的相容性因相互亲和力差和聚合物对之间没有特定的分子间相 互作用而受到热力学阻碍。搅拌后,和混合溶液形成分散相,如图12的(a) 区域所示。引入水后,靠近水界面的分散相聚集、沉淀成固体。与纯P84和Ultem混合物不 同,4wt%FTB-P84和Ultem铸膜溶液的大部分混合物由具有部分分散相的连续相组成,如图 12的(b)区域所示。由于FTB结合的P84和Ultem之间具有高度的相互亲和力和特定的分 子间相互作用,FTB-P84聚合物可作为连接P84和Ultem相的相容性,如图12的(b)区域 所示。引入水后,连续相析出,指状大孔隙通过相间生长。可以观察到相转化混合物之间的 连接性和互穿性。
为了进一步证实分子间相互亲和力和分子间相互作用对相互渗透的贡献,用扫描电镜观察了不同FTB添加量的双层膜界面区域的形貌(图13)。在顶层的底面可以看到大的空洞,这证明手指状的宏观空洞从顶层的主体延伸到底层。当纯和溶液共铸时(图13 的(a)区域),顶层和底层聚合物之间的不相容性在热力学上阻碍了界面区域聚合物分子的混合,导致界面相的形成受到限制。在相转变过程中,含有一定量非溶剂的表层扩展的宏观孔洞进入界面区域。底部层的疏水性进一步阻碍了非溶剂从顶层渗透到底层。在非溶剂积累的诱导下,新形成的界面相发生了相转化。如图11的(a)区域所示,由不互溶混合物组成的界面相沉淀成具有有限连接的孤立固体。如图13的(a)区域所示,可在底层的顶面上看到孤立且微小互穿的结构。界面处不能承受凝固过程中上下层的不同收缩。因此,原始双层膜之间发生分层。通过在上加入FTB单体,聚合物分子在界面区域的混合增强,这归因于提高了相互间的相对亲和力,并在顶层和底层之间建立了特定的分子间相互作用。在底层的上表面上可以观察到顶层聚合物与底层聚合物的相互渗透逐渐改善(图13的(b),(c),(d)区域)。此外,如图11的(b)区域所示,相转化后由组成的界面相显示出互穿结构,形成彼此之间的连接。界面区分子间的互穿性增强和相转化界面相的互连结构使含FTB的双层膜具有很强的附着力。
由以上讨论可知,通过加入特定的官能团,可以形成特定的分子间相互作用,增强相互亲和力,可以调节甚至跨越聚合物之间的相容性差异。界面区域聚合物分子的混合可在双层之间形成互穿网络结构,如图1所示。基于本发明提出的理论,可以显著地扩大从固有不相容聚合物中选择聚合物对制备无分层双层膜的范围。
过滤和截留性能
一步法制备的双层中空纤维纳滤膜在水和有机溶剂体系中进行了过滤试验。
用纯水渗透性的角度评价双层中空纤维膜的分离性能,甲醇渗透性和溶质排出采用实验室制过滤系统。纯水和甲醇渗透样品作为时间的函数进行收集,并根据下式通过计算溶剂渗透性(P,L m-2h-1bar-1):
式中,ΔV(L)是在跨膜压力Δp(bar)下,在时间段Δt(h)内收集的渗透液体积,a(m2)是有效膜面积。
分别用1000.0mg L-1的Na2SO4、NaCl、MgSO4和MgCl2水溶液进行了水体系中的溶质截留试验。用维生素B12和四环素的50.0mg L-1甲醇溶液在溶剂体系中进行了溶质截留试验。截留率由以下方程式计算:
式中,Cp和Cf分别表示渗透液和进料溶液中的溶质浓度。分别用电导仪(Mettler-Toledo) 和紫外可见分光光度计(AOE)测定饲料和渗透液中的盐和药物浓度。
双层中空纤维膜的纯水渗透性随着顶层铸膜铸膜铸膜溶液中FTB添加量的影响(图14 的(a)区域)。铸膜铸膜铸膜四种盐的截留顺序为Na2SO4>NaCl>MgSO4>MgCl2(图14的(b) 区域),特别是控制FTB的加入量在4%-6%时,可以获得80%以上的对Na2SO4截留率,以及对NaCl 50%以上的截留率。将质量分数为4wt%的FTB复合双层膜进一步应用于有机溶剂中的药物回收。在纯甲醇渗透性为3.7LMH/bar的甲醇溶液中,膜显示出99%的四环素和维生素B12的截留率(图14的(c)(d)区域)。
耐溶剂性能测试
Claims (4)
1.一种双层聚合物分离膜,其特征在于,包括第一聚合物层以及第二聚合物层;在第一聚合物层中还含有改性剂;
所述的第一聚合物是聚酰亚胺、聚醚酰亚胺或者聚酰胺酰亚胺;
所述的第二聚合物是聚醚酰亚胺、聚醚砜或者聚砜;
所述的改性剂是含有氟或氟甲基和氨 基的氟代芳香胺 类单体;
所述的双层聚合物分离膜是纳滤膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的双层聚合物分离膜,其特征在于,所述的改性剂是4-氟-2-(三氟甲基)苄胺。
3.根据权利要求1所述的双层聚合物分离膜,其特征在于,所述的双层聚合物分离膜是平板式或者中空纤维式。
4.权利要求1所述的双层聚合物分离膜在液体分离中的应用。
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