CN113638378A - Continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway - Google Patents
Continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway Download PDFInfo
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- CN113638378A CN113638378A CN202110971143.7A CN202110971143A CN113638378A CN 113638378 A CN113638378 A CN 113638378A CN 202110971143 A CN202110971143 A CN 202110971143A CN 113638378 A CN113638378 A CN 113638378A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B8/00—Details of barrages or weirs ; Energy dissipating devices carried by lock or dry-dock gates
- E02B8/08—Fish passes or other means providing for migration of fish; Passages for rafts or boats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B8/00—Details of barrages or weirs ; Energy dissipating devices carried by lock or dry-dock gates
- E02B8/08—Fish passes or other means providing for migration of fish; Passages for rafts or boats
- E02B8/085—Devices allowing fish migration, e.g. fish traps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of landscape architecture, and discloses a continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway which comprises a fishway arranged on a branch flow side of a reservoir, wherein water flow in the fishway is continuous flow, the fishway comprises an inlet and an outlet, the inlet is positioned at a downstream position, the outlet is positioned at an upstream position, the inlet is provided with more than two fish luring slopes with different slopes, the water flow speed of the inlet is set to be 0.6-1.0 m/s, a plurality of plant modules are arranged on two sides of the fishway at intervals, and a fishmouth is formed between the plant modules on the two sides. The continuous flow ecological bypass type imitated natural fishway has obvious effects of attracting and passing fish, is more suitable for fish inhabitation and foraging, landscaping and simultaneously purifies water quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of landscape architecture, in particular to a continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway.
Background
The reservoir side stream flow is less than the main stream flow, typically no more than 40% of the main stream flow. The width and the depth of the reservoir branch are smaller, and the reservoir branch is closer to the scale of a natural river channel. And the reservoir branch is generally away from the main flow by a certain distance, so that a relatively independent water flow environment can be created.
The constructed water conservancy facilities such as dams and the like cut off the continuity of rivers, change the environment (such as water level, flow, water temperature and the like) of fish habitats, block migration channels of fishes and even lead to the extinction of certain retrogressive migration fish populations. Therefore, in recent years, the construction of gate dams begins to build fishways to remold fish migration passages. The fishway is a common measure for relieving the influence of damming engineering on the connectivity of fishes and rivers, and has important effects on promoting the genetic information exchange of fishes at upstream and downstream of a dam site, maintaining a natural fish gene bank, ensuring fish germplasm resources, maintaining a fish population structure and the like.
The quality of water in reservoir is directly influenced by the quality of water in its branch, and the kind, concentration and nature of pollutant are also related to the quality of water in which its branch flows are imported. The high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the branch and the sealing property of the reservoir easily cause eutrophication. If the fishway is constructed by combining the water environment improvement and the water ecological restoration, the fishway has important significance for improving the water quality of the reservoir. In order to protect river fishery resources and water ecological environment and maintain ecological balance, research and construction of fishways become very important.
The prior dam adopts more artificial fishway forms, and part of the prior dam also adopts a form of imitating a natural fishway. Because the general fishway boundary of the artificial fishway is built by the masonry or the concrete, the environment is relatively hard, the difference with the natural environment of fish life is large, the fish passing effect of a plurality of fishways is poor, and even some fishways are abandoned.
The difficult dissipation of the inside rivers energy of traditional imitative nature fishway, the structure is unstable enough, and fishway inside is to the adaptability of water level variation to some extent lacked. And the traditional nature-imitated fishway only focuses on the construction of a hard structure, the research on a soft structure is less, the ecological function of the fishway is not considered enough, and the effect of the nature-imitated fishway cannot be brought into full play.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is: the follow-flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway is provided, the effects of attracting and passing fishes are obvious, and the fish is more suitable for inhabitation and foraging of fishes, landscaping and water quality purification.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway which comprises a fishway arranged on a branch flow side of a reservoir, wherein water flow in the fishway is continuous flow, the fishway comprises an inlet and an outlet, the inlet is positioned at a downstream position, the outlet is positioned at an upstream position, the inlet is provided with more than two fish luring slopes with different slopes, the water flow speed of the inlet is set to be 0.6-1.0 m/s, a plurality of plant modules are arranged on two sides of the fishway at intervals, and a fishmouth is formed between the plant modules on the two sides.
Preferably, the water flow in the fishway is provided with a downward discharge flow which is 10% -20% of the annual average flow of the water flow in the fishway, and the outlet is provided with a water flow control valve for controlling the downward discharge flow.
Preferably, the cross section of the bottom of the fishway is in an inverted trapezoid shape.
As the preferred scheme, the fishway is provided with a deep pool and a shoal, the deep pool is communicated with the shoal and arranged at intervals, the depth of the deep pool is greater than the average depth of the fishway by 0.5-1 m, and the shoal is smaller than the average depth of the fishway by 0.3-0.5 m.
Preferably, the length or width of the deep pool is set to be 1-1.5 m, and the deep pool is elliptical.
Preferably, the deep ponds are arranged at an average distance of 1-1.5 m from the fishway between the inlet and the outlet 3m respectively.
Preferably, the inlet is provided with fish attracting slopes with the gradient of 2% and fish attracting slopes with the gradient of 3% which are arranged at intervals, and the water flow rate of the fish attracting slopes is set to be 0.4-0.8 m/s.
Preferably, the inlet water flow rate is set in the range of 0.6 to 1 m/s.
Preferably, the plant modules on two sides of the fishway are arranged in a staggered manner, and the adjacent plant modules on the same side of the fishway are arranged at intervals of 0.5-1 m.
Preferably, the diameter of the plants in the plant module is set to be 1.2-4 mm, the average height of the plants is set to be 2.4m, and the growth density of the plants is set to be 130-160 plants/m2。
Compared with the prior art, the continuous flow ecological bypass type imitated natural fishway provided by the embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that: the entrance of continuous flow adds the setting of entry slope, along with the continuous conversion of kinetic energy, can produce more oxygen, sound, rivers than with the other places in waters, consequently can build better suction and drainage for the fishway entry, and then realize that fishway rivers extend the scope farther, attract and guide the effect that the fish got into the fishway entry. The migration efficiency of fish is directly influenced by the flow characteristic of the fishway, a more natural migration environment can be provided for the fish by the more appropriate flow characteristic, and smooth passing of the fish through the fishway is guaranteed. The entrance is equipped with the different luring fish slope of more than two slopes, because fish prefer to migrate in low turbulent kinetic energy region more, luring the fish slope and make the regional rivers velocity of flow of water near the entrance and the rivers velocity of flow difference of fishway entrance form obvious suction and drainage, attract and help fish perception and find the entrance of fishway. Different kinds of fish objects pass through the difference of form, habitat, life habit and the like, the swimming ability of the fish objects also has certain difference, and the fish luring slope with the obstructed slope can attract more kinds of fish to enter the fishway. The setting of the plant module provides a more natural and richer inhabitation environment for fishes, is simultaneously favorable for the survival of microorganisms, provides richer food for the fishes, improves the water environment in the fishway by the photosynthesis and the root system of the plant module to the water body, and plays a better role in the aspects of the creation of biodiversity and water purification.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a part of the structure of the fishway according to the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of a 2% fish attracting slope according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a 3% fish attracting slope according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a deep pool and a shoal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a plant module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a top view structural diagram of the arrangement of the plant modules according to the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 8 is a table of experimental data for different solutions of a fishway.
In the figure:
10. reservoir tributaries;
20. a fishway; 21. an inlet; 22. an outlet; 23. a plant module; 24. deep pool; 25. shoal; 26. a water flow control valve;
30. 2% of fish attracting slopes 31 and 3% of fish attracting slopes.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. used herein are used to indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "connected," "fixed," and the like are used in a broad sense, and for example, the terms "connected," "connected," and "fixed" may be fixed, detachable, or integrated; the connection can be mechanical connection or welding connection; they may be directly connected or indirectly connected through intervening media, or they may be connected internally or in any other suitable relationship, unless expressly stated otherwise. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
As shown in fig. 1 to 7, a continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway according to a preferred embodiment of the invention includes a fishway disposed on a branch flow side of a reservoir, water flow in the fishway is a continuous flow, the fishway includes an inlet and an outlet, the inlet is located at a downstream position, the outlet is located at an upstream position, the inlet is provided with more than two fish luring slopes with different slopes, a water flow rate of the inlet is set to 0.6-1.0 m/s, a plurality of plant modules are disposed at two sides of the fishway at intervals, and a fish passing opening is formed between the plant modules at two sides.
The invention relates to a continuous flow ecological bypass type imitated natural fishway, wherein continuous flow refers to continuous and uninterrupted water flow and refers to that the water flows at any part along a river channel under the same environmental influence in the same time and at the same flow rate. In the riverway with continuous flow, the water flow speed is higher in narrow places and wider places under the condition of uniform depth. Instability exists in the water flow condition in the non-continuous flow fishway, the pure static water surface or the water surface with overlarge flow velocity is not beneficial to the fish to enter the fishway, and the inlet of the fishway cannot discharge enough suction flow. From the water environment factors that the fish activities affect closely, the fish has sidedness, flow tendency, phototaxis, sound tendency and oxygen tendency, the inlet of the continuous flow and the inlet gradient are arranged, and more oxygen, sound and water flow can be generated in comparison with other places in the same water area along with the continuous conversion of kinetic energy, so that better suction and drainage can be built for the fishway inlet, and the effects that the fishway water flow extends for a longer range, and fish is sucked and guided to enter the fishway inlet are realized. The migration efficiency of fish is directly influenced by the flow characteristic of the fishway, a more natural migration environment can be provided for the fish by the more appropriate flow characteristic, and smooth passing of the fish through the fishway is guaranteed. The entrance is equipped with the different luring fish slope of more than two slopes, because fish prefer to migrate in low turbulent kinetic energy region more, luring the fish slope and make the regional rivers velocity of flow of water near the entrance and the rivers velocity of flow difference of fishway entrance form obvious suction and drainage, attract and help fish perception and find the entrance of fishway. Different kinds of fish objects pass through the difference of form, habitat, life habit and the like, the swimming ability of the fish objects also has certain difference, and the fish luring slope with the obstructed slope can attract more kinds of fish to enter the fishway. The setting of the plant module provides a more natural and richer inhabitation environment for fishes, is simultaneously favorable for the survival of microorganisms, provides richer food for the fishes, improves the water environment in the fishway by the photosynthesis and the root system of the plant module to the water body, and plays a better role in the aspects of the creation of biodiversity and water purification.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, the water flow in the fishway is provided with a downward discharge flow which is 10% -20% of the annual average flow of the water flow in the fishway, and the outlet is provided with a water flow control valve for controlling the downward discharge flow. The downward discharge flow refers to the water flow of the downward flowing fishway. The conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy generated by the downward discharge flow can enable continuous water body flow and sound waves to be formed in the fishway, and a certain aeration effect is achieved, so that richer living factors can be provided for fishes, and a stable fish luring flow field is formed. Set up the rivers control valve through the export at the fishway, the control gets into the lower flow of letting out of fishway, and through the rivers that the control export got into the fishway, and then influence near fishway entry water level change, the degree of depth, the cross section of fishway entry all change thereupon, and then produce abundanter microorganism cluster, the drainage is inhaled in the further influence of the border of constantly changing simultaneously, and then the improvement lures the fish effect.
Further, the cross section of fishway bottom is for falling trapezoidal, and the fishway bottom is the trapezium structure that falls promptly, falls the trapezium structure and forms the contact surface with rivers slope contact, and then produces abundanter microorganism cluster, provides abundanter food for fish, improves the environment of surviving of fish, and more suitable fish perch.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 and 5, the fishway is provided with a deep pool and a shoal, the deep pool is communicated with the shoal and is arranged at intervals, the depth of the deep pool is greater than the average depth of the fishway by 0.5-1 m, and the shoal is less than the average depth of the fishway by 0.3-0.5 m. The deep pool and the shoal are arranged at intervals in a matched mode to form a complete system, water environments with different spaces, different flow rates and interfaces are created naturally in a simulated mode, multiple survival requirements of different fishes are met, and spaces such as better rest and spawning can be provided for the fishes.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, the length or width of the deep pool is set to 1-1.5 m, and the deep pool is elliptical or kidney-shaped. The overlarge area of the deep pool is not beneficial to the flow control and fish luring of water flow, and the deep pool is arranged in a proper area range to better control the water flow speed in the fishway and keep fishes swimming towards the luring direction. The deep pool is elliptical or kidney-shaped and is more suitable for fish gathering.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, the deep ponds are respectively arranged at an average interval of 1-1.5 m from the fishway between the inlet and the outlet 3m, so that the fishes have sufficient rest space and time, a continuous backtracking channel is formed, and the backtracking success rate is improved.
Taking a certain fishway as an experiment, setting different experimental schemes, wherein the width of the fishway is 8-15 meters, the depth is 1 meter, and the obtained experimental data are shown in figure 8; when the continuous flow is independently arranged in the fishway, the reason that better suction and drainage can be built for the entrance of the fishway, a certain fish luring effect is achieved, but when the environment changes, such as different water volumes in drought and waterlogging seasons, and the fish migration season are not corresponding, the water flow speed at the entrance of the fishway is unstable, so the fish luring effect is not obvious, and the ecological effect is not good;
when the fishway is provided with the double-inlet fish luring slope independently, because fishes with different swimming capacities can be attracted, more kinds of fishes can be attracted into the fishway to play a certain fish luring effect, but because the bypass simulated natural fishway is generally longer, the obstruction in the fish passing channel is still large, the fish luring effect is not obvious, and the ecological effect is not good;
when the fishway independently ensures the downward flow, the fishway plays a certain role in attracting fish due to the fact that stable dynamic water flow in the fishway is ensured, but the fish attracting effect is not obvious and the ecological effect is not good due to the fact that different fishes have different sensing abilities on the water flow and different swimming abilities through the fishway;
when the fishway sets up the plant module alone and plants, because provide more nature for fish, abundanter habitat, be favorable to the existence of microorganism simultaneously, provide abundanter food for fish, plant module's photosynthesis and root system also improve the fishway internal water environment to the quintessence of water, play better effect in the aspect of biological diversity's construction and water purification, but do not have the difference with other river system environment when setting up alone, the suction to fish does not obtain the increase, the luring effect is general.
The fishway sets up the continuous flow simultaneously, the two entry lures the fish slope, when guaranteeing to let off flow and plant module, because produce complementary interact that mutually pushes between continuous flow and the two entry lures the fish slope, potential energy conversion through the not equidimension provides dynamic rivers environment, and then on the basis of stabilizing dynamic rivers, in addition the effect of letting off the flow, produce the effect of continuous stable dynamic rivers luring the fish, the rivers control valve of fishway export carries out the control of rivers flow, it is controllable to form, adapt to different fishes swimming and pass through, continuous stable dynamic rivers, consequently luring the fish and crossing the fish effect obvious, simultaneously because plant module's setting, more suitable fish perch has been provided, the environment of foraging, purify water quality when the landscape building, and then obtain the effect that ecological benefit promoted.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, fish attracting slopes with a gradient of 2% and fish attracting slopes with a gradient of 3% are arranged at the inlet at intervals. The slope of the fish attracting slope inclines upwards along the flowing direction of water flow, fishes sense the water flow by using lateral lines, inner ears and nerve dunes, 2% of the fish attracting slope and the fish attracting slope with the slope of 3% are used for keeping the water flow speed of the fish attracting slope at 0.4-0.8 m/s, smooth migration of the fishes in a fishway is guaranteed, the bottom slope of the fishway is relatively slow, and the flow speed zone of the fish attracting slope is in the fish favorite flow speed range, so that the fish attracting quantity is favorably improved, and the fish attracting effect is enhanced.
Furthermore, the flow speed range of the inlet water is set to be 0.6-1 m/s, and the dynamic water flow is ensured by combining the arrangement of the fish attracting slopes with the gradient of 2% and the fish attracting slopes with the gradient of 3%, so that the turbulent fluctuation of the water flow is created, and 95% of fishes can sense and find the fishway inlet.
Further, as shown in fig. 7, the plant modules on both sides of the fishway are arranged in a staggered manner, and the adjacent plant modules on the same side of the fishway are arranged at an interval of 0.5m to 1 m. The plant modules can play a relatively obvious water blocking effect, and are arranged in a staggered mode relatively, so that water in the fishway flows to meander and undergoes the repeated process of 'shunting-converging-shunting', the flow state is rich, and the water surface line is stable. In particular, stable compaction is performed by laying pebbles on the plant module.
Further, as shown in FIG. 6, the diameter of the plants in the plant module is set at 1.2-4 mm, the average height of the plants is set at 2.4m, and the growth density of the plants is set at 130-2. The emergent aquatic plant of the plant module can keep a certain biomass so as to achieve the effects of reducing the water flow speed and forming a fish channel. Plants in plant modulesEmergent aquatic plants are preferably selected, have strong vitality and are widely distributed, simple and easy to obtain, so that the plant modules can be obtained under the conditions of accidental damage and the like. The growth cycle of the plant module is matched to the fish migration profile in the fishway.
In summary, the embodiment of the invention provides a continuous flow ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway, which creates a suction flow with better oxygen and sound conditions in a continuous flow water flow environment, sets a plurality of obstruction slopes to form a fish luring slope with obvious suction flow, has obvious fish luring and passing effects, realizes flow velocity adjustment of water flow in the fishway through the arrangement of a plant module, has a stable internal water flow structure, is more suitable for fish perching and foraging, and purifies water quality during landscaping.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and substitutions can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and substitutions should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a ecological bypass type nature-imitated fishway of continuous flow which characterized in that: including setting up in the fishway of reservoir side of flowing, rivers are the continuous flow in the fishway, the fishway is including entry and export, the entry is located the low reaches position, the export is located the upper reaches position, the entry is equipped with the different attracting fish slope of slope more than two, entry water velocity sets up at 0.6-1.0 m/s, the fishway both sides are established the interval and are had a plurality of plant module, both sides form the fish mouth between the plant module.
2. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 1, characterized in that: the water flow in the fishway is provided with a downward discharge flow which is 10% -20% of the annual average flow of the water flow in the fishway, and the outlet is provided with a water flow control valve for controlling the downward discharge flow.
3. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 2, characterized in that: the cross section of the bottom of the fishway is in an inverted trapezoid shape.
4. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 2, characterized in that: the fishway is equipped with deep pool and shoal, deep pool with shoal intercommunication and interval set up, deep pool's the degree of depth is greater than the average depth 0.5-1 m of fishway, the shoal is less than the average depth 0.3-0.5 m of fishway.
5. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 4, characterized in that: the length or width of the deep pool is set to be 1-1.5 m, and the deep pool is elliptical.
6. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 4, characterized in that: and the deep ponds are arranged at the average interval of 1-1.5 m from the fishway between the inlet and the outlet 3m respectively.
7. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 1, characterized in that: the inlet is provided with fish attracting slopes with the gradient of 2% and fish attracting slopes with the gradient of 3% which are arranged at intervals, and the water flow rate of the fish attracting slopes is set to be 0.4-0.8 m/s.
8. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 7, characterized in that: the inlet water flow rate is set in the range of 0.6-1 m/s.
9. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 1, characterized in that: the plant modules on the two sides of the fishway are arranged in a staggered mode, and the adjacent plant modules on the same side of the fishway are arranged at intervals of 0.5-1 m.
10. The continuous-flow ecological bypass-type imitated natural fishway of claim 1, characterized in that: plants in the plant moduleThe diameter of the plant is set at 1.2-4 mm, the average height of the plant is set at 2.4m, and the growth density of the plant is set at 130-160 plants/m2。
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