CN113632652A - Breeding method of large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia oleifera clone - Google Patents
Breeding method of large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia oleifera clone Download PDFInfo
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- CN113632652A CN113632652A CN202110993189.9A CN202110993189A CN113632652A CN 113632652 A CN113632652 A CN 113632652A CN 202110993189 A CN202110993189 A CN 202110993189A CN 113632652 A CN113632652 A CN 113632652A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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Abstract
The invention discloses a breeding method of a large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia clonal line, which comprises the following operation steps: (1) selecting and processing a superior tree: selecting plants with the crown breadth area per square meter of which the fruit yield is more than 1.25kg, the weight of a single seed is more than 4.5g and the fruit oil rate is more than 8.5 percent as superior trees; pruning the superior tree; (2) evaluation and screening of superior tree clone: selecting mature plants with fertile forest land, vigorous growth, regular plant row spacing and tree age within 20 years, and selecting 2-3 straight smooth main branches with the diameter of 2-4 cm as rootstocks for each plant; selecting branches of the superior trees, which are strong in growth, plump in buds, free of diseases and insect pests and semi-lignified to lignified, with the diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm as scions; and (3) adopting an improved bark pulling grafting method, grafting in 5-6 months, continuously measuring the yield and the economic character of the fruit for 4 years from the 3 rd year of crown changing in grafting, and screening out superior tree clones according to a selection standard. The clonal camellia oleifera screened by the method has the fruit oil rate which is 32.81 percent higher than the breeding standard specified by the national standard, increases the breeding standard of the grain size, meets the actual production requirement, saves the labor cost for picking up the seeds, and promotes the upgrading of the improved varieties of the camellia oleifera.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of forest tree breeding, and particularly relates to a breeding method of a large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia oleifera clone.
Background
Camellia oleifera is a general name of a tree species which has high oil content in seeds and a certain cultivation and management area in plants of the genus Camellia (Camellia) in the family Theaceae, and is a unique woody edible oil tree species in China. The camellia seed oil extracted from the seeds of camellia oleifera is high-quality vegetable oil, the main component of the camellia seed oil is unsaturated fatty acid mainly comprising oleic acid and linoleic acid, and the camellia seed oil is confirmed to be healthy high-quality edible oil.
The common Camellia oleifera (Camellia oleifera) is the species with the widest distribution range and the largest cultivation area, and the improved varieties of the Camellia oleifera mainly cultivated in China are basically obtained from the breeding of the common Camellia oleifera. At present, the improved oil tea varieties popularized and applied in China are mainly bred with the aim of high yield, but the traditional breeding method has the defects of long period and difficult operation, and a breeding method of high-quality varieties with high yield, convenient collection and production cost saving needs to be found along with the improvement of labor cost in rural areas and the development of the oil tea industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a breeding method of a large-grain high-oil-content common camellia clonal line, which takes large grains and high oil content as breeding targets and has the advantages of short breeding period and quick response.
The invention solves the technical problems by the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a breeding method of a large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia clonal line, which comprises the following operation steps:
(1) selecting and processing a superior tree, and specifically operating as follows:
determining a preferred tree selection group: selecting the superior camellia oleifera family forest stands which have entered the full bearing period;
selecting a superior tree: selecting plants which are robust in growth, free of obvious plant diseases and insect pests, large in seed, large in flower bud and uniform in distribution from the excellent camellia oleifera family forest stand;
sampling and measuring: actually measuring the crown width of the plant and the yield of the fresh fruit of a single plant on site, and calculating the yield of the fruit and the fruit oil rate of the crown width per square meter;
screening superior trees: selecting plants with the crown breadth area per square meter of which the fruit yield is more than 1.25kg, the weight of a single seed is more than 4.5g and the fruit oil rate is more than 8.5 percent as superior trees;
treating superior trees: pruning the superior tree to promote spring shoot germination so as to obtain a superior branch of the superior tree as a scion;
(2) the method comprises the following specific operations of evaluation and screening of superior tree clones:
selecting a rootstock: selecting mature common camellia oleifera plants with fertile forest land, vigorous growth, regular plant row spacing and tree age within 20 years, wherein each plant selects 2-3 straight smooth main branches with the diameter of 2-4 cm as rootstocks;
collecting spike strips: selecting a superior tree branch which is strong in growth, plump in bud, free of diseases and insect pests, semi-lignified to lignified and has the diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm as a scion;
grafting: grafting in 5-6 months by adopting an improved skin-pulling grafting method, and ensuring that each stock is grafted with 2-3 scion buds;
fourthly, tending management after grafting: the method comprises the following steps of (1) shoveling and tending the forest land twice every year, applying 1kg of compound fertilizer to each plant in early summer, and applying 1.5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant in winter and spring;
clone evaluation: from the 3 rd year of grafting and crown changing, the yield and the economic character of the fruit are continuously measured for 4 years, and the superior tree clone is screened according to the selection standard which is as follows: the selected superior tree clone has oil yield increased by 10% over that of the conventional control clone, average fruit oil yield of over 8.5% in four years, average single seed weight of over 3g, and single seed weight of over 4.5g in at least one year.
The group is selected from the superior trees in the step 1), and particularly the superior camellia oleifera family forest stand with good forest stand growth vigor, no obvious plant diseases and insect pests and generally larger grains.
The superior tree treatment in the step 1) of the invention specifically means pruning branches of surrounding plants which influence the growth of the superior tree, pruning dense branches, spindly branches and thin and weak branches, and cutting the surrounding branches.
In the clone evaluation in the step 2), the traditional control clone takes the current main planting fine variety of camellia oleifera as a control, a completely random block design is adopted, each test clone is designed to repeat for 3 times, and each test clone repeats for 10 strains.
According to the invention, the selection of the clone of the large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia oleifera is developed by taking the superior camellia oleifera family forest as a selection object and performing the main steps of selection and treatment of superior trees, clone evaluation and screening and the like, so that the diversified requirements of development of the camellia oleifera industry on improved varieties can be met, the labor cost is effectively reduced, the working efficiency is improved, and the promotion of quality improvement and efficiency increase of the camellia oleifera industry is facilitated.
The method takes large grains and high oil content as breeding targets, and has the advantages of short breeding period and quick response. Compared with the prior art, the method has the following beneficial effects:
1. the selection of the superior tree by the method is short in time consumption and strong in operability. The traditional selection of the superior tree requires 3-4 years, but is difficult to achieve due to uncertain factors in various aspects such as accidental damage of the superior tree in the actual breeding process. The method optimizes and improves the selection standard during selection of the superior tree, and can fully ensure the high quality of the selected clone by carrying out continuous 4-year determination on the contemporary identification of the superior tree clone.
2. The method of the invention requires continuous 4-year determination according to the genetic variation characteristic of the weight of a single seed, makes requirements on both the average value and the maximum value, ensures that the screened clone has the characteristic of large seed, and has scientific method and strong reliability.
3. The oil tea clone screened by the method has the fruit oil rate improved by 32.81 percent compared with the breeding standard (the fruit oil rate is more than or equal to 6.4 percent) specified by the national standard, increases the breeding standard of the grain size, meets the actual production requirement, saves the labor cost for picking up the grains and promotes the upgrading of the improved oil tea varieties.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained below.
The invention relates to a breeding method of a large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia clonal line, which is carried out according to the following operation steps:
(1) selecting and processing a superior tree, and specifically operating as follows:
determining a preferred tree selection group: selecting the common good camellia oleifera family forest stand which enters the full bearing period, wherein the forest stand is required to have good growth potential, no obvious plant diseases and insect pests and generally large seeds.
Selecting a superior tree: in the common camellia oleifera excellent family forest stand, plants which are robust in growth, free of obvious plant diseases and insect pests, large in fruit, large in seed, large in flower bud and uniform in distribution are selected, and the plants are selected when fruits naturally mature.
Sampling and measuring: actually measuring the crown width of the plant and the yield of the single fresh fruit on site, and calculating the yield of the crown width per square meter; and randomly taking 1kg or more than 30 fresh fruits, packaging the fresh fruits by using a sealing bag, and taking the fresh fruits back to a laboratory to determine the economic characters of the fruits. The economic properties of the fruits mainly comprise the weight of a single fruit, the weight of a single seed, the fresh seed yield, the dry seed kernel yield and the oil content of the kernels, and the fruit oil rate is calculated according to the economic properties of the fruits.
Screening superior trees: the selected superior tree requires that the yield of the fruit per square meter of the crown area is more than 1.25kg, the weight of a single seed is more than 4.5g, and the fruit oil rate is more than 8.5%.
Treating superior trees: pruning the selected superior tree, cutting off over dense branches, overgrown branches and thin and weak branches, cutting off peripheral branches, and if peripheral plant branches influence the growth of the superior tree, cutting off the superior tree, and promoting spring shoot germination by pruning the superior tree so as to ensure the quality of spike strips required by next evaluation and screening.
(2) The method comprises the following specific operations of evaluation and screening of superior tree clones:
selecting a rootstock: selecting ordinary camellia oleifera adult plants with fertile forest land, vigorous growth, regular plant row spacing and tree age within 20 years, and selecting 2-3 straight smooth main branches with the diameter of 2-4 cm as rootstocks for each plant.
Collecting spike strips: the superior tree branch which grows robustly, has plump buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and is semi-lignified to lignified with the diameter of 0.2 cm-0.3 cm is used as the scion.
Grafting: grafting in 5-6 months by adopting an improved skin-pulling grafting method, and grafting 2-3 scion buds on each stock. Local main cultivated fine variety is used as a control group, a complete random block design is adopted, 3 times of repetition are set for each clone, and 10 plants are repeated for each clone.
Fourthly, management after grafting: the forest land is shoveled and nursed twice a year, 1kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant in early summer, and 1.5kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in winter and spring.
Clone evaluation: and from the 3 rd year of grafting and crown changing, continuously measuring the yield and economic characters of fruits for 4 years, and screening out excellent clone for regional test. The selected clone is required to produce more than 10 percent of oil, the average fruit oil rate in four years is more than 8.5 percent, the average single seed weight is more than 3g, and the single seed weight in at least one year is more than 4.5 g.
The following are specific embodiments of the method of the present invention:
example 1:
at the end of 10 months in 2008, the superior trees are selected by taking the superior camellia oleifera family forest stand which grows for 10 years and has vigorous tree vigor as a group, and 11 superior single plants are selected. The selection index of the superior tree specifically refers to selecting plants which are robust in growth, free of obvious plant diseases and insect pests, multiple in fruiting, large in seed, multiple in flower buds and even in distribution, the yield of fruits per square meter of the crown area is more than 1.25kg, the weight of a single seed is more than 4.5g, and the oil yield of the fruits is more than 8.5%. And pruning the selected superior tree, cutting off over dense branches, spindly branches and thin and weak branches, cutting off peripheral plant branches influencing the growth of the superior tree, and ensuring that the spring tip of the superior tree germinates vigorously.
And (4) collecting spring shoots of the 11 superior trees as scions at the beginning of 5 months in 2009, and grafting and crown changing the big trees by adopting an improved bark pulling grafting method. The selected stock wood is divided into common camellia oleifera plants which grow for 16 years, have fertile soil, vigorous growth and regular plant-row spacing. 2-3 straight smooth main branches with the thickness of 2-4 cm are selected for each plant as rootstocks, and 2-3 scion buds are grafted on each rootstock. The complete random block design is adopted, the local main planting improved variety Centipeda sinensis No. 3 is taken as a control group, 12 clones are counted, 3 times of repetition are set, and 10 strains are repeated. Daily management and protection of the forest land are well carried out, the grass is shoveled and nursed twice a year, 1kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant in early summer, and 1.5kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in winter and spring.
The yield and fruit economic character measurement is carried out from 2012, and the measurement is carried out continuously for 4 years. The excellent clone of the common oil tea is screened out for regional test. According to the selection criteria: compared with the contrast Cenbaiquan No. 3, the oil yield is improved by more than 10 percent, the average fruit oil rate in 4 years is more than 8.5 percent, the average single seed weight is more than 3g, and the single seed weight in at least one year reaches more than 4.5g, and two excellent clones of the superior trees No. 3 and No. 9 are screened out. The specific character indexes of the superior tree No. 3 are as follows: average unit crown yield of 1.42kg/m in 4 years2,The average fruit oil rate is 12.24 percent higher than that of a control group, the average single seed weight is 3.24g, and the highest single seed weight in the year is 4.56 g. The specific character indexes of the No. 9 superior tree are as follows: average unit crown yield of 1.40kg/m in 4 years2,The average fruit oil rate is 8.86%, the average single seed weight is 3.78g, and the highest single seed weight in the year is 5.25 g.
Example 2:
selecting a superior tree in a superior camellia oleifera family forest stand growing in 12 years and growing vigorously at 11 months in 2010, measuring the crown width and the single-plant yield on site, observing the flower bud condition, and collecting more than 1kg of fresh fruits to bring the fruits back to a laboratory to measure the economic characters of the fruits. Mainly comprises the weight of single fruit, the weight of single seed, the fresh seed yield, the dry seed kernel yield and the kernel oil content, and the fruit oil rate is calculated. The selected superior trees are plants which are required to grow robustly, have no obvious plant diseases and insect pests, have more fruits, large seeds, more flower buds and are uniformly distributed, the yield of the fruits per square meter of the crown area is more than 1.25kg, the weight of a single seed is more than 4.5g, and the oil yield is more than 8.5%. Based on the conditions, 7 excellent individuals were selected. In order to ensure the quality of scion branches in the next step, the selected superior trees are pruned, over-dense branches, overgrown branches and thin and weak branches of the superior trees are pruned, peripheral branches are cut short appropriately, and peripheral plant branches influencing the growth of the superior trees are removed.
And at the beginning of 6 months in 2011, selected superior tree branches are collected as scions, and the crown of the big tree is grafted and changed by adopting an improved bark pulling grafting method. The selected stock forest is divided into common camellia oleifera plants which grow for 13 years, have fertile soil, vigorous growth and regular plant-row spacing. 2-3 straight smooth main branches with the thickness of 2-4 cm are selected for each plant as rootstocks, and 2-3 scion buds are grafted on each rootstock. The complete random block design is adopted, local main planting improved variety Centipeda sinensis No. 3 is used as a control group, 8 clones are counted, 3 times of repetition are set, and 10 strains are repeated. Daily management and protection of the forest land are well carried out, the grass is shoveled and nursed twice a year, 1kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant in early summer, and 1.5kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in winter and spring.
Yield and fruit economic trait determinations were continuously determined for 4 years since 2014. The selection standard requires that the oil production is improved by more than 10 percent compared with the oil production of the contrast Centipeda-3, the average fruit oil rate in 4 years is more than 8.5 percent, the average single seed weight is more than 3g, and the single seed weight reaches more than 4.5g in at least one year. Screening 1 excellent clone, wherein the specific character indexes are as follows: average unit crown yield of 1.42kg/m in 4 years2,The average fruit oil rate is 8.89%, the average single seed weight is 3.35g, and the highest single seed weight in the year is 4.83 g.
Claims (4)
1. A breeding method of a large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia clonal line is characterized by comprising the following operation steps:
(1) selecting and processing a superior tree, and specifically operating as follows:
determining a preferred tree selection group: selecting the superior camellia oleifera family forest stands which have entered the full bearing period;
selecting a superior tree: selecting plants which are robust in growth, free of obvious plant diseases and insect pests, large in seed, large in flower bud and uniform in distribution from the excellent camellia oleifera family forest stand;
sampling and measuring: actually measuring the crown width of the plant and the yield of the fresh fruit of a single plant on site, and calculating the yield of the fruit and the fruit oil rate of the crown width per square meter;
screening superior trees: selecting plants with the crown breadth area per square meter of which the fruit yield is more than 1.25kg, the weight of a single seed is more than 4.5g and the fruit oil rate is more than 8.5 percent as superior trees;
treating superior trees: pruning the superior tree to promote spring shoot germination so as to obtain a superior branch of the superior tree as a scion;
(2) the method comprises the following specific operations of evaluation and screening of superior tree clones:
selecting a rootstock: selecting mature common camellia oleifera plants with fertile forest land, vigorous growth, regular plant row spacing and tree age within 20 years, and selecting 2-3 straight smooth main branches with the diameter of 2-4 cm as rootstocks for each plant;
collecting spike strips: selecting a superior tree branch which is strong in growth, plump in bud, free of diseases and insect pests, semi-lignified to lignified and has the diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm as a scion;
grafting: grafting in 5-6 months by adopting an improved skin-pulling grafting method, and ensuring that each stock is grafted with 2-3 scion buds;
fourthly, tending management after grafting: the method comprises the following steps of (1) shoveling and tending the forest land twice every year, applying 1kg of compound fertilizer to each plant in early summer, and applying 1.5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant in winter and spring;
clone evaluation: from the 3 rd year of grafting and crown changing, the yield and the economic character of the fruit are continuously measured for 4 years, and the superior tree clone is screened according to the selection standard which is as follows: the selected superior tree clone has oil yield increased by 10% over that of the conventional control clone, average fruit oil yield of over 8.5% in four years, average single seed weight of over 3g, and single seed weight of over 4.5g in at least one year.
2. The breeding method of large-grain and high-oil-content common camellia clonal line according to claim 1, characterized in that the superior tree in step 1) selects a group, specifically a good common camellia family forest stand with good forest stand growth potential, no obvious plant diseases and insect pests and generally large grain.
3. The breeding method of the large-kernel high-oil-content common camellia clone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the superior tree treatment in the step 1) is to cut off branches of surrounding plants affecting the growth of the superior tree, trim the superior tree itself, cut off over dense branches, overgrown branches, thin and weak branches, and cut off the surrounding branches.
4. The method for breeding large-grain and high-oil-content normal oil tea clone according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the clone evaluation in step 2), the traditional control clone is a complete random block design by taking the current main cultivation of improved oil tea as a control, and each test clone is provided with 3 times of repetition, and each repetition is 10.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115956469A (en) * | 2022-10-19 | 2023-04-14 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | Clone testing and matching method for camellia oleifera |
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Application publication date: 20211112 |