CN113451013A - 磁芯、磁性部件和电子设备 - Google Patents

磁芯、磁性部件和电子设备 Download PDF

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CN113451013A
CN113451013A CN202110307204.XA CN202110307204A CN113451013A CN 113451013 A CN113451013 A CN 113451013A CN 202110307204 A CN202110307204 A CN 202110307204A CN 113451013 A CN113451013 A CN 113451013A
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China
Prior art keywords
particles
soft magnetic
magnetic core
small
magnetic
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CN202110307204.XA
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吉留和宏
松元裕之
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TDK Corp
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TDK Corp
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Priority claimed from JP2021003704A external-priority patent/JP2021158340A/ja
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Publication of CN113451013A publication Critical patent/CN113451013A/zh
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    • C22C45/02Amorphous alloys with iron as the major constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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Abstract

本发明能够得到在将相对磁导率维持为较高的状态下提高了耐电压特性的磁芯等。该磁芯在截面上包括作为海伍德直径为5μm以上25μm以下的软磁性颗粒观察到的大颗粒和作为海伍德直径为0.5μm以上且低于5μm的软磁性颗粒观察到的小颗粒。将接近大颗粒的小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C1,将也包含不接近大颗粒的小颗粒在内的在截面上观察到的全部小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C2,满足C1<C2。将接近大颗粒的小颗粒定义为从小颗粒的重心到大颗粒的表面的距离为3μm以下的小颗粒。

Description

磁芯、磁性部件和电子设备
技术领域
本发明涉及磁芯、磁性部件和电子设备。
背景技术
专利文献1记载了一种感应器,其通过将对金属磁性粉末进行压粉而得到的压粉磁芯和线圈部一体成型而成。但是,在使用金属磁性粉末的情况下,磁芯损耗容易增大。在此,通过使用非晶质合金粉末作为金属磁性粉末,磁芯损耗得到改善。但是,已知在该情况下在成型时提高压粉磁芯的密度变得困难。
专利文献2、3提出了将结晶质的合金磁性粉末和非晶质的合金磁性粉末混合使用。
专利文献4记载了通过使用实用球形度的平均值高的非晶质软磁性粉末,能够提供损耗比现有技术低的感应器等。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2003-309024号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2004-197218号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2004-363466号公报
专利文献4:日本专利第5110660号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的技术问题
本发明的目的在于得到在将相对磁导率维持为较高的状态下提高了耐电压特性的磁芯等。
用于解决技术问题的技术方案
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种磁芯,其在截面上包括作为海伍德直径(Heywood直径)为5μm以上25μm以下的软磁性颗粒观察到的大颗粒和作为海伍德直径为0.5μm以上且低于5μm的软磁性颗粒观察到的小颗粒,将接近上述大颗粒的上述小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C1,将也包含不接近上述大颗粒的上述小颗粒在内的在上述截面上观察到的全部小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C2,满足C1<C2,将接近上述大颗粒的上述小颗粒定义为从上述小颗粒的重心到上述大颗粒的表面的距离为3μm以下的小颗粒。
发现了本发明的磁芯由于包括大颗粒和小颗粒,且使接近大颗粒的小颗粒的平均圆形度小于全部小颗粒的平均圆形度,因而与现有技术的磁芯相比能够在将相对磁导率维持为较高的状态下提高耐电压特性。
上述截面上的软磁性颗粒的面积比例可以为75%以上且90%以下。
在上述截面上,不属于上述大颗粒和上述小颗粒的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径的最大值可以为50μm以下。
还可以包含树脂。
截面上的磁性体以外的部分可以被树脂或树脂和空隙占据。
上述截面上的上述大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度可以为0.930以上。
上述大颗粒可以为非晶质。
上述大颗粒可以包含纳米结晶。
上述小颗粒可以包含Fe作为主成分。
上述小颗粒可以包含Fe和选自Si及Ni中的至少一种作为主成分。
本发明的磁性部件包括上述的磁芯。
本发明的电子设备包括上述的磁芯。
附图说明
图1是实施例3的截面的SEM图像。
图2是通过X射线结晶结构解析而得到的曲线的一例。
图3是通过对图2的曲线进行峰形拟合而得到的图形的一例。
具体实施方式
以下,对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
本实施方式的磁芯包含软磁性颗粒。而且,软磁性颗粒相对于截面整体的合计面积比例可以为75%以上90%以下。通过软磁性颗粒的合计面积比例为75%以上90%以下,容易使磁芯的磁芯强度、相对磁导率和耐电压变得良好。
本实施方式的磁芯包括作为海伍德直径为5μm以上25μm以下的软磁性颗粒观察到的大颗粒和作为海伍德直径为0.5μm以上且低于5μm的软磁性颗粒观察到的小颗粒。
大颗粒相对于截面整体的合计面积比例可以为10%以上,也可以为30%以上。小颗粒的合计面积比例可以为5%以上,也可以为15%以上。另外,可以将大颗粒的合计面积比例设为S1,将小颗粒的合计面积比例设为S2,S1:S2=1:9~9:1。
海伍德直径是投影面积圆当量直径。将截面上的软磁性颗粒的面积设为S,本实施方式的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径为(4S/π)1/2
而且,对于本实施方式的磁芯,将接近上述大颗粒的上述小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C1,将上述小颗粒整体的平均圆形度设为C2,满足C1<C2。此外,可以满足C2-C1≥0.001,也可以满足C2-C1≥0.010,也可以满足C2-C1≥0.015以上。
在C2大于C1的情况下,如图1所示,接近大颗粒的小颗粒从球形成为比较变形的状态。而且,接近大颗粒的小颗粒成为具有比较偏平的形状的状态。
本发明的发明人发现了通过磁芯所包含的软磁性颗粒中的接近大颗粒的小颗粒成为具有比较偏平的形状的状态,与现有技术的磁芯相比能够在维持磁性体密度的状态下提高相对磁导率和耐电压特性。
此外,对C1、C2的具体值没有特别限定,但可以为0.600≤C1≤0.970,也可以为0.731≤C1≤0.921,也可以为0.731≤C1≤0.842。也可以为0.600≤C2≤0.970,也可以为0.710≤C2≤0.970,也可以为0.793≤C2≤0.900。
在本实施方式中,将接近大颗粒的小颗粒定义为从小颗粒的重心到大颗粒的表面的距离为3μm以下的小颗粒。
另外,各颗粒的重心的位置能够通过利用通常的方法解析各颗粒的截面的形状而确定。从小颗粒的重心到大颗粒的表面的距离被定义为大颗粒的表面中距小颗粒的重心最近的点与小颗粒的重心之间的距离。
另外,本实施方式的大颗粒和小颗粒可以在表面具有包覆部。包覆部可以是绝缘被膜。包覆部的种类没有特别限制,只要是本技术领域中常用的通过涂布而形成的包覆部即可。例如可以举出铁系氧化物、磷酸盐、硅酸盐(水玻璃)、钠钙玻璃、硼硅酸玻璃、铅玻璃、铝硅酸玻璃、硼酸盐玻璃、硫酸盐玻璃等。作为磷酸盐,例如可以举出磷酸镁、磷酸钙、磷酸锌、磷酸锰、磷酸镉。作为硅酸盐,例如可以举出硅酸钠。另外,包覆部的厚度也没有特别限制。如果是形成于大颗粒的包覆部,则平均可以为5nm以上100nm以下。如果是形成于小颗粒的包覆部,则平均可以为5nm以上100nm以下。此外,由于上述的包覆部的厚度明显小于各颗粒的粒径,所以各颗粒的粒径可以包含包覆部的厚度,也可以不包含包覆部的厚度。各颗粒的粒径是否包含包覆部的厚度不会对C1、C2等的值产生实质上的影响。
另外,本实施方式的磁芯可以包含树脂。树脂的种类没有特别限制。例如可以例示硅树脂或环氧树脂等。磁芯中的树脂的含量也没有特别限制。例如,相对于软磁性颗粒100质量份,可以为1.5质量份以上5.0质量份以下,也可以为1.5质量份以上4.5质量份以下。
另外,磁芯的截面上的磁性体以外的部分可以被树脂或树脂和空隙占据。此外,磁性体主要为软磁性颗粒,但磁性体的种类没有特别限定。通过磁性体以外的部分被树脂或树脂和空隙占据,容易提高耐电压特性。
上述截面上的上述大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度可以为0.93以上,也可以进一步优选为0.95以上。
为了评价颗粒的形状,大多使用以2×(π×截面面积)1/2/(截面的周长)算出的圆形度,但本实施方式中,小颗粒以圆形度评价颗粒的形状,大颗粒以椭圆圆形度评价颗粒的形状。椭圆圆形度为4×截面面积/(长轴×短轴×π)。
一般而言,在颗粒偏平的情况下,圆形度低。但是,即使在颗粒偏平的情况下,椭圆圆形度也高。另一方面,即使在颗粒呈凹陷的形状或歪斜的形状的情况下,有时圆形度也不低。但是,在颗粒呈凹陷的形状或歪斜的形状的情况下,椭圆圆形度低。此外,在颗粒呈具有较大凹凸的形状的情况下,圆形度、椭圆圆形度均低。即,为了评价颗粒从正圆来看是否呈偏平以外的变形,例如颗粒是否具有凹陷或变形或凹凸,有时优选使用椭圆圆形度。
以下,对磁芯的截面的观察方法进行说明。
首先,对将磁芯切断而得到的截面进行研磨,制作观察面。接着,利用SEM观察观察面,并拍摄SEM图像。
SEM的观察范围的大小没有特别限制,只要能够观察100个以上的任意的大颗粒即可,优选能够观察1000个以上的任意的大颗粒。另外,可以设定相互不同的观察范围,拍摄各个观察范围的SEM图像,利用多个SEM图像的合计来观察上述个数的颗粒。
SEM图像的倍率没有特别限制,只要能够测定本实施方式的各种参数即可。例如,可以为1000倍以上5000倍以下。
本实施方式的磁芯通过接近上述大颗粒的上述小颗粒的平均圆形度C1和上述小颗粒整体的平均圆形度C2的大小关系如上述那样,能够在维持与现有技术的磁芯同等的相对磁导率的状态下提高耐电压特性。
以下说明本实施方式的磁芯相对于现有技术的磁芯而言在维持较高的相对磁导率的状态下能够提高耐电压特性的原因。
在构成磁芯的软磁性颗粒包含大颗粒和小颗粒的情况下,对于大颗粒,异形的形状的颗粒即具有凹陷或变形或凹凸的颗粒越少越好。这是因为异形的形状的颗粒具有突起部。突起部成为端点,在电压施加时,电场容易集中于突起部。由于电场集中于突起部,磁芯的耐电压特性降低。
在软磁性颗粒具有由非晶质构成的结构的情况下,软磁性颗粒例如可以具有由组成式(Fe(1-(α+β))X1αX2β)(1-(a+b+c+d+e+f))MaBbPcSidCeSf构成的主成分,
可以X1为选自Co和Ni中的一种以上,
X2为选自Al、Mn、Ag、Zn、Sn、As、Sb、Cu、Cr、Bi、N、O和稀土元素中的一种以上,
M为选自Nb、Hf、Zr、Ta、Mo、W、Ti和V中的一种以上,
0≤a≤0.14,
0≤b≤0.20,
0≤c≤0.20,
0≤d≤0.14,
0≤e≤0.20,
0≤f≤0.02,
0.70≤1-(a+b+c+d+e+f)≤0.93,
α≥0,
β≥0,
0≤α+β≤0.50。
其中,上述的组成式以原子数比表示。
另外,就磁芯的耐电压特性而言,比较磁芯所包含的软磁性颗粒彼此的接触为面接触的情况和为点接触的情况,在为面接触的情况下容易提高。在软磁性颗粒彼此的接触为点接触的情况和为面接触的情况下,为面接触的情况的软磁性颗粒彼此的接触面积较大。其中,软磁性颗粒彼此的接触面积越大,在电压施加时施加于软磁性颗粒彼此接触的部分的每单位面积的电压越小。即,在软磁性颗粒彼此的接触为面接触的情况下,在电压施加时电场集中的部位变少。认为通过增加软磁性颗粒彼此的接触为面接触的频率,磁芯的耐电压特性容易提高。
接近大颗粒的小颗粒越偏平越好。这是因为,在接近大颗粒的小颗粒偏平的情况下,软磁性颗粒彼此的接触面积、特别是大颗粒和接近大颗粒的小颗粒的接触面积变大。即,如果仅考虑该点,则小颗粒的平均圆形度越小越好。但是,在所有的小颗粒的圆形度较小的情况下,接近大颗粒的小颗粒以外也偏平。还认为在磁芯颗粒偏平的情况下,长轴方向的顶点为突起部。而且,突起部成为端点,在电压施加时,电场容易集中于突起部。由于电场集中于突起部,磁芯的耐电压特性降低。因此,即使仅减少所有的小颗粒的圆形度,也难以提高磁芯的耐电压特性,相反有时还降低。
本发明的发明人发现了,在图1所示那样接近大颗粒的小颗粒的圆形度比其它的小颗粒的圆形度小的情况下,能够兼顾软磁性颗粒彼此的接触面积大和电场容易集中的部位少。
一般而言,磁芯的磁性体密度通过提高软磁性颗粒的填充率而提高。而且,当提高软磁性颗粒的填充率时,相对磁导率呈现上升的倾向。但是,当提高软磁性颗粒的填充率时,软磁性颗粒彼此的间隔变窄。因此,当提高软磁性颗粒的填充率时,在电压施加时,电场集中的部位增加。根据以上,一般而言,由于提高软磁性颗粒的填充率,耐电压特性变差。
即,目前通过提高软磁性颗粒的填充率,提高了磁芯的磁性体密度并提高了相对磁导率。但是,由于提高软磁性颗粒的填充率,耐电压特性变差。因此,难以在相对磁导率较高的状态下提高耐电压特性。本发明的发明人通过使接近大颗粒的小颗粒的圆形度小于其它的小颗粒的圆形度,成功地实现了较高的相对磁导率且提高了耐电压特性。
大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度越大,越容易提高磁芯的耐电压特性。大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度越大,大颗粒中突起部越减少,因此,在电压施加时,电场集中的部位减少。而且,由于大颗粒中电场集中的部位减少,耐电压特性容易提高。
磁芯的填充率的算出方法没有特别限制。例如,使用SEM对上述的观察面进行观察。然后,算出颗粒相对于观察面整体的面积的面积比例。而且,在本实施方式中,该面积比例和填充率视为相等,将该面积比例作为填充率。
在上述截面上,不属于上述大颗粒和上述小颗粒的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径的最大值可以为50μm以下。换言之,上述截面上海伍德直径最大的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径可以为50μm以下。
此外,上述截面上海伍德直径最大的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径也可以为25μm以下。即,可以在上述截面上观察不到海伍德直径比大颗粒大的软磁性颗粒。
在不属于上述大颗粒和上述小颗粒的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径的最大值超过50μm的情况下,难以提高磁芯的耐电压特性。这是因为当海伍德直径较大的软磁性颗粒包含于磁芯时,在施加电压的方向上,每单位长度的软磁性颗粒以外的部分的个数减少。特别是在向软磁性颗粒以外的部分填充树脂,上述截面上的磁性体以外的部分被树脂或树脂和空隙占据的情况下,是否包含海伍德直径较大的软磁性颗粒引起的耐电压特性的差容易变大。
软磁性颗粒内部的微细结构没有特别限制。例如,软磁性颗粒可以具有包含非晶质的结构,也可以具有由结晶构成的结构。优选大颗粒具有在非晶质中包含平均结晶粒径为0.3nm以上10nm以下的初始微晶的纳米异质结构。此外,在软磁性颗粒具有仅由非晶质构成的结构或纳米异质结构的情况下,后述的非晶质化率X为85%以上。在软磁性颗粒具有由结晶构成的结构的情况下,后述的非晶质化率X低于85%。在填充率大致相同的情况中,在大颗粒具有纳米异质结构的情况下,相对磁导率比大颗粒具有仅由非晶质构成的结构的情况提高。另外,优选大颗粒具有由结晶构成的结构,即具有平均结晶粒径为1nm以上30nm以下,且结晶粒径最大为100nm以下的结构(纳米结晶结构)。在填充率大致相同的情况中,在大颗粒具有纳米结晶结构的情况下,磁芯的相对磁导率进一步提高。此外,在包含结晶、特别是纳米结晶的软磁性颗粒中,通常在一个颗粒中包含多个结晶。即,软磁性颗粒的粒径和结晶粒径不同。此外,结晶粒径的算出方法没有特别限制。例如可以列举通过解析XRD测定所得到的半值宽且评价微晶尺寸而算出结晶粒径的方法以及通过使用TEM观察结晶而算出结晶粒径的方法。
另外,软磁性颗粒(特别是大颗粒)所包含的纳米结晶可以是Fe基纳米结晶。Fe基纳米结晶是平均结晶粒径为纳米级(具体而言为0.1nm以上100nm以下)、Fe的结晶结构为bcc(体心立方晶格结构)的结晶。Fe基纳米结晶的平均结晶粒径的算出方法没有特别限制。例如,可以举出通过解析XRD测定所得到的半值宽且评价微晶尺寸而算出结晶粒径的方法以及通过使用TEM进行观察而算出结晶粒径的方法。另外,确认结晶结构为bcc的方法也没有特别限制。例如可以举出使用XRD进行确认的方法以及通过解析使用TEM得到的电子束衍射图案进行确认的方法。
在本实施方式中,Fe基纳米结晶的平均结晶粒径可以为1~30nm。具有由这样的Fe基纳米结晶构成的结构的软磁性颗粒的饱和磁通密度容易变高,矫顽力容易变低。即,软磁特性容易提高。即,通过包含该软磁性颗粒,容易使磁芯获得低矫顽力且高相对磁导率。另外,由于包含该软磁性颗粒的磁芯的饱和磁通密度上升,所以磁芯的直流叠加特性提高。由此,通过使用具有由Fe基纳米结晶构成的结构的软磁性颗粒,容易提高磁芯的特性。
在软磁性颗粒具有由Fe基纳米结晶构成的结构的情况下,软磁性颗粒可以具有例如由组成式(Fe(1-(α+β))X1αX2β)(1-(a+b+c+d+e+f))MaBbPcSidCeSf构成的主成分,
可以X1为选自Co和Ni中的一种以上,
X2为选自Al、Mn、Ag、Zn、Sn、As、Sb、Cu、Cr、Bi、N、O和稀土元素中的一种以上,
M为选自Nb、Hf、Zr、Ta、Mo、W、Ti和V中的一种以上,
0≤a≤0.14,
0≤b≤0.20,
0≤c≤0.20,
0≤d≤0.14,
0≤e≤0.20,
0≤f≤0.02,
0.70≤1-(a+b+c+d+e+f)≤0.93,
α≥0,
β≥0,
0≤α+β≤0.50。
其中,上述的组成式以原子数比表示。
在后述的磁芯的制造方法中,在对包含具有上述的组成的软磁性颗粒的软磁性金属粉末进行热处理的情况下,容易在软磁性颗粒中析出Fe基纳米结晶。换言之,具有上述的组成的软磁性金属粉末容易作为具有析出了Fe基纳米结晶的软磁性颗粒的软磁性金属粉末的起始原料。
在通过热处理在软磁性颗粒中析出Fe基纳米结晶的情况下,热处理前的软磁性颗粒可以具有仅由非晶质构成的结构,也可以具有在非晶质中存在初始微晶的纳米异质结构。此外,初始微晶的平均粒径可以为0.3nm以上10nm以下。另外,在软磁性颗粒具有仅由非晶质构成的结构或纳米异质结构的情况下,后述的非晶质化率X为85%以上。
另外,关于小颗粒,作为主成分优选包含Fe。另外,作为主成分,优选包含Fe和选自Si及Ni中的至少一种。
其中,作为主成分包含Fe是指软磁性颗粒整体中的Fe的含量为50at%以上100at%以下。
作为主成分包含Fe和选自Si及Ni中的至少一种是指软磁性颗粒至少包含Fe和选自Si及Ni中的至少一种,并且软磁性颗粒整体中的Fe、Si和Ni的合计含量为50at%以上100at%以下。此外,该情况下的Fe的含量可以为15at%以上95at%以下。Si和Ni的合计含量可以为3at%以上90at%以下。此外,主成分以外的元素的种类没有特别限制。例如,可以举出Co、Cr、Al等。
通过小颗粒具有上述的组成,能够制作具有高磁特性的磁芯。即,在磁芯具有包含Fe作为主成分的小颗粒的情况下,能够提高小颗粒的饱和磁通密度。因此,能够提高磁芯整体的饱和磁通密度,能够使磁芯的直流叠加特性良好。另外,在磁芯具有包含Fe和选自Si及Ni中的至少一种作为主成分的小颗粒的情况下,能够提高小颗粒的相对磁导率。因此,能够提高磁芯整体的相对磁导率。
以下表示本实施方式的磁芯的制造方法,但磁芯的制造方法不限定于下述的方法。
首先,制作包含上述的本实施方式的软磁性颗粒的软磁性金属粉末。本实施方式的软磁性金属粉末能够通过混合最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末和最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末而得到。
最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末例如能够通过气体雾化法制作。
在气体雾化法中,利用气体雾化法将使原料金属熔融得到的熔融金属粉末化,制作软磁性金属粉末。熔融金属的组成设为与最终想要得到的大颗粒的组成相同的组成。此时,熔融金属从形成有排出口的容器向冷却部滴下。熔融金属的温度为喷射温度。喷射温度没有特别限制。例如为1200℃以上1600℃以下。喷射温度越高,平均圆形度越容易接近1,平均粒径容易变小。即,平均椭圆圆形度也容易接近1。
另外,以包围上述排出口的方式配置有具备气体喷射口的气体喷嘴。从气体喷射口向从排出口滴下的熔融金属喷射高压气体(喷射压(气体压力)为2.0MPa以上10MPa以下的气体)。其结果,熔融金属成为大量熔滴。通过控制此时的高压气体的压力,能够改变最终得到的软磁性金属粉末的粒径和软磁性金属粉末的形状。具体而言,在熔融金属的喷射量相同的情况下,高压气体的压力越高,最终得到的软磁性金属粉末的粒径越小。即,能够通过高压气体的压力相对于熔融金属的喷射量的比率来改变软磁性金属粉末的粒径和软磁性金属粉末的形状。
作为从气体喷射口喷射的气体,优选为氮气、氩气、氦气等不活泼气体、或氨分解气体等还原性气体。另外,在熔融金属21难以氧化的情况下,也可以是空气。
熔融金属所滴下的冷却部的形状没有特别限制,例如可以为内部形成有与熔融金属碰撞的冷却液流的筒体。在该情况下,通过控制熔融金属的喷射量、上述所表示的高压气体压力和冷却液流的水压,能够改变最终得到的磁芯中的大颗粒的粒径和平均圆形度变化。即,通过熔融金属的喷射量、高压气体压力和冷却液流的水压的平衡,进行大颗粒的粒径和平均圆形度的控制。熔融金属的喷射量可以为0.5kg/min以上4.0kg/min以下,水压可以为5.0MPa以上20.0MPa以下。具体而言,喷射量越大,粒径越容易变大。另外,水压越低,大颗粒的平均圆形度越容易接近1。即平均椭圆圆形度也容易接近1。
向冷却液流排出的熔融金属与冷却液流碰撞,进一步被分断且微细化,并且形状变化且被冷却固化,成为固体状的软磁性金属粉末。与冷却液一起排出的软磁性金属粉末在外部的贮存槽等中与冷却液分离并被取出。此外,冷却液的种类没有特别限定。例如可以使用冷却水。此外,在不使用冷却液的情况下,最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末容易包含结晶粒径超过100nm的粗大的结晶。
可以对所得到的软磁性金属粉末实施热处理。热处理的条件没有特别限制。例如,可以以400~700℃进行0.1~10小时的热处理。通过进行热处理,在颗粒的微细结构为仅具有非晶质的结构或在非晶质中存在初始微晶的纳米异质结构的情况下,颗粒的微细结构容易成为包含纳米结晶的结构。而且,存在软磁性金属粉末的矫顽力减少的倾向。此外,在热处理的温度过高的情况下,存在软磁性金属粉末的矫顽力增加的倾向。
确认软磁性金属粉末的微细结构的方法没有特别限制。例如可以利用XRD进行确认。另外,压粉前的软磁性金属粉末的微细结构与压粉后的磁芯所包含的颗粒的微细结构通常相同。
在本实施方式中,下述式(1)中所示的非晶质化率X为85%以上的软磁性金属粉末具有仅由非晶质构成的结构或纳米异质结构,非晶质化率X低于85%的软磁性金属粉末具有由结晶构成的结构。
X=100-(Ic/(Ic+Ia)×100)…(1)
Ic:结晶性散射积分强度
Ia:非晶性散射积分强度
关于非晶质化率X,利用XRD对软磁性金属粉末实施X射线结晶结构解析,进行相的鉴定,读取结晶化后的Fe或化合物的峰值(Ic:结晶性散射积分强度,Ia:非晶性散射积分强度),根据该峰值强度推算结晶化率,并通过上述式(1)进行计算。以下,进一步对计算方法进行具体说明。
利用XRD对本实施方式的软磁性金属粉末进行X射线结晶结构解析,得到图2所示的曲线。使用下述式(2)的洛伦兹函数对该曲线进行峰形拟合,得到图3所示的表示结晶性散射积分强度的结晶成分图形αc、表示非晶性散射积分强度的非晶成分图形αa、以及将它们合在一起的图形αc+a。根据所得到的图形的结晶性散射积分强度和非晶性散射积分强度,通过上述式(1)求取非晶质化率X。其中,测定范围设为能够确认来自非晶质的晕圈的衍射角2θ=30°~60°的范围。在该范围内,利用XRD实测的积分强度与使用洛伦兹函数算出的积分强度的误差在1%以内。
Figure BDA0002988298280000121
h:峰高度
u:峰位置
w:半值宽
b:背景高度
最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末例如通过液相法、喷雾热分解法、熔融法等各种粉末化法制造。
另外,通过进一步利用球磨机对所得到的软磁性金属粉末进行处理,能够改变圆形度。具体而言,通过利用球磨机的处理,能够将软磁性金属粉末异形化,能够减小最终得到的磁芯所包含的小颗粒的平均圆形度。球磨机的处理时间越长,软磁性金属粉末越异形化。
最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末的平均粒径能够通过使用气流分极机适当除去粗粉和/或微粉来进行控制。
另外,对于上述的各软磁性金属粉末,也可以在该时刻形成包覆部。包覆部的形成方法没有特别限制。
在由本实施方式的软磁性金属粉末制作磁芯的情况下,首先,混合最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末和最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末。混合方法没有特别限制。另外,混合比例例如可以使最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末∶最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末以质量比计达到9∶1~1∶9。
作为使接近大颗粒的小颗粒的平均圆形度C1小于全部小颗粒的平均圆形度C2的方法之一,可以举出以下所示的方法。首先,本实施方式的磁芯的制造方法中,制作最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末(以下,有时称为小颗粒粉末),且平均圆形度相互不同的两种以上的粉末。另外,在上述的混合时,首先,混合最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末(以下,有时称为大颗粒粉末)和最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末中平均圆形度小的粉末(以下,有时称为小圆形度小颗粒粉末)。接着,添加最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末中平均圆形度大的粉末(以下,有时称为大圆形度小颗粒粉末)并混合。利用该方法混合各软磁性金属粉末,由此能够使最终得到的磁芯中接近大颗粒的小颗粒的平均圆形度C1小于全部小颗粒的平均圆形度C2。这是因为,通过大颗粒粉末和小圆形度小颗粒粉末的混合,小圆形度小颗粒粉末附着于大颗粒粉末。
此外,小圆形度小颗粒粉末和大圆形度小颗粒粉末的混合比例没有特别限制。例如小圆形度小颗粒粉末∶大圆形度小颗粒粉末可以以质量比计为1∶9~9∶1。
接着,可以根据需要向混合的软磁性金属粉末中进一步添加树脂。可以使树脂相对于磁芯整体的比例成为1.5质量%以上5.0质量%以下,也可以成为1.5质量%以上4.5质量%以下。另外,也可以对添加树脂而混合的粉末进行造粒。此外,树脂量越少,越难以对软磁性金属粉末进行压缩成型。另外,对软磁性金属粉末进行压缩成型而得到的磁芯的强度容易不足。当磁芯的强度不足时,磁芯的处理变得困难。
然后,将得到的粉末充填于模具内进行压缩成型而得到磁芯。压缩成型可以以例如1t/cm2以上8t/cm2以下的成型压进行。通过使成型压变化,能够控制软磁性颗粒的填充率,能够控制截面上的磁性体面积。
以上,对本实施方式的磁芯进行了说明,但本发明的磁芯不限定于上述的实施方式。
另外,本发明的磁芯的用途也没有特别限制。例如,可以举出感应器、扼流线圈、变压器等线圈部件(磁性部件)。还可以举出使用了本发明的磁芯的电子设备、例如DC-DC转换器等。
实施例
以下,基于详细的实施例进一步对本发明进行说明,但本发明不限定于这些实施例。
实验例1
实验例1中,通过气体雾化法制作最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末(大颗粒粉末)。组成为Fe0.800Nb0.070B0.098P0.030S0.002
此时,控制雾化条件,以得到的软磁性金属粉末的以个数基准计的平均粒径(D50)成为10.3μm的方式适当控制。具体而言,将熔融金属的喷射量设为1.2kg/分钟,并设定喷射温度1500℃、气体压力7.0MPa、水压10.0MPa。
然后,对得到的软磁性金属粉末进行热处理。热处理条件设为600℃且1小时,热处理时的气氛设为Ar气氛。
确认了所得到的软磁性金属粉末的以个数基准计的平均粒径(D50)为10.3μm。以个数基准计的平均粒径使用Morphologi G3进行测定。另外,使用XRD和STEM确认了各软磁性金属粉末为由纳米结晶构成的结构。另外,仅使用所得到的软磁性金属粉末利用后述的方法制作磁芯后,对于磁芯的截面,利用SEM以至少能够观察到10个以上软磁性颗粒的大小进行观察。以合计观察到100个以上软磁性颗粒的方式,重复进行SEM观察。然后,测定100个以上软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径。其结果,软磁性颗粒的平均粒径(D50)达到7.5μm。观察磁芯的截面而测定的软磁性颗粒的平均粒径小于实际的软磁性金属粉末的平均粒径是由于在切断磁芯的截面时切断软磁性金属粉末的任意部位的缘故。
另外,通过喷雾热分解法制作最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末(小颗粒粉末)。在表1中表示各实施例和比较例中的小颗粒粉末的组成。另外,使用气流分级机适当除去粗粉和/或微粉,由此以小颗粒粉末的平均粒径(D50)达到1.5μm的方式控制。在该时刻,小颗粒粉末呈接近正圆的形状,另外,使用所得到的小颗粒粉末并利用后述的方法制作磁芯后,对于磁芯的截面,使用SEM并以至少观察到10个以上软磁性颗粒的大小进行观察。以合计观察到100个以上软磁性颗粒的方式,重复进行SEM的观察。然后,测定100个以上软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径。其结果,软磁性颗粒的平均粒径(D50)达到1.1μm。
接着,对于小颗粒粉末的一部分,利用球磨机进行处理,由此,制作小圆形度小颗粒粉末。其中,处理时间设为60分钟。不进行利用球磨机的处理的小颗粒粉末的处理时间看作0分钟。然后,球磨机的处理时间较短的小颗粒粉末为大圆形度小颗粒粉末,球磨机的处理时间较长的小颗粒粉末为小圆形度小颗粒粉末。
而且,对于大颗粒粉末,使用磷酸锌形成平均厚度20nm的包覆部。另外,对于小颗粒粉末,使用磷酸锌形成平均厚度10nm的包覆部。
接着,混合大颗粒粉末和小颗粒粉末。
方法1中,准备处理时间为0分钟的一种小颗粒粉末,仅将大颗粒粉末和小颗粒粉末混合。此外,使大颗粒粉末∶小颗粒粉末以质量比计成为8∶2。
方法2中,首先,混合大颗粒粉末和处理时间为60分钟的小圆形度小颗粒粉末。接着,添加处理时间为0分钟的大圆形度小颗粒粉末并混合。此外,使大颗粒粉末∶小圆形度小颗粒粉末∶大圆形度小颗粒粉末以质量比计达到8∶0.5∶1.5。
在表1中表示对于各试样使用方法1和方法2中哪一方法进行了混合。
然后,相对于通过上述混合而得到的软磁性金属粉末100质量份,以环氧树脂达到表1所示的树脂量的方式利用丙酮稀释而添加。然后,对利用捏合机混炼、干燥而得到的凝聚物进行整粒,使得以体积粒度分布计平均粒径达到355μm以下,得到颗粒。将其填充到模具中。模具的形状使得最终得到的磁芯的形状成为环形。
接着,对软磁性金属粉末进行加压成型。控制成型压使得此时得到的磁芯的截面上的磁性体面积的比例达到表1所示的值。具体而言,成型压控制在1~8ton/cm2的范围内。
对于各实验例,观察与成型方向(高度方向)平行地切断的截面。具体而言,利用SEM以能够看到10个以上大颗粒的方式设定观察范围进行观察。倍率设为1000倍。另外,对于各实验例确认了大颗粒相对于磁芯所包含的全部软磁性颗粒的面积比例为10%以上,小颗粒的面积比例为10%以上。
然后,测定各实验例的磁芯中的大颗粒的平均圆形度、小颗粒的平均圆形度(C1和C2)、软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径的最大值、磁性体面积的比例、相对磁导率和耐电压特性。各磁芯的C1、C2、大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度、海伍德直径的最大值和填充率根据SEM图像进行算出。相对磁导率使用IMPEDANCE/GAIN-PHASE ANALYZER(Yokogawa Hewlett-PackardCompany制造,4194A)进行测定。将相对磁导率高于40的情况评价为良好。此外,大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度在实验例1的所有的试样中为0.98。
关于各磁芯的耐电压特性,在磁芯上形成一对In-Ga电极,利用一对铜板夹住一对In-Ga电极,对一对铜板施加电压,评价流通1mA电流时的电压。将结果表示在表1中。
然后,对于小颗粒的组成和混合方法以外的制造方法相互相同的各实验例,将利用方法2混合的实验例的耐电压特性相对于利用方法1混合的实验例的耐电压特性作为耐电压特性比率进行计算。将结果表示在表1中。此外,在耐电压特性比率为1.5以上的情况下,耐电压评价为良好,将1.8以上的情况评价为更良好。
【表1】
Figure BDA0002988298280000181
根据表1,满足C1<C2的各实施例与除了满足C1=C2的方面以外彼此相同的各比较例相比,耐电压特性提高了。特别是在满足C2-C1≥0.015的情况下,特别提高了耐电压特性。
实验例2
除了在表2所示的条件下制作各种小颗粒粉末的方面以外,利用与实验例1相同的条件进行实施。
【表2】
Figure BDA0002988298280000201
根据表2,满足C1<C2的各实施例与除了满足C1=C2的方面以外彼此相同的各比较例相比,耐电压特性提高了。即,即使C1、C2变化,在满足C1<C2的情况下,均提高了耐电压特性。
实验例3
实验例3的试样No.11、11a、12、12a中,改变由实验例1的试样No.3、3a制作大颗粒粉末时的熔融金属的喷射量和水压。将具体的数值表示在表3中。然后,使最终得到的磁芯中的大颗粒的平均圆形度分别达到表3所示的值。实验例3的试样No.13、13a中,除了由实验例1的试样No.3、3a不对大颗粒粉末以600℃进行1小时的热处理的方面以外,利用相同条件进行实施。利用XRD和STEM确认了试样No.11、11a、12、12a的大颗粒为由纳米结晶构成的结构,试样No.13、13a的大颗粒粉末为仅由非晶质构成的结构。另外,对于各实验例确认了大颗粒相对于磁芯所包含的全部软磁性颗粒的面积比例为10%以上,小颗粒的面积比例为10%以上。将结果表示在表3中。
【表3】
Figure BDA0002988298280000221
根据表3,即使改变大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度和大颗粒的微细结构,满足C1<C2的各实施例与除了满足C1=C2的方面以外彼此相同的各比较例相比,耐电压特性提高了。另外,大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度为0.95以上的试样No.3、11与大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度为0.93的试样No.12相比,耐电压特性提高了。
实验例4
实验例4中,改变由实验例1的试样No.3、3a制作大颗粒粉末时的熔融金属的喷射量和气体压力,并改变大颗粒粉末的平均粒径和磁芯中的大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度,使其达到表4所记载的值。利用XRD和STEM确认了各试样的大颗粒粉末为仅由纳米结晶构成的结构。另外,对于各实验例确认了大颗粒相对于磁芯所包含的全部软磁性颗粒的面积比例为10%以上,小颗粒的面积比例为10%以上。将结果表示在表4中。
【表4】
Figure BDA0002988298280000241
根据表4,即使改变大颗粒的平均粒径和大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度,满足C1<C2的各实施例与除了满足C1=C2的方面以外彼此相同的各比较例相比,耐电压特性提高了。另外,与海伍德直径的最大值超过50μm的试样No.25相比,试样No.3、21~24的耐电压特性较高。
实验例5
实验例5中,对于试样No.3、3a,改变磷酸锌的添加量并改变各颗粒的涂布厚度,除此以外,利用相同条件进行了实施。将结果表示在表5中。
【表5】
Figure BDA0002988298280000251
根据表5,即使改变涂布厚度,也成为同样的倾向。另外,涂布厚度越大,耐电压特性越提高,但相对磁导率呈降低的倾向。
实验例6
实验例6中,对于最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末,通过控制组成和雾化条件,改变结晶结构。将组成和结晶结构表示在表6中。具体而言,试样No.39a、39的雾化条件与试样No.3a、3的雾化条件相同。试样No.40a、40的雾化条件除了不喷射冷却水的方面以外,与试样No.3a、3的雾化条件相同。在试样No.39a、39、40a、40中未进行热处理。其它的点与实验例1同样。另外,大颗粒的组成以原子数比进行记载。将结果表示在表6中。
【表6】
Figure BDA0002988298280000261
根据表6,满足C1<C2的各实施例与除了满足C1=C2的方面以外彼此相同的各比较例相比,耐电压特性提高了。相对磁导率在各实施例中均良好。此外,在大颗粒的微细结构为仅由非晶质构成的结构的实施例(试样No.39)和大颗粒的微细结构为由结晶构成的结构且为包含结晶粒径超过100nm的粗大的结晶的结构的实施例(试样No.40)的情况下,相比于大颗粒的微细结构为由纳米结晶构成的结构的实施例(试样No.3),相对磁导率变低了。
实验例7
实验例7中,对于试样No.3、3a,改变最终大部分成为大颗粒的软磁性金属粉末和最终大部分成为小颗粒的软磁性金属粉末的混合比例,使得达到表7所示的S1∶S2。另外,与实验例1~6不同,将成型压统一成4t/cm2。这是为了也评价使S1∶S2变化时的磁性体面积的比例(填充率)的变化。其它的方面在相同条件下实施。将结果表示在表7中。
【表7】
Figure BDA0002988298280000271
根据表7,比较S1∶S2彼此相同的实施例和比较例。满足C1<C2的各实施例与除了满足C1=C2的方面以外彼此相同的各比较例相比,耐电压特性提高了。
根据表7,如果成型压相同,则在S1∶S2为8∶2的情况下,磁性体面积的比例(填充率)变高。在S1∶S2为8∶2的情况下,相对磁导率最高。S2相对于S1的比例越大,耐电压特性越提高了。但是,存在S2相对于S1的比例越大,磁性体面积的比例越降低,相对磁导率越降低的倾向。
对于表7的各实施例,使成型压在1~8t/cm2之间变化,确认了填充率的变化。在比较以相同成型压制作的实施例的情况下,即使是任意成型压,在S1∶S2为8∶2的情况下,磁性体面积的比例(填充率)和相对磁导率均变高。存在S2相对于S1的比例越大,耐电压特性越提高的倾向。但是,存在S2相对于S1的比例越大,磁性体面积的比例(填充率)越降低,相对磁导率越降低的倾向。因此,能够确认在S1∶S2为8∶2的情况下,充填性最良好。

Claims (12)

1.一种磁芯,其特征在于,
在截面上包括作为海伍德直径为5μm以上25μm以下的软磁性颗粒观察到的大颗粒和作为海伍德直径为0.5μm以上且低于5μm的软磁性颗粒观察到的小颗粒,
将接近所述大颗粒的所述小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C1,将也包含不接近所述大颗粒的所述小颗粒在内的在所述截面上观察到的全部小颗粒的平均圆形度设为C2,满足C1<C2,
将接近所述大颗粒的所述小颗粒定义为从所述小颗粒的重心到所述大颗粒的表面的距离为3μm以下的小颗粒。
2.根据权利要求1所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述截面上的软磁性颗粒的面积比例为75%以上90%以下。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
在所述截面上,不属于所述大颗粒和所述小颗粒的软磁性颗粒的海伍德直径的最大值为50μm以下。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
还包含树脂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述截面上的磁性体以外的部分被树脂或树脂和空隙占据。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述截面上的所述大颗粒的平均椭圆圆形度为0.930以上。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述大颗粒为非晶质。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述大颗粒包含纳米结晶。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述小颗粒包含Fe作为主成分。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的磁芯,其特征在于,
所述小颗粒包含Fe和选自Si及Ni中的至少一种作为主成分。
11.一种磁性部件,其特征在于,
包括权利要求1~10中任一项所述的磁芯。
12.一种电子设备,其特征在于,
包括权利要求1~10中任一项所述的磁芯。
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