CN113367162A - Plant pesticide, preparation and utilization method thereof in tobacco cultivation and preparation - Google Patents
Plant pesticide, preparation and utilization method thereof in tobacco cultivation and preparation Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides
- A01N47/46—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides containing —N=C=S groups
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N61/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing substances of unknown or undetermined composition, e.g. substances characterised only by the mode of action
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Abstract
A plant pesticide, its preparation method and its application method in tobacco cultivation and modulation are provided, the plant pesticide is mustard powder and/or mustard residue, or mustard extract, or mustard oil and/or horseradish extract, and extract or mixed solution with water, vinegar, cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid; the method for preparing the plant pesticide comprises the steps of warming, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering and extracting; the utilization method for tobacco cultivation and modulation comprises seedling disease and insect pest prevention and control, transplanting prevention and control, field disease prevention and field disease prevention. The invention has the advantages that the plant pesticide using mustard as the basic raw material, the preparation method and the pest control and utilization method thereof in tobacco seedling, transplanting, field management and modulation have high efficiency and no harm, and can improve the quality of tobacco leaves.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a plant pesticide, a preparation method thereof and a comprehensive utilization method thereof in tobacco seedling culture, transplanting, field management and modulation, in particular to a plant pesticide of mustard powder, mustard liquid and mustard oil, a preparation method thereof and a method for preventing algae, transplanting insects, preventing diseases in fields and modulating and preventing mildew in tobacco seedling culture.
Background
Mustard is also called mustard, and is also called mustard, American sweet potato, mustard powder, and a mixture of powder ground by black or brown mustard seeds and yellow or white mustard powder, has strong pungent and pungent flavors and is generally divided into green mustard and yellow mustard. Yellow mustard is originated from China and is prepared by grinding mustard seed, green mustard (green mustard) originated from Europe and prepared from horse radish, and has green color, stronger pungent smell than yellow mustard, and unique fragrance. The mustard is slightly bitter, spicy and aromatic, has strong stimulation to mouth and tongue, has unique taste, has fragrance after being wetted, has strong lacrimatory pungent taste, and has stimulation to taste and smell.
The mustard mainly contains glucosinolate, and is hydrolyzed into mustard oil and saccharide under the action of sulfatase after water is added to enhance pungent taste. The myrosinase generates allyl isothiocyanate with special fragrance, has strong volatility and strongly stimulates mucous membranes of eyes and noses. Sinapis Albathionin is hydrolyzed into p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate, and has weak volatility and acrid taste and fragrance of fructus Foeniculi. The isothiohydroxy acid ester (salt) has anthelmintic, analgesic, antibacterial, growth inhibiting effects on mold and other toxic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and food poisoning and growth inhibiting effects on other harmful bacteria. Relevant researches show that 25 compounds are separated from the spicy substances in mustard produced in China, and 14 compounds are identified from the 25 compounds and account for 85.96 percent of the total amount of the spicy substances. The spicy substance in the mustard is composed of a plurality of isothiocyanates, and the main components are as follows: allyl isothiocyanate (43.77%), methylthiopropyl isothiocyanate (9.44%), 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (4.78%), butyl isothiocyanate (4.71%).
Mustard is native to China and has a long history. Has been eaten in palace since the past and is regarded as a natural herb since ancient times. The Chinese medicinal herbs have strong sterilization function, and the yellow mustard is orally taken for treating vomit and colic under umbilicus for folks, so that the seafood such as raw salmon can be often matched with the mustard for sterilization and elimination of parasites in a digestive system. The main component of the chaenomeles frutus is isothiocyanate, which not only has certain effects of preventing tooth decay, preventing cancer, preventing blood vessel clot, treating asthma and the like, but also has food therapy effects of sweating, diuresis, detoxification, blood cleaning and the like, and also has good help effects of promoting appetite and promoting blood circulation. ⒊ the mustard can be used for treating rheumatic diseases and regulating menstruation. Ancient people used mustard for treating measles during bathing, used externally for treating arthritis and the like, and used for treating cough or bronchitis by blending with flour into paste. ⒋ the mustard also has effects in preventing hyperlipidemia, hypertension, heart disease, and reducing blood viscosity. ⒌ mustard oil has skin caring effect. In the body beauty world, mustard oil is a good massage oil. ⒍ the mustard has deodorant effect and can be used for preventing diseases caused by living habits. The mustard can also play a role in inhibiting and removing the mould after being dissolved in a proper amount of water, and the method is a wonderful mark for removing the mould in daily life. ⒎ the food therapy effect of mustard is warm in nature and pungent in taste, has the effects of removing toxic substance, relieving swelling, stimulating appetite, resolving food stagnation, warming middle-jiao, activating qi-flowing, improving eyesight, and benefiting diaphragm, and can be used for treating sore, carbuncle, swelling and pain, hearing loss, gingival swelling, cold, abdominal pain, constipation, etc., and treating laryngalgia, hoarseness, 50 g of pickled and aged dry mustard, and frequent drinking (or gargling) after being mixed with boiling water. ⒏ mustard has strong pungency, and has effects in regulating female endocrine, improving sexual function, stimulating vasodilatation, improving facial qi and blood circulation, and making female face more ruddy.
The mustard powder is colorless and odorless, and can be prepared by heating and hydrolyzing with certain process to obtain the medicine with above functions. The common method comprises the following steps: 1. mustard can be poured with boiling water. Stirring, soaking in boiling water, cooling, and making into nose. Mustard can also be made by spraying cold water. After stirring uniformly, putting the container containing the mustard into a steamer to steam for 10 minutes, and then cooling. And 3. if the mustard is used in the north or other areas where the stove is fired in winter to warm, the mustard can be splashed with cold water. After stirring uniformly, the container containing the mustard is placed on a stove plate (beside a stove) for baking and heating. And then cooling. And 4, when the mustard is splashed with cold water, stirring uniformly, putting the container containing the mustard into a microwave oven for heating, and then cooling.
Tobacco is one of the important economic crops in China, is the backbone industry for increasing the income of tobacco growers and the rural economy in the southwest region, and still plays an important role in national revenue and agricultural income. With the progress of tobacco cultivation technology, tobacco seedling culture is mainly soilless seedling culture, and a matrix seedling culture or water culture seedling culture method mainly including floating seedling culture and wet seedling culture is realized, the method adopts a water culture mode, green algae is easily caused by water eutrophication, the temperature difference at the seedling stage is large, bacterial diseases mainly including anthracnose are easily caused under a high-humidity environment, and the situation is also one of the reasons for over-slow development at the seedling stage and weak tobacco seedlings; tobacco leaves are in a typical two-section planting and cultivating mode, a seedling cultivating stage and a field growing stage, seedlings are transplanted to a field after being cultivated into seedlings, typical dry farming ridge cultivation is carried out, fertilizers are applied to the seedlings, ridges are formed after the fertilizers are applied, the ridge height is 25-30 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 30-40 cm, the ridge bottom is about 80 cm, the ridge surfaces are covered with films, ridge feet are compacted and sealed, and then transplanting is carried out, the ridge row spacing is 120 plus 125 cm, and the row spacing of the ridge surfaces is 50-55 cm, the tobacco plants are transplanted generally in the last ten days of 4 months to 5 months due to the dry farming cultivation and early-stage seedling cultivating environment, underground pests are seriously damaged after transplanting along with the change of climate and the rise of the temperature of ridge bodies, old tigers, mole cricket and golden needles are frequently used as main pests, roots and roots of stems are scarce after transplanting, the tobacco plants are seriously damaged within 1 week after transplanting, due to the difficulty and the characteristics of underground pests, the prevention effect is large, and general pesticides are easy to cause pesticide damage to seedlings, in such a situation, poor field uniformity is easily caused by seedling filling, and field management, ontogeny, group structure and the like are not facilitated; in each stage of the field growth period of tobacco leaves, soil-borne diseases are harmful to different degrees, such as black stem disease, root black rot disease and the like in diseases of root parts, and chemical bactericides are usually applied in a root irrigation mode, so that community change of rhizosphere microorganisms of root system soil and harm to the soil are easily caused, and the chemical bactericides are one of important barrier factors for soil health of tobacco areas; during tobacco leaf collection, as part of tobacco leaves carry germs and pathogens in the field, a certain amount of disease development continues to exist during the modulation period, which causes loss during the modulation period, such as: the flue-cured tobacco is prepared in a special closed curing barn, the surface temperature of the tobacco leaves is raised from the outdoor normal temperature to about 68 ℃, the space humidity is reduced from about 90 percent to less than 10 percent, the time lasts for 7 to 10 days, and the brown deterioration or the rot and the deterioration of the leaves are easily caused by pathogenic bacteria on petiole wounds and the leaves under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity; the tobacco is dried and harvested and then is cured in an airing mode, the curing time is about 8-10 months, the air temperature is relatively low, the humidity is relatively high, the curing time is about 35-40 days, the tobacco leaves are extremely easy to rot and mildew when the tobacco leaves are not dried in time under the low-temperature rainy conditions in the later stage (the color fixing stage and the tendon drying stage) of curing, the mildew loss is about more than 3% in the perennial curing stage of tobacco drying, and the loss can reach more than 20% in adverse climate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a plant pesticide using mustard as a basic raw material, a preparation method thereof and a pest control and utilization method thereof in tobacco seedling culture, transplanting, field management and modulation, which have high efficiency and no harm and can improve the quality of tobacco leaves.
The technical scheme for realizing the invention is that the plant pesticide is mustard powder and/or mustard slag, mustard extract, mustard oil and/or horseradish essence, and extract or mixed solution of water, vinegar, cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid;
mustard flour (and/or mustard grounds):
mustard powder: mustard powder raw powder
Mustard powder dregs: residue of mustard powder extract after filtration
Mustard solution (and/or mustard extract):
mustard powder: the mass ratio of water is as follows: 1: 10-15 parts of;
the mustard powder, the vinegar and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mass ratio of the mustard powder, the cola and the water is as follows: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mustard powder, the sprite and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mustard powder, the carbonic acid and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
mustard oil (and/or horseradish extract)
Mustard oil: vinegar: the mass ratio of water is 1: 1-2: 8-10;
and (3) horseradish hormone: vinegar: the mass ratio of water is 1: 1-2: 8-10.
A method for preparing plant pesticide comprises heating, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering, and extracting
Stirring, namely mixing the mustard powder with water at 50-70 ℃ according to the mass ratio of 1: 10-15, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the standing is carried out, when the temperature of water in the stirring step is 50-70 ℃, the stirred material is kept standing for 6-8 hours under the sealing condition; when the temperature of water in the stirring step is normal temperature, standing the stirred material for 48-55 hours under a sealed condition;
the filtration is to filter the stirred material after standing;
the liquid and the residue obtained by the steps are both plant pesticides.
A method for preparing plant pesticide comprises heating, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering, and extracting;
and (3) warming and stirring, namely mixing the mustard powder: vinegar: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed standing mode, when the temperature of water in the stirring step is 70-80 ℃, the stirred material is kept stand for 6-8 hours under the sealed condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the liquid and the residue obtained by the steps are both plant pesticides.
A method for preparing plant pesticide comprises stirring at room temperature, sealing, standing, filtering and extracting;
stirring at normal temperature, namely stirring the mustard powder: cola: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, or mixing the mustard powder: and (3) snow Bi: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, or mixing the mustard powder: carbonic acid: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed way, and when the temperature of water in the stirring step is normal temperature, the stirred material is kept still for 46 hours or more under the sealed condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the liquid and the residue obtained by the steps are both plant pesticides.
Preferably, a plant pesticide is prepared by combining any two or three of the components of the sprite, the cola and the carbonic acid to form a composition, wherein the ratio of the mustard powder: composition (A): water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10.
A preparation method of a plant pesticide comprises mixing vinegar and water at a mass ratio of 1-2: 8-10, and adding athomin and/or mustard oil into the mixture of vinegar and water.
A method for preventing and treating plant pesticide by seedling comprises treating seedling substrate, managing tobacco seedling emergence, and managing seedling in middle stage;
and (3) treating the seedling raising matrix, namely, filling the mixed matrix mixed with the mustard powder or mustard residue into a seedling raising tray in a dry mode during filling of the seedling raising matrix, watering the tray surface of the seedling raising tray or putting the tray surface into nutrient solution after tobacco leaves are sowed, sealing the greenhouse film for 2-3 days, and then performing normal seedbed management.
And (3) seedling emergence management of the tobacco seedlings, wherein mustard oil for greenhouses with 150 plus 190 square meters is as follows: vinegar: water or athomin: vinegar: the water-combined plant pesticide 150-: soaking mustard oil with absorbent: vinegar: after the plant pesticide is combined by water, placing the plant pesticide on a place 1-20 cm away from the ground by using supports, wherein the distance between every two supports is 3-4 m, and sealing the greenhouse for more than 20 hours;
and in the middle stage of seedling culture, mixed plant pesticide of mustard powder and water and nutrient solution are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 500-600 mixing, and carrying out drip irrigation on the tobacco seedling substrate;
and/or diluting the plant pesticide water extract of the mustard extract by 500 times of 300 times and then spraying on the dish surface.
A method for preventing and utilizing plant pesticide by transplanting comprises killing pests on tobacco ridge and shielding root system;
the tobacco ridge disinsection is carried out, fumigation is carried out under the film when the tobacco ridge is ridged and covered with film, and mustard oil is dripped into the water absorbent with the diameter of 2-3 cm: vinegar: water or athomin: vinegar: 3-5ML of plant pesticide mixed with water, placing a water absorbent along the ridge surface at intervals of 5-7 m, sealing the ridge body by a rear cover film, fumigating the whole ridge body to form an insect killing space, and normally transplanting tobacco seedlings after 6-7 days;
according to the root system barrier, when tobacco seedlings are transplanted, mustard ingredient is applied to the roots of the tobacco seedlings according to a conventional use method of fixed soil, sufficient root fixing water is poured later, mustard powder is extracted later by using water, and the plant pesticide mixed with the mustard powder and the water surrounds the roots and surrounding soil to form a medicament barrier.
A method for preventing diseases of plant pesticide in field comprises irrigating root and/or spraying;
in the root irrigation method, in areas with serious soil-borne diseases or tobacco fields with partial root and stem diseases, mustard powder, vinegar, water or mustard powder, plant pesticide consisting of water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid are diluted by 80-100 times by using water, the root irrigation treatment is carried out on the roots of tobacco plants, the soil of the root system is disinfected and sterilized, and the dosage of each plant is 200-300 ML;
the spraying method is characterized in that the plant pesticide consisting of mustard powder, vinegar, water or mustard powder, water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid is diluted by water by 300 times for spraying the tobacco leaves, and the disease leaves are disinfected and sterilized to prevent and control leaf diseases.
A method for preparing disease-preventing, mildew-preventing and sterilizing plant pesticide for tobacco leaf comprises variable pressure air washing method before baking and/or wet smoking method after sun-curing and air-curing;
the pressure-variable air washing method before flue-cured tobacco curing is characterized in that mustard oil, vinegar, water or plant pesticide mixed with horseradish essence, vinegar and water is subjected to pressure-variable air washing and fumigation before curing in a flue-cured tobacco modulation stage, after the pressure-variable air washing and fumigation are finished when tobacco leaves are loaded in a kang, before ignition, a standard dense-type curing barn single kang is filled with mustard oil, vinegar, water or horseradish essence, vinegar and water plant pesticide in a 200M container, the caliber of the container is 4-6 cm, ignition is not performed, a cold air inlet and a moisture exhaust port are closed, a circulating fan is started to alternately operate at high and low speeds for 2-3 hours, the fumigation effect is improved through air pressure change, and the spreading of diseases of tobacco flakes or petioles can be effectively prevented and controlled.
The normal-temperature wet smoking method after the sun-cured tobacco is characterized in that mustard oil, vinegar, water or plant pesticide mixed by athomin, vinegar and water is fumigated at normal temperature and high humidity in the later stage of the air-curing and tobacco-curing stage (the stage from color fixing to tendon drying), the plant pesticide mixed by mustard oil, vinegar, water or athomin, vinegar and water is dripped or immersed into a water-absorbing object during the color fixing and tendon drying stage of the air-curing, the plant pesticide mixed by mustard oil, vinegar, water or athomin, vinegar and water is dripped again after the plant pesticide is completely volatilized, the time lasts for 2-3 days at normal temperature, and the stem mildew of tobacco leaves is effectively prevented by the self-high humidity in a smoking room.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. the plant-derived pesticide has broad spectrum, high efficiency and low toxicity and can be used for producing tobacco leaves.
The mustard and the extractive thereof, whether being water extract or essential oil, have stronger comprehensive effects of killing insects and resisting bacteria, and can be widely applied to the production of tobacco leaves. The pesticide is a botanical pesticide, other chemical substances are not added or other components are not generated, the pesticide can be naturally degraded in nature, the risk of environmental pollution is avoided, the pungent smell can form natural avoidance, and the pesticide is harmless to people and livestock.
2. A pesticide integrating antibiosis, disinsection and algae inhibition in tobacco water culture seedling culture and a use method thereof.
Under the condition of normal temperature (25 +/-1) DEG C, the mustard essential oil fumigation treatment has the fresh-keeping effect on the agaricus bisporus, the mustard essential oil can effectively prevent rot, reduce the weight loss rate and the content of soluble protein, inhibit browning, slow down the respiratory intensity, reduce the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, inhibit the growth of bacteria, reduce the peroxidation level of membrane lipid, and prolong the storage period of the agaricus bisporus to 10 days. By utilizing the multiple efficacies of the extract, the method can be applied to the modes of fumigating the seedbed space, spraying the seedbed tray, mixing and dispensing the matrix and the nutrient solution and the like in an all-around way, thereby effectively improving the methods of fumigating and killing insects, spraying and inhibiting bacteria, mixing and dispensing the medicine and preventing green algae and improving the common effect.
3. The first time, the leaf disinfection and the mildew-proof treatment are carried out in the baking and airing stages. Because the modulating stage is long in time, facility equipment or climatic conditions can cause certain disease development or mildew loss, the tobacco leaves in a curing barn are disinfected before being cured by using the pressure-variable air washing method under the self-condition of the modulating equipment, and the high-humidity mildew is controlled by using the normal-temperature wet smoking method at the later stage of curing, so that the loss is reduced by using pesticides, and the application method fully utilizes the facility and improves the application effect.
4. The invention relates to a pesticide which can be used in tobacco seedbeds, fields and preparation stages and a using method thereof. The mustard extract can be used for the cultivation and modulation processes of the tobacco leaves in the whole growth period, and fumigation, pest killing, bacteriostasis and algae prevention are realized on a tobacco leaf seedbed; the ridge body is disinfected in a fumigating mode during transplanting, so that the harm of underground pests is effectively reduced, and the propagation or infection of root system pathogens of the ridge body is reduced.
5. The agricultural pesticide can be applied in various modes such as fumigation, spraying, root irrigation and the like. The pesticide has multiple application modes, is convenient and quick, and can select a proper application mode according to different stages, different materials and other practical application modes.
6. A pesticide with low price and convenient preparation and use and a using method thereof. Mustard is a plant which is planted in large quantity in China, and has wide source, low dosage concentration and lower cost. The unit price of the mustard powder is about 35 yuan per kilogram, and the water immersion method is 0.05 to 0.1 percent, so that the mustard powder has the bacteriostatic effect; mustard oil or horseradish hormone is distributed in a large amount in industry, and the kilogram price of the horseradish hormone is about 90 yuan, so that the cost of a single dosage is low.
Detailed Description
A plant pesticide is mustard powder and/or mustard slag, or mustard extract, or mustard oil and/or horseradish essence, and extract or mixed solution with water, vinegar, cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid, so that the mustard principle is the bacteriostasis of mustard active ingredients to escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, saccharomycetes and aspergillus niger, and the result shows that the mustard active ingredients have obvious bacteriostasis to the escherichia coli and the bacillus subtilis, the mustard active ingredients still keep good bacteriostasis after being treated under the conditions that the pH is 5.5, the temperature is 70 ℃ and the time is 4 hours, and partial experts research the control effect of the mustard and the mustard essential oil on pepper phytophthora blight;
mustard powder: the mass ratio of water is as follows: 1: 10-15 parts of;
the mustard powder, the vinegar and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mass ratio of the mustard powder, the cola and the water is as follows: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mustard powder, the sprite and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mustard powder, the carbonic acid and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
mustard oil: vinegar: the mass ratio of water is 1: 1-2: 8-10;
and (3) horseradish hormone: vinegar: the mass ratio of water is 1: 1-2: 8-10.
In addition, the mustard powder hydrolysis and high-purity ethanol extraction modes are simple, and the temperature can be from normal temperature (25 ℃) to 60 ℃ as the extraction temperature. When mustard is soaked in water after being crushed, the mustard is hydrolyzed under the action of glucosinolate hydrolase naturally existing in the mustard, and volatile isothiocyanate (mainly allyl isothiocyanate) is released to generate pungent taste. Related researches propose that the best hydrolysis process of mustard in China is T =70 ℃, T =90-120min, pH =4.20 and Vc =0.02-2mg/g, and the hydrolysis method is simple and easy to master; mustard has better prevention and treatment effect on green algae in 0.05-0.1% of water extract; mustard in 95% ethanol at a feed-liquid ratio of 1: the extraction is carried out at a temperature of 50-60 deg.C for 4 hours at 10 deg.C, and the extraction of the effective components is most effective at pH 4, and the following preparation method is proposed for the reasons mentioned above.
A method for preparing plant pesticide comprises heating, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering, and extracting;
the mustard powder is stirred at a warm temperature, and the mass ratio of the mustard powder to the warm water at 50-70 ℃ is 1: 10-15, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed way, when the temperature of water is 50-70 ℃, the stirred material is kept stand for 6-8 hours under the sealed condition; when the temperature of water in the stirring step is normal temperature, standing the stirred material for 48-55 hours under a sealed condition;
filtering the stirred material after standing by using gauze to obtain filtrate as mustard water extract;
the liquid and the residue obtained after the filtration through the steps are plant pesticide, namely the plant pesticide consisting of mustard powder and water.
A method for preparing plant pesticide comprises heating, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering, and extracting;
and (3) warming and stirring, namely mixing the mustard powder: vinegar: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed standing mode, when the temperature of water in the stirring step is 70-80 ℃, the stirred material is kept stand for 6-8 hours under the sealed condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the liquid and the residue obtained after filtration through the steps are both plant pesticides, namely the plant pesticide consisting of mustard powder, vinegar and water.
A method for preparing plant pesticide comprises stirring at room temperature, sealing, standing, filtering and extracting;
stirring at normal temperature, namely stirring the mustard powder: cola: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, or mixing the mustard powder: and (3) snow Bi: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, or mixing the mustard powder: carbonic acid: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed way, and when the temperature of water in the stirring step is normal temperature, the stirred material is kept still for 46 hours or more under the sealed condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the liquid and the residue obtained after the filtration through the steps are both plant pesticides, namely the plant pesticides consisting of mustard powder, water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid.
Preferably, a plant pesticide is prepared by combining any two or three of the components of the sprite, the cola and the carbonic acid to form a composition, wherein the ratio of the mustard powder: composition (A): water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10.
A preparation method of a plant pesticide comprises mixing vinegar and water at a mass ratio of 1-2: 8-10, and adding the athomin and/or mustard oil into the mixture of vinegar and water to obtain the plant pesticide consisting of the athomin and/or mustard oil, the vinegar and the water.
A method for preventing and treating plant pesticide by seedling comprises treating seedling substrate, managing tobacco seedling emergence, and managing seedling medium stage, wherein the seedling area of a general tobacco seedling greenhouse (6 m × 30 m) is about 180 square meters (about 12000 seedlings), and the seedling greenhouse is fumigated with mustard essential oil or horseradish essence;
and (3) treating the seedling raising matrix, namely, filling the mixed matrix mixed with the mustard powder or mustard residue into a seedling raising tray in a dry mode during filling of the seedling raising matrix, watering the tray surface of the seedling raising tray or putting the tray surface into nutrient solution after tobacco leaves are sowed, sealing the greenhouse film for 2-3 days, and then performing normal seedbed management.
And (3) managing the emergence of the tobacco seedlings, namely selecting 150 plus 190 square meters of mustard oil for a greenhouse in the afternoon of sunny days after the emergence of the tobacco seedlings (7-10 days after sowing): vinegar: water or athomin: vinegar: the water-combined plant pesticide 150-: soaking mustard oil with absorbent: vinegar: after the plant pesticide is combined with water, the plant pesticide is placed at a position 1-20 cm away from the ground by using supports, the distance between every two supports is 3-4 m, the sealing of the greenhouse is more than 20 hours, the diseases and pests of the seedbed can be effectively prevented, and the film is uncovered for ventilation the next day;
and in the middle stage of seedling culture, mixed plant pesticide of mustard powder and water and nutrient solution are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 500-600, drip irrigation to the tobacco seedling substrate for preventing and controlling the nutrient solution green algae; and/or diluting the mustard powder and water mixed plant pesticide water extract by 500 times and spraying the water extract on the dish surface for preventing and controlling the green algae in the dish surface, comprehensively comparing the algae inhibiting effect and the ecological safety by adopting the mustard powder and water mixed plant pesticide based on the plant allelopathy, and screening the mustard extract to have good algae inhibiting effect and low environmental risk.
A method for preventing and treating plant pesticide by transplanting comprises killing pests on tobacco ridge and shielding root system;
the tobacco ridge disinsection is carried out, fumigation is carried out under the film when the tobacco ridge is ridged and covered with film, and mustard oil is dripped into the water absorbent with the diameter of 2-3 cm: vinegar: water or athomin: vinegar: 3-5ML of plant pesticide mixed with water, placing a water absorbent along the ridge surface at intervals of 5-7 m, sealing the ridge body by a rear cover film, fumigating the whole ridge body to form an insect killing space, and normally transplanting tobacco seedlings after 6-7 days;
according to the root system barrier, when tobacco seedlings are transplanted, mustard ingredient is applied to the roots of the tobacco seedlings according to a conventional use method of fixed soil, sufficient root fixing water is poured later, mustard powder is extracted later by using water, and the plant pesticide mixed with the mustard powder and the water surrounds the roots and surrounding soil to form a medicament barrier.
A method for preventing diseases of plant pesticide in field comprises irrigating root and/or spraying;
in the root irrigation method, in areas with serious soil-borne diseases or tobacco fields with partial root and stem diseases, mustard powder, vinegar, water or mustard powder, plant pesticide consisting of water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid are diluted by 80-100 times by using water, the root irrigation treatment is carried out on the roots of tobacco plants, the soil of the root system is disinfected and sterilized, and the dosage of each plant is 200-300 ML;
the spraying method is characterized in that the plant pesticide consisting of mustard powder, vinegar, water or mustard powder, water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid is diluted by water by 300 times for spraying the tobacco leaves, and the disease leaves are disinfected and sterilized to prevent and control leaf diseases.
A method for preventing and treating flue-cured tobacco by plant pesticide comprises variable pressure air washing method before flue-curing and/or wet smoking method at normal temperature after sun-curing and sun-curing;
the pressure-variable air washing method before curing of the flue-cured tobacco comprises the steps of carrying out pressure-variable air washing fumigation on mustard oil, vinegar, water or plant pesticides mixed with horseradish essence, vinegar and water before curing in a tobacco curing modulation stage, after the pressure-variable air washing fumigation is finished when tobacco leaves are loaded in a kang, before ignition, opening a circulating fan to alternately operate at high and low speeds for 2-3 hours in a 200M container of the mustard oil, the vinegar, the water or the horseradish essence, the vinegar and the water plant pesticides in a standard intensive curing barn single kang, wherein the caliber is 4-6 cm, the circulating fan is not ignited, a cold air inlet and a moisture exhaust port are closed, and the fumigation effect is improved through air pressure change, so that the spreading of diseases of tobacco flakes or petioles can be effectively prevented and treated.
The normal-temperature wet smoking method after the sun-cured tobacco is characterized in that mustard oil, vinegar, water or plant pesticide mixed by athomin, vinegar and water is fumigated at normal temperature and high humidity in the later stage of the air-curing and tobacco-curing stage (the stage from color fixing to tendon drying), the plant pesticide mixed by mustard oil, vinegar, water or athomin, vinegar and water is dripped or immersed into a water-absorbing object during the color fixing and tendon drying stage of the air-curing, the plant pesticide mixed by mustard oil, vinegar, water or athomin, vinegar and water is dripped again after the plant pesticide is completely volatilized, the time lasts for 2-3 days at normal temperature, and the stem mildew of tobacco leaves is effectively prevented by the self-high humidity in a smoking room.
The mustard is a naturally growing plant in nature, other chemical substances are not generated in the extraction process, and the extract is a naturally degradable component and does not pollute the environment; the extract only affects production areas such as germs, pests and the like, does not affect the physical and chemical properties of soil, only affects the pests and pathogens in the fumigating process, does not affect the growth of tobacco plants, does not affect the chemical component conversion of tobacco leaves and the smoking quality of the tobacco leaves in the modulation process, and does not adversely affect the quality of the tobacco leaves; the extract has strong irritation, is naturally avoided by human and livestock, and is not harmful to human and livestock as food.
According to the invention, through the mustard extract, firstly, seedbed, seeddisk and seedpool treatment of seedling cultivation is implemented, including seedbed fumigation, green alga prevention and control, substrate mixing and other modes, the influence of green alga in a water body can be reduced, the occurrence of fungoid and bacterial diseases is reduced, and mollusks (wild slugs and the like) in early stages can be killed; secondly, the disease incidence rate of underground pests is improved by ridge body treatment during transplanting, including modes of fumigation under ridge surface films, ridge body mixing, transplanting and accompanying grafting and the like; thirdly, preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases in a field period in a root irrigation mode; and fourthly, the sterilization, bacteriostasis and antibiosis of the pathogenic bacteria on the leaf surface are realized by modulating the fumigation mode at the early stage or the later stage of modulation, and the modulation loss is reduced.
Claims (10)
1. A plant pesticide is characterized in that: the plant pesticide is mustard powder and/or mustard residue, or mustard extract, or mustard oil and/or horseradish essence, and extract or mixed solution of water, vinegar, cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid;
mustard flour (and/or mustard grounds):
the mustard powder is mustard powder raw powder;
the mustard powder residue is residue obtained after filtering the mustard powder extracting solution;
mustard solution (and/or mustard extract):
mustard powder: the mass ratio of water is as follows: 1: 10-15 parts of;
the mustard powder, the vinegar and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mass ratio of the mustard powder, the cola and the water is as follows: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mustard powder, the sprite and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
the mustard powder, the carbonic acid and the water are in the mass ratio: 1: 1-2: 8-10;
mustard oil (and/or horseradish) oil:
mustard oil: vinegar: the mass ratio of water is 1: 1-2: 8-10;
and (3) horseradish hormone: vinegar: the mass ratio of water is 1: 1-2: 8-10.
2. A method for preparing the plant pesticide of claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of warming, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering and extracting;
the mustard powder and warm water with the temperature of 50-70 ℃ are stirred at a warm temperature, and the mass ratio of the mustard powder to the warm water is 1: 10-15, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed standing mode, when the temperature of water in the stirring step is 50-70 ℃, the stirred material is sealed by a preservative film, and the stirring step is carried out for 6-8 hours in a sealed condition; when the temperature of water in the stirring step is normal temperature, standing the stirred material for 48-55 hours under a sealed condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the filtered liquid and the residue obtained by the steps are plant pesticides.
3. A method for preparing the plant pesticide of claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of warming, stirring, sealing, standing, filtering and extracting;
and (3) warming and stirring, namely mixing the mustard powder: vinegar: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the stirring step is carried out in a sealed way, when the temperature of water is 50-70 ℃, the stirred material is kept stand for 6-8 hours under the sealed condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the liquid and the residue obtained by the steps are both plant pesticides.
4. A method for preparing the plant pesticide of claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of stirring at normal temperature, sealing and standing, filtering and extracting;
stirring at normal temperature, namely stirring the mustard powder: cola: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, or mixing the mustard powder: and (3) snow Bi: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, or mixing the mustard powder: carbonic acid: water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10, stirring to obtain a stirred material;
the sealing and standing are carried out, the temperature of water in the stirring step is normal temperature, and the stirred material is kept standing for 46 hours or more under the sealing condition;
the filtration and extraction are carried out, and the stirred material after standing is filtered;
the liquid and the residue obtained by the steps are both plant pesticides.
5. The method for preparing a plant pesticide as claimed in claim 4, which is characterized in that:
any two or three of the hemrespectively, the cola and the carbonic acid can be used in combination to form a composition, and the mustard powder: composition (A): water is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-2: 8-10.
6. A method for preparing the plant pesticide of claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of mixing vinegar and water according to a mass ratio of 1-2: 8-10, and adding athomin and/or mustard oil into the mixture of vinegar and water.
7. A method for controlling seedling diseases and pests by using the plant pesticide as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of seedling substrate treatment, tobacco seedling emergence management and seedling medium-term management;
treating the seedling raising matrix, namely, filling the mixed matrix mixed with the mustard powder or mustard residue into a seedling raising tray in a dry mode during filling of the seedling raising matrix, watering the tray surface of the seedling raising tray or putting the tray surface into nutrient solution after tobacco leaves are sowed, sealing a greenhouse film for 2-3 days, and then performing normal seedbed management;
and (3) seedling emergence management of the tobacco seedlings, wherein mustard oil for greenhouses with 150 plus 190 square meters is as follows: vinegar: water or athomin: vinegar: the water-combined plant pesticide 150-: soaking mustard oil with absorbent: vinegar: after the plant pesticide is combined by water, placing the plant pesticide on a position 10-20 cm away from the ground by using supports, wherein the distance between every two supports is 3-4 m, and sealing the greenhouse for more than 20 hours;
and in the middle stage of seedling culture, mixed plant pesticide of mustard powder and water and nutrient solution are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 500-600 mixing, and carrying out drip irrigation to the tobacco seedling nutrient solution;
and/or diluting the plant pesticide in the mustard extracting solution by using water immersion liquid for 800-1000 times and then spraying on the dish surface.
8. A method for preventing and controlling transplantation by using the plant pesticide as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the method comprises the steps of killing insects on the tobacco ridges and shielding root systems;
the tobacco ridge disinsection is carried out, fumigation is carried out under the film when the tobacco ridge is ridged and covered with film, and mustard oil is dripped into the water absorbent with the diameter of 2-3 cm: vinegar: water or athomin: vinegar: 3-5ML of plant pesticide mixed with water, placing a water absorbent along the ridge surface at intervals of 5-7 m, sealing the ridge body by a rear cover film, fumigating the whole ridge body to form an insect killing space, and normally transplanting tobacco seedlings after 6-7 days;
according to the root system barrier, when tobacco seedlings are transplanted, mustard powder (residue) medicine ingredients or extracting solution are applied to the roots of the tobacco seedlings according to a conventional soil accompanying application method, sufficient root fixing water is poured later, the mustard powder is subjected to post-extraction by using water, and the plant pesticide mixed with the mustard powder and the water surrounds the roots and surrounding soil to form a medicament barrier.
9. A method for preventing diseases in a field by using the plant pesticide of claim 1, which is characterized in that: the method comprises a root irrigation method and/or a spraying method;
in the root irrigation method, in areas with serious soil-borne diseases or tobacco fields with partial root diseases, mustard powder, vinegar, water or mustard powder, water and plant pesticide consisting of water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid are diluted by 200 times of water, the root irrigation treatment is carried out on the roots of tobacco plants, the soil of the roots is disinfected and sterilized, and the dosage of each plant is 200 ML;
the spraying method is characterized in that the plant pesticide consisting of mustard powder, vinegar, water or mustard powder, water and cola and/or sprite and/or carbonic acid is diluted by water by 500 times for spraying the tobacco leaves, and the disease leaves are disinfected and sterilized to prevent and control leaf diseases.
10. A method for preventing diseases, preventing mildew and disinfecting tobacco leaves by using the plant pesticide as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: the method comprises a pressure-variable air washing method before flue-cured tobacco and/or a normal-temperature wet smoking method after sun-curing and smoking;
the pressure-variable air washing method before flue-cured tobacco curing is characterized in that mustard oil, vinegar, water or plant pesticide mixed by horseradish, vinegar and water is used for pressure-variable air washing and fumigation before the flue-cured tobacco modulation stage, and the pressure-variable air washing and fumigation comprises the following steps: after tobacco leaves are loaded into a kang, before ignition, in a 200M container of vegetable pesticides of mustard oil, vinegar, water or horseradish, vinegar and water for a single kang of a standard intensive curing barn, the caliber is 4-6 cm, ignition is not carried out, a cold air inlet and a moisture exhaust port are closed, a circulating fan is started to alternately operate at high and low speeds for 2-3 hours, the fumigation effect is improved through air pressure change, and the spreading of diseases of tobacco leaves or petioles can be effectively prevented;
the normal-temperature wet fumigation method after the sun-cured tobacco is used for fumigating the plant pesticide mixed by mustard oil, vinegar and water or horseradish essence, vinegar and water at normal temperature and high humidity at the later airing stage of the modulating stage of the sun-cured tobacco, wherein the fumigation at normal temperature and high humidity is as follows: during the fixed color and dry tendon drying period of air-curing, the plant pesticide of mustard oil, vinegar, water or the mixture of the athomin, the vinegar and the water is dripped or immersed on the water-absorbing material, the plant pesticide of the mustard oil, the vinegar, the water or the mixture of the athomin, the vinegar and the water is dripped again after the plant pesticide is completely volatilized, the plant pesticide lasts for 2 to 3 days at normal temperature, and the high humidity in the air-curing room is self-smoked, so that the stem mildew of tobacco leaves is effectively prevented.
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