CN113348922A - Method for controlling alternanthera philoxeroides by using facultative insects and/or special feeding insects - Google Patents
Method for controlling alternanthera philoxeroides by using facultative insects and/or special feeding insects Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M2200/00—Kind of animal
- A01M2200/01—Insects
- A01M2200/011—Crawling insects
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M2200/00—Kind of animal
- A01M2200/01—Insects
- A01M2200/012—Flying insects
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental ecology, and relates to a method for controlling alternanthera philoxeroides by using facultative insects and/or special-feeding insects; the method comprises the following specific steps: firstly, selecting a field which is invaded by the Alternanthera philoxeroides or is easy to invade; then capturing facultative insects and non-food insects under the natural condition in the field, and placing the insects in an insect culture device to enlarge the population scale; in order to ensure the insect population, the quantity and the male-female ratio of each insect in the insect culture device thrown into the insect culture device during primary culture are limited; moreover, in order to prevent population degradation, wild insect sources need to be supplemented into the culture device at intervals; throwing the cultured facultative insects and/or the cultured special-feeding insects into a field which is invaded by the alternanthera philoxeroides; the result shows that the biomass of the overground part and the underground part of the Alternanthera philoxeroides is obviously reduced, the reduction range of the overground part and the relative growth potential reaches 50 percent, the growth of the Alternanthera philoxeroides can be obviously inhibited after insects are thrown, and the effect is obvious.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental ecology, and particularly relates to a method for controlling alternanthera philoxeroides by using facultative insects and/or special-feeding insects.
Background
The alligator alternanthera, also called alternanthera philoxeroides and alternanthera philoxeroides, perennial amphibious plants are malignant weeds with extremely strong invasive capability, have the characteristics of strong reproductive capacity, strong adaptability, strong stress resistance and the like, naturally grow in an invasive place, rapidly expand the area, invade cultivated land and silt river channels, and seriously threaten the ecological environment of more than thirty national areas including China, Australia, India, Laos, Thailand, Mexico, America and the like.
The prevention and treatment methods of the eclipta alba comprise physical prevention and treatment, chemical prevention and biological prevention and treatment and the like, and the methods are applied in the prevention and treatment process of the eclipta alba, but have a plurality of defects; the physical prevention and treatment method is usually mechanical mowing or manual removal, and the engineering quantity is large and the removal is not easy to clean; the chemical control method usually adopts herbicides, takes effect quickly in a short time, but has high cost and can cause environmental pollution; although the biological control method has slow effect, the method is economic, and the demonstrated method can not cause great influence on the food chain and the ecosystem.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for controlling alternanthera philoxeroides by using facultative insects and/or special-feeding insects.
In order to realize the purpose, the facultative insects and the obligate insects are thrown in the fields invading or being easy to invade the Alternanthera philoxeroides; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a field which is invaded by the Alternanthera philoxeroides or is easy to invade;
(2) insect culture: capturing facultative insects and non-food insects under the field natural condition, and culturing the facultative insects and the non-food insects in an insect culture device for a period of time to enlarge the population scale; in order to ensure the insect population, the quantity and the male-female ratio of each insect in the insect culture device thrown into the insect culture device during primary culture are limited; moreover, in order to prevent population degradation, wild insect sources need to be supplemented into the culture device at intervals;
(3) and (3) throwing the facultative insects and/or the special feeding insects cultured in the step (2) into the field which is favored to invade the alternanthera philoxeroides or easy to invade in the step (1), so that the growth of the alternanthera philoxeroides can be inhibited.
Preferably, the capturing facultative insects under the wild natural conditions in the step (2) is but not limited to locusts locusta brachypus; the insect for exclusive feeding is but not limited to agasicles hygrophila.
Preferably, the culture in the insect culture device in the step (2) is carried out for 5-15 days.
Preferably, when the agasicles hygrophila is selected as the insect for feeding in step (2), the soil humidity of the selected sample plot needing biological control is not less than 60%.
Preferably, the number of each kind of insects put into the insect culture apparatus in the primary culture in the step (2) is not less than 10; the male-female ratio of each insect of the insect culture device is 1: (1-2). Further, when the selected special feeding insects are agasicles hygrophila, the initial feeding amount at least reaches 40 heads; when the selected facultative insects are locusts with short volume, the initial feeding amount is 10-20.
Preferably, in the step (2), in order to prevent population degradation, the field insect source needs to be supplemented into the culture device every 10-15 days for at least 20, and the male-female ratio is 1: (1-2).
Preferably, when the facultative insects and the special-feeding insects are thrown in the step (3): the insects are thrown in sequence at intervals of 7-8 days; preferentially throwing insect species with long passage time interval or population establishment and long recovery time.
Preferably, in the step (3), if the specific feeding insects are agasicles hygrophila, the feeding amount is 20-40 heads/m2(ii) a If the facultative insects are short locusts, the number of the given locusts is 4-8 heads/m2. Wherein, when throwing in the concurrently feeding insect and the special feeding insect, the throwing quantity ratio of the concurrently feeding insect to the special feeding insect is 1: (5-20).
The insect release time needs to be properly adjusted by combining the optimal growth conditions of each species and the local climate environment.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
as a weed with strong harm, the success of preferring the invasion of the alternanthera philoxeroides is closely related to the unique clone life history character, and the growth and the propagation of the alternanthera philoxeroides are mainly clone propagation in an invasion place. Each stem node may be referred to as a reproductive unit. The cloned plant is rapidly expanded through the overground stolons or underground rhizomes, so that resources and space are occupied on one hand, and the cloned plant escapes from a competitive or stress environment on the other hand. In addition, substances and information (water/photosynthetic products/induced secretions) necessary for plant growth are directionally transmitted in a clone network connected with a spacer, so that the survival rate of the clone plants in a complex plaque resource distribution area is improved.
The terrestrial alternanthera philoxeroides is developed in root system and criss-cross, and the crushed plant tissues also have the differentiation/rooting capacity, so that the mechanical cutting method is difficult to clean; the aquatic alligator alternanthera is rooted in the sludge, has extremely high tolerance to polluted water, is fast in expansion speed in a nutrient-rich environment, and cannot be controlled for a long time by a manual fishing method. Chemical control methods using herbicides sprayed onto the surface of plants are expensive and cause serious soil and water contamination. The biological control has certain superiority relatively.
1. Principle and benefit of phytophagous insects for biological control of alternanthera philoxeroides
The principle of biological control of the phytophagous insects on the alternanthera philoxeroides is that adults and larvae directly gnaw plant tissues or organs such as leaves, flowers and seeds of plants, the photosynthesis of the plants is inhibited, and aboveground or underground roots and stems of the plants are damaged; after laying eggs on the plants, the plant tissues can form galls, so that the eggs and hatched larvae can be parasitic on the plants; the feeding of insects has tenderness, and the feeding of tender leaves and tender stems limits the clone propagation of the Alternanthera philoxeroides; some insect larvae internalize pupae in the stems of the insects, so that internodes are prevented from growing, and the stems are broken and rotted, so that plants are destroyed; the blocking of stolons limits the cloning and integration of the stolons, resource signals cannot be shared in a cloning network, and finally the control of the alternanthera philoxeroides from the level of the plant division to the level of the base plant and from the level of the individual to the level of the community is finished. Some insects carry pathogens themselves, transmit plant diseases when in contact with plants, and the like. In addition, the biological control method has high economic benefit, and the cost-to-efficiency ratio is generally 1: over 30, successful biocontrol cases are once and for all, and the cost-to-efficiency ratio can reach over 1: 1000.
2. The advantages and disadvantages of facultative and obligate feeding insects, respectively
The biological control of weeds requires that the host range of natural enemies (phytophagous animals or pathogenic microorganisms) is narrow, so that other plants except target weeds are not influenced and cannot become new invasive organisms. However, because of the specificity of feeding, the environmental adaptability or stress resistance of the specific feeding insects may be inferior to that of the facultative insects; the maintenance of the population of the insect with the special feeding property also depends on the alternanthera philoxeroides to a certain extent, and when the parasitic plant of the alternanthera philoxeroides is controlled, the population quantity of the insect with the special feeding property is reduced. Finally, the growth and the disappearance of the alternanthera philoxeroides and the natural enemy population of the alternanthera philoxeroides can reach dynamic balance on a certain quantity level, and the expansion of the alternanthera philoxeroides cannot be effectively limited.
The selected facultative insects are local species, and have a co-evolution history with local animals and plants: the native plant coexists with the facultative insect for a long time, and has good tolerance; the local existence of the natural enemy of the facultative insect can inhibit the development of the insect population and reduce the harm of the insect to local weeds and crops. Facultative insects may have feeding preferences for other plants; however, invasive plants are generally stress-resistant and may have several defense mechanisms when subjected to phytophagy stress, such as increasing plant tissue lignin to increase tissue mechanical strength or increasing volatile phenol content to repel phytophagous insects. However, the local insects and the invasive plants have no co-evolution history, and can not adapt to the countermeasures of the invasive plants to stop feeding.
3. The invention selects the special feeding insects and the facultative insects
Agasicles hygrophila (Agasicles hygrophia) also called alternanthera philoxeroides (L.) DC; herba Ecliptae Thymus Dactylicapni has special feeding property for herba Ecliptae. Adults can lay eggs on the leaf surfaces; after the eggs are hatched, the larvae eat the leaves and the tender stems; the third instar larva can enter hollow stem internode pupa of Alternanthera philoxeroides; pupation imagoes feed on plant stems and leaves. Research shows that the daily feeding leaf area of the agasicles hygrophila adults can reach 6cm under the condition of no interference2. In addition, experiments indicate that when the plant density is higher, the effect is better when the plant is put in 5-30 pairs (including a male and a female) per square meter.
Locusta brachycarpa sinensis i.bolivar), alternative name: acridid locusts, grasshopper with tips and lap boards. Belongs to the family of locusts of the order orthoptera, and most people are good at jumping or migrating to the fly at a short distance and cannot fly at a long distance. The distribution is distributed all over the country, and the north China, the east China and the south China are common. Eggs are laid in the area with moderate soil humidity and loose soil to realize overwintering, and the average laying depth is 2.5 cm. Hatching before and after the middle and late ten days of 5 months to the middle and late ten days of 6 months all the year round, and developing and emerging into imagoes in 7-8 months. 10-11 months female adults lay eggs in the soil layer. The active period is 5-10 months. Adults and nymphs like to move on the day, eat most intensely before 11 am and 3-5 pm, and prefer to live in the environment with much ground cover, high humidity and dense dicotyledons. The life of the adult is as long as more than 30 days. Locusts with short locusts have omnivorous properties and can harm vegetable crops. According to the field experiment observation of the inventor, the short locusts and nymphs gnaw the lotus philoxeroides leaves and often bite off the plant stems, namely, the short locusts and the nymphs have influence on both the canopy and the stolons of the lotus philoxeroides.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention in detail, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example (b):
the specific test sites are: the test plot of Jiangsu university in Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu province is a special test plot of the institute of environmental and safety engineering.
The invention replaces and controls the Alternanthera philoxeroides by an ecological method, and the specific process is as follows:
(1) in 6 months, acquiring required experimental materials of Alternanthera philoxeroides and two plant feeding insects in a campus greening area and a suburban area, placing the collected Alternanthera philoxeroides in water for further screening, and placing the collected insects in an incubator for propagation;
(2) screening experimental soil from a campus greening area, removing residual plant roots in the soil, and filling the soil into four hard plastic pots with the diameter of 1m and the height of 0.2m after exposure to the sun;
(3) further processing the alternanthera philoxeroides, selecting uniform and good-growing alternanthera philoxeroides stems, and shearing the stems into plant segments containing two stem nodes (without terminal buds);
(4) planting the treated plant segments into a pot to ensure that one stem node is submerged in soil; planting in eight directions radially from the center of the pot, wherein the plant spacing is 0.2 m; the growth period is recovered for two weeks;
(5) at the beginning of 7 months, numbering A, B, C, D the four hard plastic pots respectively; wherein the basin A does not carry out any treatment; b, putting a special feeding insect lotus herb flea beetle; c, putting short-amount locusts of the facultative insects into the pot C; and (4) putting the lotus grass fleabane and the locusts with short volume in the basin D, wherein the putting interval time is 7 days. Before putting, rolling a stainless steel net with the length of 3.2m and the width of 0.6m into a straight cylinder shape to enclose the plastic basins respectively;
(6) adults of both insects mainly feed on plant leaves, so the amount of feed is determined according to the theoretical amount of leaf feeding. The data shows that the theoretical blade food intake of the agasicles hygrophila is 0.5-0.8 cm2Daily, theoretical leaf feed intake of locusts of short forehead is 20cm2Day/day;
(7) watering and fertilizing all plants regularly; uniformly applying 10g of controlled-release ultramarine manure per square meter of land; watering once every 2 days; after the plants grow, the Alternanthera philoxeroides is harvested.
The experimental results are as follows:
after planting for 30 days, measuring various indexes of the Alternanthera philoxeroides, wherein the measuring method comprises the following steps:
(1) biomass (dry weight);
respectively taking 8 upper parts of the grassland of the Alternatheria philoxeroides and the underground parts of the grassland of the Alternatheria philoxeroides from 4 plastic pots, wherein the underground roots are washed with water before being weighed, removing soil attached to the roots, carrying to a laboratory after being sucked dry by paper, respectively placing the upper parts of the grassland of the Alternatheria philoxeroides and the underground parts of the grassland of the Alternatheria philoxeroides in a drying oven, drying to constant weight at 80 ℃, weighing the biomass of the overground parts and the underground parts by adopting an electronic balance (accurate to 0.0001;
(2) evaluation of relative growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides
The growth force of the Alternanthera philoxeroides is comprehensively evaluated through total biomass, the number of stem nodes and the length of the stem nodes (including stolons):
growth force index under disturbed environment:
original growth force index:
relative growth potential:
wherein M isi、Ni、LiThe total biomass, the number of stem nodes and the length of the stem nodes under the disturbance condition; m0i、N0i、L0iThe total biomass, the number of stem nodes and the length of the stem nodes under natural conditions; alpha, beta and gamma are weight coefficients;
experimental data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
The test results of the present invention are as follows:
TABLE 1 Biomass of aerial part and underground part of Nelumbo nucifera of the present invention
As can be seen from Table 1, the biomass of the aerial part and the underground part of the Alternanthera philoxeroides is obviously reduced when the insects are thrown, the aerial part is reduced by 50 percent when the two insects are thrown, and the growth of the Alternanthera philoxeroides can be obviously inhibited after the two insects are thrown.
TABLE 2 relative growth potential of Gexi Alternanthera philoxeroides tested by the invention
As can be seen from Table 2, the growth potential of Alternanthera philoxeroides is relatively and independently released and also shows a descending trend, wherein when two insects are released, the relative growth potential is reduced by about 50%, and the reduction range is large, which indicates that the growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides can be obviously inhibited when the two insects are released within a period less than one generation.
Description of the drawings: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention and do not limit the technical solutions described in the present invention; thus, while the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted; all such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention and protected by the following claims.
Claims (9)
1. A method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by using facultative insects and/or special feeding insects is characterized by comprising the following specific steps of:
(1) selecting a field which is invaded by the Alternanthera philoxeroides or is easy to invade;
(2) insect culture: capturing facultative insects and non-food insects under the field natural condition, and culturing the facultative insects and the non-food insects in an insect culture device for a period of time to enlarge the population scale; in order to ensure the insect population, the quantity and the male-female ratio of each insect in the insect culture device thrown into the insect culture device during primary culture are limited; moreover, in order to prevent population degradation, wild insect sources need to be supplemented into the culture device at intervals; the insect throwing time needs to be properly adjusted by combining the optimal growth condition of each species and the local climate environment;
(3) and (3) putting the facultative insects and/or the special-feeding insects cultured in the step (2) and the field in the step (1) to inhibit the growth of the alternanthera philoxeroides.
2. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Facultative insects and/or obligate insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capturing Facultative insects under the field natural conditions in the step (2) is but not limited to Sunbaiensis; the insect for exclusive feeding is but not limited to agasicles hygrophila.
3. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by using Facultative and/or specific feeding insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (2) is carried out by culturing in an insect culture device for 5-15 days.
4. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Facultative insects and/or specific feeding insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil humidity of the selected plots needing biological control is not less than 60% when the specific feeding insects in step (2) select Alternanthera philoxeroides.
5. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Facultigenous insects and/or specific feeding insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of each insect fed into the insect culture apparatus during the primary culture in step (2) is not less than 10; the male-female ratio of each insect of the insect culture device is 1: (1-2).
6. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Fasciola and/or Precisely feeding insects as claimed in claim 5, wherein when the selected Precisely feeding insects are Alternaria scholaris, the initial feeding amount is at least 40; when the selected facultative insects are locusts with short volume, the initial feeding amount is 10-20.
7. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Favorax and/or Prepical insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (2), in order to prevent population degeneration, the culture device is supplemented with wild insect sources for at least 20 plants every 10-15 days, and the ratio of male and female is 1: (1-2).
8. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Faculter and/or Special feeding insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (3), when Faculter and Special feeding insects are thrown: the insects are thrown in sequence at intervals of 7-8 days; preferentially throwing insect species with long passage time interval or population establishment and long recovery time.
9. The method for controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides by utilizing Facultative insects and/or special feeding insects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity of the special feeding insects in step (3) is 20-40 heads/m when the special feeding insects are selected from Alternanthera philoxeroides2(ii) a If the facultative insects are short locusts, the number of the given locusts is 4-8 heads/m2(ii) a Wherein, when throwing in the concurrently feeding insect and the special feeding insect, the throwing quantity ratio of the concurrently feeding insect to the special feeding insect is 1: (5-20).
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| CN114403101A (en) * | 2022-01-25 | 2022-04-29 | 江苏大学 | Method for preventing and controlling invasive weed Solidago canadensis by using acridia sinensis |
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