CN113261484A - Seedling raising substrate capable of reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Seedling raising substrate capable of reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113261484A CN113261484A CN202110563445.0A CN202110563445A CN113261484A CN 113261484 A CN113261484 A CN 113261484A CN 202110563445 A CN202110563445 A CN 202110563445A CN 113261484 A CN113261484 A CN 113261484A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
Abstract
The invention relates to the field of heavy metal pollution control, in particular to a seedling raising substrate capable of reducing Cd enrichment capacity of crops, and a preparation method and application thereof. The seedling raising substrate comprises a basic seedling raising substrate and an additive; the effective components of the additive are trace elements required by the growth of crops; the trace elements required by the growth of the crops comprise Se elements or Si elements; when the microelements required by the growth of the crops are Se elements, the mass ratio of the Se elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (5-7): (1 multiplied by 10)6) (ii) a When the trace elements required by the growth of the crops are Si elements, the mass ratio of the Si elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (2-5): 1 multiplied by 104). According to the seedling raising substrate provided by the invention, the microelements required by the growth of crops with proper concentration are added, so that the seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity are raised, and the rice with the Cd content not exceeding the standard can be obtained at lower cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of heavy metal pollution prevention and treatment, in particular to a seedling raising substrate capable of reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In recent years, the heavy metal pollution of farmland soil in China is more serious, wherein the primary pollutant is heavy metal Cd, and the over-standard rate of point positions reaches 7%.
Cd is a non-essential element of organisms and is considered as a heavy metal with the strongest biological toxicity due to its high mobility, high toxicity, high accumulation and difficult elimination. After the heavy metal Cd enters the soil, the heavy metal Cd is easy to absorb and enrich by plants due to high biological activity, and meanwhile, along with the enlargement of a food chain, the heavy metal Cd threatens the health of a human body, including osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, renal injury and the like.
Rice is one of main grain products in China, and Cd content of the rice is over-standard due to Cd pollution of soil, so that harm is caused to human health. Therefore, how to control the content of Cd in rice is very important. There are many measures for preventing and controlling the Cd standard exceeding of rice, and the aim of safe production is achieved by mainly restoring the polluted soil. An effective method for restoring and treating Cd pollution in farmland is to apply some soil passivation materials including lime, fly ash, hydroxyapatite, organic fertilizer and the like, so as to improve the pH value of soil, increase soil adsorption sites, reduce the activity of Cd in soil and prevent and control the root absorption of rice. However, because the biological migration of Cd is very strong, a part of Cd ions are still absorbed by the roots of rice and then migrate to stems, leaves and seeds. In addition, the continuous stability of the passivation material is reduced along with the prolonging of the application time, heavy metal Cd in the soil is likely to be reactivated and then migrates to edible parts of crops, and particularly, acid rice soil in a southern rice area is more likely to be reactivated due to the reasons of acid precipitation and the like.
Aiming at a farmland polluted by large-area heavy metals, how to obtain rice with Cd content not exceeding standard by a relatively low-cost and relatively light operation method is a problem to be solved urgently at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a seedling raising substrate for reducing the cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, a preparation method and application thereof. The seedling raising substrate provided by the invention can obtain rice with the Cd content not exceeding the standard in the shortest cost and the fastest time.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a seedling raising substrate for reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, which comprises a basic seedling raising substrate and an additive; the effective components of the additive are trace elements required by the growth of crops; the trace elements required by the growth of the crops comprise Se elements or Si elements; when the microelements required by the growth of the crops are Se elements, the mass ratio of the Se elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (5-7): (1 multiplied by 10)6)；
When the trace elements required by the growth of the crops are Si elements, the mass ratio of the Si elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (2-5): 1 multiplied by 104)。
Preferably, the raised rice crop comprises rice.
Preferably, the raw material for preparing the Se element comprises Na2SeO3(ii) a The preparation raw material of the Si element comprises silicic acid.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the seedling raising substrate, and when the preparation raw material is Na2SeO3The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing Na2SeO3Mixing with water to obtain an additive, and mixing the additive with a basic seedling raising matrix to obtain a seedling raising matrix;
when the preparation raw material is silicic acid, the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing silicic acid with water, performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain an additive, and mixing the additive with a basic seedling raising matrix to obtain the seedling raising matrix.
Preferably, the temperature of the ultrasonic treatment is 30 ℃; the ultrasonic treatment time is 7-8 h.
The invention also provides the application of the seedling raising substrate or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method in reducing the Cd content of the brown rice.
Preferably, the rice includes rice planted in Cd-contaminated farmland.
The invention also provides a method for reducing the Cd content in the brown rice of rice, which comprises the following steps:
sowing the germinated seeds in the seedling raising substrate or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method to obtain seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity;
transplanting the seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity, and harvesting to obtain brown rice with low Cd content.
Preferably, the transplanting period is from the seedling growing to a three-leaf one-heart period.
Preferably, the transplanting mode comprises mechanical transplanting, manual transplanting or seedling throwing.
Has the advantages that:
the invention provides a seedling raising substrate for reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, which comprises a basic seedling raising substrate and an additive; the effective components of the additive are trace elements required by the growth of crops; the trace elements required by the growth of the crops comprise Se elements or Si elements; when the microelements required by the growth of the crops are Se elements, the mass ratio of the Se elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (5-7): (1 multiplied by 10)6) (ii) a When the trace elements required by the growth of the crops are Si elements, the mass ratio of the Si elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (2-5): 1 multiplied by 104). According to the seedling raising substrate provided by the invention, the microelements required by the growth of crops with proper concentration are added, so that the seedlings with reduced Cd enrichment capacity are raised, and further edible agricultural products such as rice with Cd content not exceeding the standard can be obtained by low-cost and light operation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of analysis of rice and brown rice in application example 4;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of analysis of rice and brown rice in application example 5;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of analysis of rice and brown rice in application example 6;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of Se content determination in seeds obtained by adding Se to the substrate in application example 7;
fig. 5 is a diagram of the results of measuring the Se content in seeds after Se is added to the substrate in application example 8.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a seedling raising substrate for reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, which comprises a basic seedling raising substrate and an additive; the effective components of the additive are trace elements required by the growth of crops; the trace elements required by the growth of the crops comprise Se elements or Si elements; when the microelements required by the growth of the crops are Se elements, the mass ratio of the Se elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (5-7): (1 multiplied by 10)6) (ii) a When the trace elements required by the growth of the crops are Si elements, the mass ratio of the Si elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (2-5): 1 multiplied by 104)。
In the present invention, the sources of the components in the seedling raising substrate are not limited, and commercially available ones known to those skilled in the art may be used unless otherwise specified.
In the present invention, the crop of the seedling raising substrate preferably includes rice; the basic seedling raising substrate preferably comprises a rice seedling raising substrate.
In the invention, when the microelements required by the growth of crops are Se elements, the mass ratio of the Se elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (5-7): 1 × 106) Preferably (5.5 to 6.5): (1X 10)6) More preferably 6 (1X 10)6) (ii) a The raw material for preparing the Se element preferably comprises Na2SeO3(ii) a The Na is2SeO3Preferably greater than 99%. The invention can improve the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT and glutathione peroxidase GSH-Px) and the content of proline (Pro) of roots and leaves of rice seedlings and reduce hydrogen peroxide (H) by compounding a proper Se element and a seedling raising substrate to carry out seedling raising treatment on rice2O2) And Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and is beneficial to the formation of insoluble cadmium Se complex in rice roots, thereby reducing the content of Cd in a biological effective state in a soil solution and inhibiting the absorption and transportation of Cd; in addition, the active oxygen ROS of rice cells can be increased, and mitochondrial membranes can be madeThe potential is reduced, and the lignin content and the cell wall thickness of rice plants are increased; in addition, the expression of Cd uptake related gene (OsNramp5) and transport related gene (OsLCT1) in rice can be reduced, and the expression of lignin synthesis related gene (OsPAL, OsCoMT and Os4CL3) is activated, so that the absorption and transport capacity of rice plants to Cd is reduced by regulating the expression of lignin synthesis and Cd related gene, and the Cd content of rice is reduced.
In the invention, when the trace elements required by the crops are Si elements, the mass ratio of the Si elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (2-5): (1 × 10)4) Preferably (2.4 to 4.9): (1X 10)4) More preferably 4.8 (1X 10)4) (ii) a The raw material for preparing the Si element preferably comprises silicic acid; the purity of the silicic acid is preferably greater than 99%. According to the invention, through carrying out rice seedling raising treatment on rice by compounding a proper Si element and a seedling raising matrix, the absorption and the transportation of Cd by rice seedlings can be reduced by reducing Cd transport genes, and the activity of antioxidant enzyme is enhanced, so that the Cd-induced oxidative stress is improved, the activity of Cd-induced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and ascorbic Acid Peroxidase (APX) is reduced, and the Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H) of Cd-stressed rice after growth are reduced2O2) And oxygen (O)2) The content of Cd in the plant leaves is reduced, the chlorophyll content of the plant leaves is increased, the activity of the root system is improved, and the resistance to Cd is improved, so that the accumulation and toxicity of Cd in the plant body are reduced; in addition, the Si element can improve the growth parameters of rice and protect the rice from cell death and electrolyte leakage caused by Cd toxicity, and the Si element plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of cell walls under the stress of heavy metals by promoting the pectin synthesis, pectin methylesterase and cation exchange capacity of rice suspension cells, so that the rice can retain Cd at the root and limit the Cd from being transported to the overground part.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the seedling raising substrate in the scheme, and when the preparation raw material is Na2SeO3The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing Na2SeO3Mixing with water to obtain additiveMixing the additive and the basic seedling raising matrix to obtain a seedling raising matrix;
when the preparation raw material is silicic acid, the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing silicic acid with water, performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain an additive, and mixing the additive with a basic seedling raising matrix to obtain the seedling raising matrix.
In the present invention, the temperature of the ultrasonic treatment is preferably 30 ℃; the time of ultrasonic treatment is preferably 7-8 h, and more preferably 7.5 h; the ultrasonic treatment apparatus preferably comprises an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus. The source of the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus is not limited in the present invention, and commercially available products known to those skilled in the art may be used. The invention can uniformly disperse silicic acid in the additive through ultrasonic treatment.
The invention also provides the application of the seedling raising substrate or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method in reducing the Cd content in the brown rice of rice; the rice preferably includes rice planted in Cd-contaminated farmland.
The invention also provides a method for reducing the Cd content in the brown rice of rice, which comprises the following steps:
sowing the germinated seeds in the seedling raising substrate in the scheme or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method in the scheme to obtain seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity;
transplanting the seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity, and harvesting to obtain brown rice with low Cd content.
According to the invention, the germinated seeds are sown in the seedling raising substrate in the scheme or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method in the scheme, so that seedlings with the capability of reducing Cd enrichment are obtained. In the present invention, the method for preparing the germinated seed preferably comprises: placing the seeds on moist filter paper for culturing for 2-3 d, and obtaining germinated seeds after the length of the seed buds is more than 2 mm; the temperature of the culture is preferably 25-29 ℃, and more preferably 27 ℃. According to the invention, the rice seedling raising matrix is added with appropriate microelements required by crop growth, so that the seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity can be cultivated.
After the seedlings with the capability of reducing the Cd enrichment are obtained, the seedlings with the capability of reducing the Cd enrichment are transplanted, and the brown rice with low Cd content is obtained after harvesting.
In the invention, the transplanting period is preferably the period that seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity grow to a three-leaf one-heart period; the transplanting mode preferably comprises mechanical seedling transplanting, manual seedling transplanting or seedling throwing.
According to the seedling raising substrate provided by the invention, the seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity are raised by adding the trace elements required by crops with appropriate concentrations, so that the absorption of Cd by the roots of the crops can be reduced, and the transfer of Cd to other parts at the roots of the crops can be reduced, thereby reducing the Cd enrichment capacity of the crops; in addition, the seedling raising substrate can be used for obtaining the rice with the Cd content not exceeding the standard by light operation at lower cost, so that the Cd content of the brown rice in the rice planted in the Cd-polluted soil is lower than the national standard for food safety/the limit standard of pollutants in food by 0.2mg/kg, a large amount of manpower and material resources are saved, and the seedling raising substrate is completely suitable for being popularized and used in the technical field of heavy metal agricultural product pollution control of rice and the like in China.
In order to further illustrate the invention, the following detailed description of the seedling raising substrate for reducing the cadmium enrichment capacity of crops, the preparation method and the application thereof are provided with reference to the examples and the attached drawings, but the substrate and the preparation method cannot be understood as the limitation of the protection scope of the invention.
Example 1
A seedling raising substrate for reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops comprises the following components: a rice seedling raising substrate (purchased from the center of research and development of rice cropping technology of the Chinese Rice research institute) and an additive (Na)2SeO3Solution); the mass ratio of Se element in the additive to the rice seedling raising matrix is 6 (1 multiplied by 10)6)。
The preparation of the seedling raising substrate comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing the rice seedling raising matrix with the additive to obtain the rice seedling raising matrix.
Example 2
A sprout cultivation substrate similar to example 1, with the difference that the additive is a Si acid suspension; the mass ratio of Si element in the additive to the rice seedling raising matrix is 2.4 (1 multiplied by 10)4) (ii) a The preparation method of the additive comprises the following steps: mixing silicic acid with water, placing the mixture into a beaker, placing the beaker into an ultrasonic cleaning instrument, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 7.5h at the water bath temperature of 30 ℃ to obtain the additive.
The preparation of the seedling raising substrate comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing the rice seedling raising matrix with the additive to obtain the rice seedling raising matrix.
Example 3
A seedling raising substrate similar to that in example 2 is only different in that the mass ratio of Si element in the additive to the rice seedling raising substrate is 4.8 (1 x 10)4)。
Comparative example 1
A seedling raising substrate similar to that of example 1, the only difference being that the additive is water of equal mass.
Comparative example 2
A seedling raising substrate similar to that in example 1 is only different in that the mass ratio of Se element in the additive to the rice seedling raising substrate is 3 (1 x 10)6)。
Application example 1
A method for reducing the Cd content of brown rice of rice comprises the following concrete pot culture tests:
the potting test is arranged in a greenhouse of a plant institute of Chinese academy of sciences of Jiangsu province. The soil to be tested is retention type rice soil with excessive Cd, and the basic physicochemical properties of the soil are shown in Table 1. According to the soil environment quality agricultural land soil pollution risk control standard (GB 15618-. The tested rice variety Chuangliangyou276 is the main pushed variety in Jiangsu province and belongs to indica type two-line hybrid rice variety. Sterilizing the surface of rice seeds for 5min by using 70% ethanol, sterilizing the surface of 5% sodium hypochlorite for 30min, and rinsing the seeds for 5-6 times by using sterile distilled water; after disinfection, the seeds are respectively transferred into beakers with clear water, the tops of the beakers are covered with clean paper, then the beakers are kept for 24 hours under the condition of no light (25 +/-1 ℃), after 24 hours, the seeds are taken out and placed in a culture dish covered with wet filter paper for accelerating germination for 3 days, after the germination of the seeds is larger than 2mm, the seeds are sowed in the seedling raising substrate prepared in the embodiment 1 for seedling raising, and the seedlings are ready to be transplanted after the seedlings grow to the three-leaf period. The seedlings were transplanted into plastic pots (bottom diameter 20cm x caliber 30cm x height 20cm) containing 5kg of test soil, three bags per pot, one for each bag. Controlling the moisture content and the fertilizer: 2.5g of urea and 1.0g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate are applied to each pot once before transplanting, the water flooding is kept for 2-3 centimeters in the whole growth period relative to 1200 kg/hectare and 480 kg/hectare of a field, and other management measures are basically consistent with large-area production.
TABLE 1 basic physicochemical Properties of the soil tested
Application example 2
A method similar to application example 1, with the only difference that the seedling raising substrate is the seedling raising substrate prepared in example 2.
Application example 3
A method similar to application example 1, with the only difference that the seedling raising substrate is the seedling raising substrate prepared in example 3.
Comparative example 3
A method similar to application example 1, with the only difference that the seedling raising substrate is the seedling raising substrate prepared in comparative example 1.
Comparative example 4
A method similar to application example 1, with the only difference that the seedling raising substrate is the seedling raising substrate prepared in comparative example 2.
Application example 4
The tests of application example 1 and comparative examples 3 and 4 were performed in triplicate (3 pots per replicate), respectively. Harvesting roots, stems, leaves and seeds of each pot of rice to be treated in the rice maturation period, washing the rice with deionized water, deactivating enzymes at 105 ℃ for 30min, drying at 75 ℃ to constant weight, weighing, and pulverizing. For the analysis of rice Cd, a sample of milled brown rice was treated with HNO3-HClO4Digesting in a hot plate until a clear solution is obtained, and then allowingThe measurement was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The digestion process uses analytical standard substance spinach (GBW10015) and is repeatedly combined with reagent blank analysis to ensure the accuracy and precision of the digestion program. The test results are shown in table 1 and fig. 1.
TABLE 1 content of Cd in each part of rice in mature period cultivated by substrate with different Se concentration
As can be seen from Table 1 and A in figure 1, in the soil polluted by Cd (0.8mg/kg), compared with the seedling raising substrates prepared in comparative examples 1 and 2, the seedling raising substrate prepared by the invention has the advantages that the content of Cd in rice grains is remarkably reduced, the reduction amplitude reaches 61.2%, and in addition, compared with the experimental results of application examples 1 and 4, the effect is best when the concentration of Se in the seedling raising substrate is 6mg/kg, the content of Cd in the rice grains is reduced to 0.1mg/kg, which is remarkably lower than the national standard for food safety/the limit standard of pollutants in food by 0.2 mg/kg.
As can be seen from the table 1 and B in the figure 1, compared with the seedling raising substrates prepared in the comparative examples 1 and 2, the content of Cd at the roots of rice is obviously reduced after the seedling raising substrates prepared in the invention are treated, and the reduction amplitude reaches 19.7% -52.8%.
As can be seen from Table 1 and C in figure 1, compared with the seedling raising substrates prepared in comparative example 1 and comparative example 2, the seedling raising substrate prepared in the invention has the advantages that the Cd content in the stems of the rice is obviously reduced after the seedling raising substrate is treated, the reduction amplitude reaches 34.4% -44.5%, in addition, the experimental results of application examples 1 and comparative example 4 are compared, when the concentration of Se in the seedling raising substrate is 6mg/kg, the effect is optimal, the Cd content in the stems of the rice is obviously lower than that in the stems of the rice of a blank control, and the rice growing in seedlings cultured by the seedling raising substrate containing Se can reduce the transfer of Cd from the roots to the stems in the bodies of the rice.
As can be seen from Table 1 and D in figure 1, compared with the seedling raising substrates prepared in comparative examples 1 and 2, the content of Cd in the leaves of rice is obviously reduced after the seedling raising substrate prepared in the invention is treated, and the reduction amplitude reaches 58.1% -70.9%.
Application example 5
The rice and brown rice in examples 2 and 3 and comparative example 3 were analyzed by the same test method as in the application example, and the test results are shown in table 2 and fig. 2.
TABLE 2 content of Cd in each part of rice in maturation period cultivated by substrate with different Si concentration
As can be seen from the results in Table 2 and FIG. 2A, in the soil polluted by Cd (0.8mg/kg), compared with the seedling raising substrate prepared in the comparative example 1, the seedling raising substrate prepared in the invention has the advantages that the content of Cd in rice grains is remarkably reduced after the seedling raising substrate is treated, the reduction amplitude reaches 56.2% -83.3%, and in addition, compared with the experimental results of application examples 2 and 3 and the comparative example 3, the effect is optimal when the concentration of Si element in the seedling raising substrate is 480mg/kg, the content of Cd in the rice grains is reduced to 0.05mg/kg, which is remarkably lower than the national standard of food safety/the pollutant limit standard in food by 0.2 mg/kg.
As can be seen from Table 2 and B in figure 2, compared with the seedling raising substrate prepared in the comparative example 1, the content of Cd at the roots of rice is obviously reduced after the seedling raising substrate prepared in the invention is treated, and the reduction amplitude reaches 44.1% -60.2%.
As can be seen from Table 2 and C in figure 2, compared with the seedling raising matrix prepared in the comparative example 1, the seedling raising matrix prepared in the invention has the advantages that the content of Cd in the stem of rice is obviously reduced after the seedling raising matrix is treated, the reduction amplitude reaches 53.8% -85.5%, in addition, the experimental results of the application examples 2 and 3 and the comparative example 3 are compared, when the concentration of Si element in the seedling raising matrix is 480mg/kg, the effect is optimal, the content of Cd in the stem of rice is obviously lower than that of Cd in the stem of rice of a blank control, and therefore, the transfer of Cd from the root to the stem of rice in the body of rice growing in seedlings cultured by the seedling raising matrix containing Si element can be reduced.
As can be seen from Table 2 and D in figure 2, compared with the seedling raising matrix prepared in the comparative example 1, the content of Cd in the leaf part of the rice is obviously reduced after the seedling raising matrix prepared in the invention is treated, and the reduction amplitude reaches 35.3% -79.7%, and in addition, the experimental results of the application examples 2 and 3 and the comparative example 3 are compared, when the concentration of the Si element in the seedling raising matrix is 480mg/kg, the effect is optimal, the content of Cd in the leaf part of the rice is obviously lower than that of Cd in the leaf part of the rice of a blank control, so that the rice grown in the seedling obtained by the seedling raising matrix containing the Si element can reduce the transfer of Cd from the stem part to the leaf part in the body of the rice.
Application example 6
A method for reducing the Cd content of brown rice of rice comprises the following field tests:
the test area is located in a polluted farmland (the total Cd content of soil is 0.85mg/kg) in Guixi City in Jiangxi province, the main soil type of the area is paddy soil with river alluvial matter matrix development, the main pollutant is heavy metal Cd, and the basic physicochemical properties of the soil are shown in Table 3. According to the soil environment quality agricultural land soil pollution risk control standard (GB 15618-.
TABLE 3 basic physicochemical Properties of the soil tested
The specific treatment is as follows: the test adopts single-factor difference repeated design, and selects the local common rice variety Wu you Huazhan. Adopts the similar pregermination and seedling raising treatments as the application example 1, the only difference lies in the difference of seedling raising substrates, 3 treatments are arranged totally, 3 times of repetition are carried out, 9 cells are counted totally, and the area of each cell is 20m2(4m is multiplied by 5m), the PVC plates are randomly arranged in blocks, and the PVC plates among all the cells are separated, so that the influence of rainwater runoff on the test result is prevented. The experimental treatments were as follows:
table 4 test treatment schematic table
| Group of | Seedling raising substrate |
| 1 | Comparative example 1 |
| 2 | Example 1 |
| 3 | Example 2 |
Note: the seedling raising substrate in table 4 indicates that the seedling raising substrates used in the different treatments were the seedling raising substrates in the corresponding examples or comparative examples.
Accelerating germination according to the method in application example 1, sowing the seedlings in a seedling raising substrate, raising seedlings, and preparing for transplanting when the seedlings grow to a three-leaf one-heart period, wherein the transplanting amount is 2 multiplied by 105holes/hm2. Controlling the moisture content and the fertilizer: before transplanting, leveling cultivated land, applying 200kg of urea and 480kg of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate to each hectare, keeping 2-3 cm of water logging in the whole growth period, and basically keeping other management measures consistent with large-area production.
In the mature period of the rice, a five-point sampling method is adopted to harvest seed samples of the rice in each treated cell, the samples are subjected to de-enzyming for 30min at 105 ℃ after being washed by deionized water, and then are dried to constant weight at 75 ℃, weighed and crushed. Subjecting the crushed seed sample to HNO3-HClO4Digestion in a hot plate until a clear solution is obtained, followed by measurement using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The digestion process uses analytical standard substance spinach (GBW10015) and is repeatedly combined with reagent blank analysis to ensure the accuracy and precision of the digestion program. The test results are shown in table 5 and fig. 3.
TABLE 5 content of Cd in rice seeds after sprout cultivation with different substrates
| Name of process | Cd content (μ g/kg) |
| Comparative example 1 | 287.42 |
| Example 1 | 188.32 |
| Example 2 | 163.36 |
As can be seen from the table 5 and the figure 3, in the Cd-polluted (0.85mg/kg) soil, aiming at the Wu you Huazhan of a common rice variety in Jiangxi and West, compared with the seedling raising substrate prepared in the comparative example 1, the content of Cd in rice grains is remarkably reduced after the seedling raising substrate prepared in the invention is treated, the reduction amplitude reaches 34.5-43.2%, and the content of Cd in the rice grains is lower than the national standard of food safety of 0.2 mg/kg. The method is consistent with the experimental result of the pot culture, and the field popularization and the application can be inferred from the method.
Application example 7
In the rice maturation period, seeds of each pot of rice treated by different seedling raising matrixes in application example 1, comparative example 3 and comparative example 4 are respectively harvested, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in GB5009.268-2016 is adopted, the Se content in the harvested seeds after different treatments is measured, and the measurement results are shown in a graph 4 and a table 6.
TABLE 6 Se content in Se-added substrate seeds
| Seedling raising substrate | Se content (mu g/kg) |
| Comparative example 3 | 33.74 |
| Comparative example 4 | 81.41 |
| Application example 1 | 41.17 |
Note: the seedling raising substrates in table 6 indicate that the seedling raising substrates used in the different treatments are the seedling raising substrates in the corresponding application examples or comparative examples.
As can be seen from FIG. 4 and Table 6, after the seedlings are raised in the substrates with different Se concentrations, the Se element content in the seeds is obviously increased only when the addition amount of Se in the seedling raising substrates is 6mg/kg (comparative example 4 group); after the seedling raising substrate prepared in the embodiment 1 is used for treatment, the content of Se in the harvested seeds is close to that in the comparative example 3, because the Se element is converted into endogenous organic Se after the rice seedlings raised by the seedling raising substrate containing the Se element with proper concentration absorb the Se element, the capability of absorbing exogenous Se element of the rice is reduced, and the Se content in the seeds after the rice is matured is not obviously different from the result in the comparative example 1 for the treatment of the seedling raising substrate containing the Se element with proper concentration; in addition, after the rice seedlings raised by the raising substrate containing the Se element with proper concentration absorb the Se element, the Se in the rice seedlings exists in the form of organic Se, and is non-toxic and harmless.
As shown in pot experiment, the rice harvested after the seedling raising treatment by the seedling raising substrate containing Se element with proper concentration has no health risk to human bodies.
Application example 8
In the rice maturation period, a five-point sampling method is adopted to obtain seed samples of rice in each treated cell, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in GB5009.268-2016 is adopted to respectively determine the Se content in seeds treated by the seedling raising matrix prepared in example 1 and comparative example 1 in application example 6, and the determination results are shown in figure 5 and table 7.
TABLE 7 content of Se seeds in rice after Se addition to substrate
| Treatment of | Variety of rice | Se content (mu g/kg) |
| Example 1 | Wuyou Huazhan | 162.80 |
| Comparative example 1 | Wuyou Huazhan | 87.48 |
Note: the seedling raising substrate in table 7 indicates that the seedling raising substrates used in the different treatments were the seedling raising substrates in the corresponding examples or comparative examples.
As can be seen from FIG. 5 and Table 7, in the field experiment, the seedling raising substrate in the embodiment 1 of the invention improves the Se element content in the seeds, which is consistent with the pot experiment result. In 2011, according to the regulations of food safety law and national standard management method of food safety, the Se index (Se limit standard of 0.3mg/kg) in the pollutant limit in food (GB2762-2005) is determined to be cancelled through examination by the national standard evaluation committee of food safety; meanwhile, as Se necessary for human bodies and animals, the Se content in most of rice is about 40 mu g/kg and is lower than the food hygiene standard in China, according to the average food consumption structure in China, 206kg of grain crops such as rice and wheat are consumed by everyone every year, and if all grains are rice, 0.564kg of rice is consumed by adults every day, the rice processed by raising the rice seedlings by the rice seedling substrate prepared in the embodiment 1 is calculated, so that the Se intake of the adults every day is 91 mu g and is far higher than the lowest daily intake of the adults recommended by the national nutrition association, and the rice has market demand; in addition, Se element in seeds harvested from rice grown by seedlings cultivated by the seedling cultivation substrate containing Se element exists in the form of organic Se, and no health risk exists when a human body ingests the Se element.
As can be seen from field experiments, after the rice seedling raising treatment is carried out by using the rice seedling raising substrate containing Se element with proper concentration, the harvested rice has no health risk to human bodies and has higher nutritional value.
In conclusion, the seedling raising substrate provided by the invention is added with trace elements with proper concentration required by the growth of crops, so that seedlings capable of reducing the enrichment capacity of Cd can be raised, the absorption of Cd by the roots of the crops can be reduced, the transfer of Cd to other parts at the roots of the crops can be reduced, and the enrichment capacity of Cd of the crops can be reduced; in addition, the seedling raising substrate can be used for obtaining the rice with the Cd content not exceeding the standard by light operation with lower cost, so that the Cd content of the brown rice in the rice planted in the Cd-polluted soil is obviously lower than the national standard of food safety of 0.2mg/kg, a large amount of manpower and material resources are saved, and the seedling raising substrate is completely suitable for being popularized and used in the technical field of heavy metal pollution prevention and control of large-volume agricultural products such as rice in China in a large area.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A seedling raising substrate for reducing cadmium enrichment capacity of crops is characterized by comprising a basic seedling raising substrate and an additive; the effective components of the additive are trace elements required by the growth of crops; the trace elements required by the growth of the crops comprise Se elements or Si elements; when the microelements required by the growth of the crops are Se elements, the mass ratio of the Se elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (5-7): (1 multiplied by 10)6)；
When the trace elements required by the growth of the crops are Si elements, the mass ratio of the Si elements to the basic seedling raising substrate is (2-5): 1 multiplied by 104)。
2. A seedling raising substrate according to claim 1, wherein the crop to be raised comprises rice.
3. The seedling raising substrate according to claim 1, wherein the raw material for the Se element comprises Na2SeO3(ii) a The preparation raw material of the Si element comprises silicic acid.
4. A method for producing a seedling raising substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that when the raw material for production is Na2SeO3The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing Na2SeO3Mixing with water to obtain an additive, and mixing the additive with a basic seedling raising matrix to obtain a seedling raising matrix;
when the preparation raw material is silicic acid, the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing silicic acid with water, performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain an additive, and mixing the additive with a basic seedling raising matrix to obtain the seedling raising matrix.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the temperature of the ultrasonic treatment is 30 ℃; the ultrasonic treatment time is 7-8 h.
6. Application of the seedling raising substrate of any one of claims 1 to 3 or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method of claim 4 or 5 in reducing the Cd content of brown rice.
7. The use of claim 6, wherein the rice comprises rice grown on Cd-contaminated farmland.
8. A method for reducing the Cd content in brown rice of rice is characterized by comprising the following steps:
sowing the germinated rice seeds in the seedling raising substrate of any one of claims 1 to 3 or the seedling raising substrate prepared by the preparation method of claim 4 or 5 to obtain seedlings with reduced Cd enrichment capacity;
transplanting the seedlings capable of reducing the Cd enrichment capacity, and harvesting to obtain brown rice with low Cd content.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the period of transplanting is from seedling growth to three-leaf one-heart period.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the transplanting comprises mechanical, manual, or rice transplanting.
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