CN113244453B - 可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法及应用 - Google Patents

可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法及应用 Download PDF

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CN113244453B
CN113244453B CN202110412212.0A CN202110412212A CN113244453B CN 113244453 B CN113244453 B CN 113244453B CN 202110412212 A CN202110412212 A CN 202110412212A CN 113244453 B CN113244453 B CN 113244453B
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crosslinking
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chitosan
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CN113244453A (zh
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郑裕东
杨惠仪
谢亚杰
刘旭东
乔堃
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University of Science and Technology Beijing USTB
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Abstract

一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法及应用。通过亲核取代反应对壳聚糖进行多官能团化的活化接枝,纳米晶须的纯化、细化及功能化,壳聚糖基体与功能化纳米晶须形成一级交联网络,促进热致剂引导的二级交联网络的激活与形成,共同推进纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的最终完成。通过改变体系中反应参数,可以调控复合凝胶的降解等各项性能。本发明制备流程简单可行性好,工艺绿色环保,制备得到的热致相变水凝胶是具有优异的生物相容性、力学性能、可注射性、体内降解性、抗菌性的可注射植入修复材料,能用于牙髓重建、软骨修复、心脏修复及抗凝血材料、药物释放载体、固定化酶载体、人工皮肤、骨填充材料、软组织填充、防粘连材料等。

Description

可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法及应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法和应用,具体涉及壳聚糖的活化接枝,以及使用热致剂和功能化生物活性纳米晶须制备可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶。
技术背景
壳聚糖是天然多糖甲壳素脱除部分乙酰基的产物,来源很多,而又廉价容易获取。并且壳聚糖由于分子结构中的氨基基团反应活性强,使得其具有优异的生物学功能并能进行化学修饰反应,如席夫碱反应;壳聚糖自身还具有抗菌、止血、促进伤口愈合的特点。其具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性等生物特性的特点,并且低毒,对蛋白质影响不大等优点,使该物质在医疗材料方面具有十分大的前景,常被用作组织工程的支架材料,可注射型水凝胶更是因为可以填充任意形状的组织缺损,被广泛用作组织修复。但是壳聚糖的水溶性不好,需要在酸中进行溶解,这为壳聚糖的应用带来困难,因此常常对壳聚糖进行改性,如羧甲基化、烷基化等。
大部分壳聚糖及其衍生物本身无法直接形成水凝胶,需要对其进行物理或化学交联使其成型。如使用β-甘油磷酸盐作为物理交联剂,可赋予壳聚糖温度响应特性,使其在人体温度附近发生溶胶-凝胶转变,如孙广炜等人公开的专利《一种壳聚糖温敏凝胶的制备方法及应用》,但此种方法制备的壳聚糖水凝胶有一个缺点,即水凝胶的机械性能极差,阻碍了其在组织工程中的应用。因此需要添加力学性能较好的材料对水凝胶进行改性,如纤维素纳米晶。
纤维素普遍存在于动植物中,是其重要的组成部分,其中纤维素含量最高的植物是棉花。现如今使用较多的是木质纤维素。细菌纤维素(BC)可以从许多细菌属,如木醋杆菌。细菌纤维素的生产包括两个重要过程,即发酵和纯化。在发酵过程中,微生物可以自由移动并贴近纤维素纤维,从而导致凝胶结构溶胀。纯化过程涉及微生物的死亡以及从纤维素基质中去除细胞废物和培养基。它可能会因特定细菌和培养条件而异。BC的化学式与植物纤维素相同。但是,BC具有更高的结晶度,聚合度,纯度,吸水能力和抗张强度。纳米晶须是从天然纤维素中直接提取,经处理后得到的具有纳米尺寸结构和良好的生物相容性、可再生性以及高结晶度等特性的可再生物质,应用潜力巨大。它的表面含有大量羟基,可以通过醛化、磺化等反应进行改性,被广泛应用于医用材料、食品包装、化妆品等行业。通过物理或化学处理能够得到改性的细菌纤维素纳米晶,这种纳米晶须具有高的结晶度,纳米晶须尺寸均匀,对纳米晶须进行改性后,也更容易与壳聚糖等材料进行复合,提高材料的性能。
发明内容
本发明的技术方案是:对壳聚糖基体进行活化接枝,使其具有更多活性官能团,更易与增强相等发生交联作用;将作为增强相的纳米晶须纯化及细化后进行不同程度及种类的功能化改性;使增强相纳米晶须均匀穿插于基体相壳聚糖分子链空穴间,通过与基体相的活性官能团接触发生一级交联反应,使得分子链柔顺性、空间位阻、分子间作用力发生改变,从而改变壳聚糖混合溶胶流变性能,促进后续二级交联反应的发生;将热致剂均匀并缓慢分散于上述混合溶胶中,并激活其热致性,使其迅速发生可控的二级交联作用,形成稳定均匀的相变,通过这种多级交联可以得到具有优异的生物相容性、力学性能、可注射性、体内降解性、抗菌性的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶。
一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:活化接枝的壳聚糖基体相与功能化纳米晶须增强相通过活性官能团之间的交联反应形成一级交联网络,对微观孔洞网络结构进行初步塑型、强化和稳定,促进多级交联的发生;在一级交联的基础上,通过热致剂以及热致效应发生二级自交联,迅速发生相变,实现最终网络孔洞结构的构建成型,这样的多级交联网络可以进一步增强水凝胶力学性能和结构稳定性,使相变温度和速度可控性更强,拥有更适合于临床应用的可注射性;通过改变体系中反应参数,可以调控复合凝胶的降解各项性能。
进一步地,如上所述可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,具体的制备过程如下:
步骤一:反应环境的预调节及基体相的亲核取代
向以溶质比为50:1均匀分散的壳聚糖类基体-pH缓冲剂溶液复合热溶液中加入1%-10%胺类盐作为反应助剂;分散后加入10%-50%的多元基团化合物,将调至弱酸性的溶液加热搅拌,通过亲核取代过程将活化基团接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中;
步骤二:多基团化壳聚糖的纯化
反应完全后将产物通过高速离心,过滤洗涤,蒸馏水透析进行纯化;低温冷藏并抽真空,产物置于研钵研磨成粉末,密封冷藏保存;
步骤三:纳米晶须增强相的纯化、细化与功能化制备
(1)将分割为小块的、纯化后的细菌纤维素通过再次切割、使用破壁机、细胞粉碎机等处理得到深层次细化的纳米晶须;
(2)将纯化、细化后的纳米晶须悬液与浓度为0.01M-0.1M的盐类功能化试剂进行共混,加入1%-0.1%的反应助剂,避光密封,超声后使其共混均匀,加热搅拌使分子链上第六位C的羟基通过电子转移转变为功能化的基团,反复高速离心,得到不同程度的功能化纳米晶须增强相;
步骤四:增强相与基体相的一级交联
将用低浓度乙酸进行质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖溶液与分散均匀天然纳米晶须悬液以20:1-5:1的不同配比共混,通过涡轮搅拌等手段使两相相互接触并混合均匀,天然纳米晶须均匀穿插于基体相壳聚糖分子链空穴间,通过与基体相的活性官能团接触发生一级交联反应,使得分子链柔顺性、空间位阻、分子间作用力发生改变。冷藏静置1-3h,去除气泡,使一级交联网络在溶液中充分舒展,促进后续实验中二级交联反应的发生;
步骤五:热致水凝胶的二级交联与热致性激活
将质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖与功能化纳米晶须一级交联反应溶液与热致剂分散溶液以100:1-20:1进行共混,将混合溶液倒入冷藏过的针筒中,注射入培养皿容器,放入37-38℃恒温箱中模拟人体环境,当热致性被激活后,多级交联网络完全形成,得到纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶。
进一步地,所使用的增强相只要满足能够与活化基团发生反应,且具有一定力学强度条件的高分子可降解材料均可使用,包括醛化纤维素纳米纤维、氧化细菌纤维素、氧化细菌纤维素纳米晶、氧化木质素、氧化木质素纳米晶、功能矿化胶原纤维等。
进一步地,通过与多元基团化合物的亲核取代过程将多个活化基团如羟基和氨基等基团接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中,多元基团化合物包括但不仅限于多元胺、多元醇等。
进一步地,使用的基体相为具有良好生物相容性的天然生物材料,在分子链上具有可以参与反应或改性的活性位点,包括但不仅限于壳聚糖、壳聚糖衍生物、海藻酸钠、胶原等。
进一步地,所使用的热致剂可以为无机材料,也可以是有机材料,只要能够赋予整个体系热致特性均可使用,包括β甘油磷酸钠、α-甘油磷酸钠、甘油、泊洛沙姆、羟丁基壳聚糖等。
进一步地,不同程度及种类的功能化纳米晶须在纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶中起到了增强相和一级交联剂的双重作用;与具有活化官能团的壳聚糖发生一级化学交联,对微观孔洞网络结构进行初步塑型、强化和稳定,促进二级交联的发生。
进一步地,对壳聚糖的活化接枝增加了其碳链上反应的活性位点,同时增强了壳聚糖的溶解性和反应活性,使活性基团与强化相纳米晶须之间的成键反应更加强烈,形成的化学键更加稳定,促进了功能化强化相纳米晶须对壳聚糖基体水凝胶的强化作用,形成更稳定的交联网络,大幅提高复合水凝胶的力学强度。
进一步地,同时使用功能化天然纳米晶须以及热致剂分别引发并参与一级交联作用和二级交联作用,以及天然纳米晶须本身的自缠结交联作用,实现可注射热致相变水凝胶层层递进的多级网络交联,使复合交联网络更加稳定,孔洞结构更加丰富,更适合细胞生长,交联时间和速度的可控性更好,既具有优异灵敏的热致性,同时也具有优秀的力学强度和生物活性。
采用如上所述方法制备的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶易于制备,制备得到的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶是一种具有优异的生物相容性、力学性能、可注射性、体内降解性、抗菌性的可注射植入修复材料,能用于多种组织工程领域,包括牙髓重建、软骨修复、心脏修复等领域;以及抗凝血材料、药物释放载体、固定化酶载体、人工皮肤、骨填充材料、软组织填充、防粘连材料等。
本发明通过活化接枝,使壳聚糖基体具有更多的活性基团,活化接枝后的壳聚糖水溶性和抗菌性提高,更易与增强相发生交联反应。纳米晶须结晶度高,力学性能好,经过功能化改性后可与基体相壳聚糖发生反应,同时作为一级交联剂和增强相均匀分布于体系之中,使体系具有良好的力学性能,更易成型,促进二级交联的发生。体系中的热致剂与活化接枝的壳聚糖发生二级自交联作用,在一级交联的基础上,调控该体系在温度改变为人体生理温度附近时,更迅速、更灵敏地实现热致的、整体性更好地溶胶-凝胶相转变,拥有更适合于临床应用的可注射性。通过改变体系中反应参数,可以调控复合凝胶的降解等各项性能。制备得到的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶是一种具有优异的生物相容性、力学性能、可注射性、体内降解性、抗菌性的可注射植入修复材料,能用于多种组织工程领域,如牙髓、软骨、心脏修复等,以及抗凝血材料、药物释放载体、固定化酶载体、人工皮肤、骨填充材料、软组织填充、防粘连材料等。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点和有益效果:
1、该发明制备的制备得到的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶通过强化相和热致剂参与的层层递进的多级交联,实现了强度更高、稳定性更强、孔洞更加丰富的微观结构,是具有优异的生物相容性、力学性能、可注射性、体内降解性、抗菌性的可注射植入修复材料,能用于多种组织工程领域,如牙髓重建、软骨修复、心脏修复等领域,以及抗凝血材料、药物释放载体、固定化酶载体、人工皮肤、骨填充材料、软组织填充、防粘连材料等。
2、本发明制备得到的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶具有优秀的热致性及可注射性,热致剂赋予了水凝胶优异的热致相变性能。其可控性更强,热致响应更加灵敏。当温度变化为人体生理温度时,本材料可以更加迅速产生响应,发生溶胶-凝胶相变,填充作用部位并成型,可以克服现有组织修复材料存在的聚合收缩而引起的微隙和流动性差等问题,具有很好的市场前景;
3、本发明使用的壳聚糖及其衍生物基体材料,以及天然纳米晶须等增强相材料具有优异的生物相容性和可降解性,壳聚糖及其活化接枝产物本身具有良好的抗菌能力,功能化后的纳米晶须增强相也具有抗菌性能,二者结合并共同作用可以让本发明制备的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶具有优异的抗菌性能;
4、本发明中通过活化接枝得到的壳聚糖等基体,赋予了基体相更多的活性基团,使其水溶性和抗菌性能更好,更适合应用,更多的活性官能团使基体相部分更加活跃,活化能降低,其更容易和功能化后的纳米晶须发生置换反应,反应的酸碱环境使得目标化学键更加牢固;
5、相比于传统的相变可注射水凝胶,本发明制备的纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶具有很好的力学强度和稳定性。发明中使用的纳米晶须具有增强相和一级交联剂的双向功能,功能化后与具有活化官能团的壳聚糖发生一级化学交联,对微观孔洞网络结构进行初步塑型、强化和稳定,在一级交联的基础上,通过热致剂以及热致效应发生二级交联,迅速发生相变,实现最终网络孔洞结构的构建成型,这样的多级交联可以进一步增强水凝胶力学性能和结构稳定性,使相变温度和速度可控性更强;
附图说明
图1纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的电镜照片(100μm),图2纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的电镜照片(50μm)。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施案例,进一步阐述本发明实施方式。这些实施案例仅仅用于说明本发明而不是用于限制本发明的范围,此外,本领域的技术人员在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,对本发明所做各种等价形式的改动,同样落入本申请权利要求书所要求的范围之内。
实例1
步骤一:壳聚糖及其衍生物的分散及反应环境的预调节
称量壳聚糖类基体相以50:1的溶质比溶解于缓冲剂溶液中。超声震荡10分钟,加热搅拌1小时,使其充分分散于溶液中。
步骤二:基体相的亲核取代
向上述均匀分散的复合热溶液中加入10%胺类盐作为反应助剂。超声震荡10分钟,加热搅拌,使其充分溶解,1小时后保持搅拌并缓慢加入20%的多元胺化合物,加快转速,待此化合物充分溶解后逐滴加入乙酸溶液,并用酸度计进行检测,直至将溶液的酸碱度调节弱酸性,加热搅拌6小时,通过亲核取代过程将多元活化基团氨基接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中。
步骤三:多基团化壳聚糖的纯化
反应完全后将产物倒入离心管进行高速离心,过滤洗涤,重复3次,以此洗去表面未反应物质,之后用蒸馏水透析1天,透析过程中要多次更换透析袋,使余液中未反应的助剂被除尽。透析完成后再次过滤洗涤。把产物置于低温冷藏并抽真空,放入研钵研磨成粉末,以保证后续实验的充分反应。得到不同多基团化程度的改性壳聚糖,密封冷藏保存。
步骤四:纳米晶须增强相的纯化、细化与制备
将细菌纤维素用去离子水初步冲洗后分割为大小相近的小块,30℃水浴并搅拌浸泡一夜,取出后再次用去离子水冲洗,通过挤压、加热、高浓度碱液浸泡、过滤洗涤、调节pH进行纯化,将纯化后的小块细菌纤维素浸泡于去离子水中备用。
将纯化后的细菌纤维素小块再次切割,放入破壁机中初步细化,加水,再次细化,反复多次后取出,加水,放入细胞破碎机中进行深层次细化,多次重复后取出,使用涡轮搅拌器,得到纳米晶须悬液。
步骤五:纳米晶须增强相的功能化
将纯化、细化后的纳米晶须悬液与0.01M盐类功能化试剂进行共混,加入0.1%反应助剂,避光密封,超声后使其共混均匀,加热搅拌不同时间,使分子链上第六位C的羟基通过电子转移转变为功能化醛基,取出,进行高速离心,用去离子水过滤洗涤,加水,超声振荡使产物充分与水接触,再次离心,如此重复多次,洗掉未反应的盐类试剂,得到功能化纳米晶须增强相。
步骤六:增强相与基体的一级交联
将多基团化壳聚糖溶于低浓度乙酸溶液中酸化,进行基团的质子化激活,静置一夜后取出,将功能化后的纳米晶须以1:1与水混合,多次超声震荡及涡轮搅拌,使其在垂直和水平维度上均分散均匀,以保证后续交联反应时间和空间上的统一和均匀。将质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖溶液与分散均匀天然纳米晶须悬液以20:1共混,通过涡轮搅拌等手段使两相相互接触,重复多次,直至二者完全混合均匀,天然纳米晶须均匀穿插于基体相壳聚糖分子链空穴间,通过与基体相的活性官能团接触发生一级交联反应,使得分子链柔顺性、空间位阻、分子间作用力发生改变。冷藏静置3h,去除气泡,使一级交联网络在溶液中充分舒展,促进后续实验中二级交联反应的发生。
步骤七:热致水凝胶的多级交联与热致性激活
将步骤六中得到的质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖与功能化纳米晶须一级交联反应溶液与热致剂分散溶液以100:1进行共混,热致剂影响了壳聚糖链之间的静电力、疏水作用和氢键作用,分子链上的电荷密度增加,改变链间的静电阻力,弱碱作用使热致剂与壳聚糖上的活性基团相互吸引,将混合溶液倒入冷藏过的针筒中,注射入培养皿等容器,放入37℃恒温箱中模拟人体环境,当热致性被激活后,疏水基团和氢键之间的引力大于分子链间的静电阻力,壳聚糖链间的部分片段发生物理结合,使一级交联反应全部完成,多级交联网络完全形成,实现溶胶-凝胶相转变,得到纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶。
实例2:步骤一:反应环境的预调节及基体相的亲核取代
步骤一:壳聚糖及其衍生物的分散及反应环境的预调节
称量壳聚糖类基体相以50:1的溶质比溶解于缓冲剂溶液中。超声震荡20分钟,加热搅拌2小时,使其充分分散于溶液中。
步骤二:基体相的亲核取代
向上述均匀分散的复合热溶液中加入2%胺类盐作为反应助剂。超声震荡30分钟,加热搅拌,使其充分溶解,2小时后保持搅拌并缓慢加入50%的多元醇化合物等,加快转速,待此化合物充分溶解后逐滴加入乙酸溶液,并用酸度计进行检测,直至将溶液的酸碱度调节弱酸性,加热搅拌3小时,通过亲核取代过程将多个活化基团如羟基接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中。
步骤三:多基团化壳聚糖的纯化
反应完全后将产物倒入离心管进行高速离心,过滤洗涤,重复3次,以此洗去表面未反应物质,之后用蒸馏水透析2天,透析过程中要多次更换透析袋,使余液中未反应的助剂被除尽。透析完成后再次过滤洗涤。把产物置于低温冷藏并抽真空,放入研钵研磨成粉末,以保证后续实验的充分反应。得到改性壳聚糖,密封冷藏保存。
步骤四:纳米晶须增强相的纯化、细化与制备
将细菌纤维素用去离子水初步冲洗后分割为大小相近的小块,40℃水浴并搅拌浸泡一夜,取出后再次用去离子水冲洗,通过挤压、加热、高浓度碱液浸泡、过滤洗涤、调节pH等方式进行纯化,将纯化后的小块细菌纤维素浸泡于去离子水中备用。
将纯化后的细菌纤维素小块再次切割,放入破壁机中初步细化,加水,再次细化,反复多次后取出,加水,放入细胞破碎机中进行深层次细化,多次重复后取出,使用涡轮搅拌器,得到纳米晶须悬液。
步骤五:纳米晶须增强相的功能化
将纯化、细化后的纳米晶须悬液与0.1M盐类功能化试剂进行共混,加入1%反应助剂,避光密封,超声后使其共混均匀,加热搅拌不同时间,使分子链上第六位C的羟基通过电子转移转变为功能化羧基,取出,进行高速离心,用去离子水过滤洗涤,加水,超声振荡使产物充分与水接触,再次离心,如此重复多次,洗掉未反应的盐类试剂,得到功能化纳米晶须增强相。
步骤六:增强相与基体的一级交联
将多基团化壳聚糖溶于低浓度乙酸溶液中酸化,进行基团的质子化激活,静置一夜后取出,将功能化后的纳米晶须以1:1与水混合,多次超声震荡及涡轮搅拌,使其在垂直和水平维度上均分散均匀,以保证后续交联反应时间和空间上的统一和均匀。将质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖溶液与分散均匀天然纳米晶须悬液以10:1共混,通过涡轮搅拌等手段使两相相互接触,重复多次,直至二者完全混合均匀,天然纳米晶须均匀穿插于基体相壳聚糖分子链空穴间,通过与基体相的活性官能团接触发生一级交联反应,使得分子链柔顺性、空间位阻、分子间作用力发生改变。冷藏静置10h,去除气泡,使一级交联网络在溶液中充分舒展,促进后续实验中二级交联反应的发生。
步骤七:热致水凝胶的多级交联与热致性激活
将步骤六中得到的质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖与功能化纳米晶须一级交联反应溶液与热致剂分散溶液以100:1进行共混,热致剂影响了壳聚糖链之间的静电力、疏水作用和氢键作用,分子链上的电荷密度增加,改变链间的静电阻力,弱碱作用使热致剂与壳聚糖上的活性基团相互吸引,将混合溶液倒入冷藏过的针筒中,注射入培养皿等容器,放入37℃恒温箱中模拟人体环境,当热致性被激活后,疏水基团和氢键之间的引力大于分子链间的静电阻力,壳聚糖链间的部分片段发生物理结合,使一级交联反应全部完成,多级交联网络完全形成,实现溶胶-凝胶相转变,得到纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶。
实例3:
步骤一:壳聚糖及其衍生物的分散及反应环境的预调节
制备一定浓度的pH缓冲剂溶液,称量溶质比为50:1的壳聚糖类基体相溶解于该缓冲剂溶液中。超声震荡20分钟,加热搅拌2小时,使其充分分散于溶液中。
步骤二:基体相的亲核取代
向上述均匀分散的复合热溶液中加入5%胺类盐作为反应助剂。超声震荡30分钟,加热搅拌,使其充分溶解,2小时后保持搅拌并缓慢加入20%的多元胺化合物等,加快转速,待此化合物充分溶解后逐滴加入乙酸溶液,并用酸度计进行检测,直至将溶液的酸碱度调节弱酸性,加热搅拌3小时,通过亲核取代过程将多个活化基团如氨基接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中。
步骤三:多基团化壳聚糖的纯化
反应完全后将产物倒入离心管进行高速离心,过滤洗涤,重复3次,以此洗去表面未反应物质,之后用蒸馏水透析2天,透析过程中要多次更换透析袋,使余液中未反应的助剂被除尽。透析完成后再次过滤洗涤。把产物置于低温冷藏并抽真空,放入研钵研磨成粉末,以保证后续实验的充分反应。得到多基团化的改性壳聚糖,密封冷藏保存。
步骤四:纳米晶须增强相的纯化、细化与制备
将细菌纤维素用去离子水初步冲洗后分割为大小相近的小块,40℃水浴并搅拌浸泡一夜,取出后再次用去离子水冲洗,通过挤压、加热、高浓度碱液浸泡、过滤洗涤、调节pH进行纯化,将纯化后的小块细菌纤维素浸泡于去离子水中备用。
将纯化后的细菌纤维素小块再次切割,放入破壁机中初步细化,加水,再次细化,反复多次后取出,加水,放入细胞破碎机中进行深层次细化,多次重复后取出,使用涡轮搅拌器,得到纳米晶须悬液。
步骤五:纳米晶须增强相的功能化
将纯化、细化后的纳米晶须悬液与0.01M的盐类功能化试剂进行共混,加入0.1%反应助剂,避光密封,超声后使其共混均匀,加热搅拌不同时间,使分子链上第六位C的羟基通过电子转移转变为功能化羧基,取出,进行高速离心,用去离子水过滤洗涤,加水,超声振荡使产物充分与水接触,再次离心,如此重复多次,洗掉未反应的盐类试剂,得到功能化纳米晶须增强相。
步骤六:增强相与基体的一级交联
将多基团化壳聚糖溶于低浓度乙酸溶液中酸化,进行基团的质子化激活,静置一夜后取出,将功能化后的纳米晶须以1:2与水混合,多次超声震荡及涡轮搅拌,使其在垂直和水平维度上均分散均匀,以保证后续交联反应时间和空间上的统一和均匀。将质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖溶液与分散均匀天然纳米晶须悬液以10:1共混,通过涡轮搅拌等手段使两相相互接触,重复多次,直至二者完全混合均匀,天然纳米晶须均匀穿插于基体相壳聚糖分子链空穴间,通过与基体相的活性官能团接触发生一级交联反应,使得分子链柔顺性、空间位阻、分子间作用力发生改变。冷藏静置10h,去除气泡,使一级交联网络在溶液中充分舒展,促进后续实验中二级交联反应的发生。
步骤七:热致水凝胶的多级交联与热致性激活
将步骤六中得到的质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖与功能化纳米晶须一级交联反应溶液与热致剂分散溶液以20:1进行共混,热致剂影响了壳聚糖链之间的静电力、疏水作用和氢键作用,分子链上的电荷密度增加,改变链间的静电阻力,弱碱作用使热致剂与壳聚糖上的活性基团相互吸引,将混合溶液倒入冷藏过的针筒中,注射入培养皿等容器,放入37℃恒温箱中模拟人体环境,当热致性被激活后,疏水基团和氢键之间的引力大于分子链间的静电阻力,壳聚糖链间的部分片段发生物理结合,使一级交联反应全部完成,多级交联网络完全形成,实现溶胶-凝胶相转变,得到纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶。

Claims (8)

1.一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:活化接枝的壳聚糖基体相与功能化纳米晶须增强相通过活性官能团之间的交联反应形成一级交联网络,对微观孔洞网络结构进行初步塑型、强化和稳定,促进多级交联的发生;在一级交联的基础上,通过热致剂以及热致效应发生二级自交联,迅速发生相变,实现最终网络孔洞结构的构建成型,这样的多级交联网络可以进一步增强水凝胶力学性能和结构稳定性,使相变温度和速度可控性更强,拥有更适合于临床应用的可注射性;通过改变体系中反应参数,可以调控复合凝胶的降解各项性能;
具体的制备过程如下:
步骤一:反应环境的预调节及基体相的亲核取代
向以溶质比为50:1均匀分散的壳聚糖类基体-pH缓冲剂溶液复合热溶液中加入1%-10%胺类盐作为反应助剂;分散后加入10%-50%的多元基团化合物,将调至弱酸性的溶液加热搅拌,通过亲核取代过程将活化基团接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中;
步骤二:多基团化壳聚糖的纯化
反应完全后将产物通过高速离心,过滤洗涤,蒸馏水透析进行纯化;低温冷藏并抽真空,产物置于研钵研磨成粉末,密封冷藏保存;
步骤三:纳米晶须增强相的纯化、细化与功能化制备
(1)将分割为小块的、纯化后的细菌纤维素通过再次切割、使用破壁机、细胞粉碎机处理得到深层次细化的纳米晶须;
(2)将纯化、细化后的纳米晶须悬液与浓度为0.01M-0.1M的盐类功能化试剂进行共混,加入1%-0.1%的反应助剂,避光密封,超声后使其共混均匀,加热搅拌使分子链上第六位C的羟基通过电子转移转变为功能化的基团,反复高速离心,得到不同程度的功能化纳米晶须增强相;
步骤四:增强相与基体相的一级交联
将用低浓度乙酸进行质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖溶液与分散均匀天然纳米晶须悬液以20:1-5:1的不同配比共混,通过涡轮搅拌手段使两相相互接触并混合均匀,天然纳米晶须均匀穿插于基体相壳聚糖分子链空穴间,通过与基体相的活性官能团接触发生一级交联反应,使得分子链柔顺性、空间位阻、分子间作用力发生改变;冷藏静置1-3h,去除气泡,使一级交联网络在溶液中充分舒展,促进后续实验中二级交联反应的发生;
步骤五:热致水凝胶的二级交联与热致性激活
将质子化激活后的多基团化壳聚糖与功能化纳米晶须一级交联反应溶液与热致剂分散溶液以100:1-20:1进行共混,将混合溶液倒入冷藏过的针筒中,注射入培养皿容器,放入37-38℃恒温箱中模拟人体环境,当热致性被激活后,多级交联网络完全形成,得到纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶;
通过与多元基团化合物的亲核取代过程将多个活化基团包括羟基和胺基接枝到壳聚糖分子第六位或第三位碳上的支链中,包括多元胺、多元醇;
当为多元胺时,盐类功能化试剂功能化的纳米晶须为醛基化纳米晶须或羧基化纳米晶须;
当为多元醇时,盐类功能化试剂功能化的纳米晶须为羧基化纳米晶须。
2.如权利要求1所述一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:所使用的增强相包括醛化纤维素纳米纤维、氧化细菌纤维素、氧化木质素、功能矿化胶原纤维。
3.如权利要求2所述一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述氧化细菌纤维素为氧化细菌纤维素纳米晶;
所述氧化木质素为氧化木质素纳米晶。
4.如权利要求1所述一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:所使用的热致剂包括β-甘油磷酸钠、α-甘油磷酸钠、甘油、泊洛沙姆、羟丁基壳聚糖。
5.如权利要求1所述可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:不同程度及种类的功能化纳米晶须在纳米晶须强化的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶中起到了增强相和一级交联剂的双重作用;与具有活化官能团的壳聚糖发生一级化学交联,对微观孔洞网络结构进行初步塑型、强化和稳定,促进二级交联的发生。
6.如权利要求1所述一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:对壳聚糖的活化接枝增加了其碳链上反应的活性位点,同时增强了壳聚糖的溶解性和反应活性,使活性基团与强化相纳米晶须之间的成键反应更加强烈,形成的化学键更加稳定,促进了功能化强化相纳米晶须对壳聚糖基体水凝胶的强化作用,形成更稳定的交联网络,大幅提高复合水凝胶的力学强度。
7.如权利要求1所述一种可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于:同时使用功能化天然纳米晶须以及热致剂分别引发并参与一级交联作用和二级交联作用,以及天然纳米晶须本身的自缠结交联作用,实现可注射热致相变水凝胶层层递进的多级网络交联,使复合交联网络更加稳定,孔洞结构更加丰富,更适合细胞生长,交联时间和速度的可控性更好,既具有优异灵敏的热致性,同时也具有优秀的力学强度和生物活性。
8.采用权利要求1所述方法制备的可控多级交联可注射热致相变水凝胶的应用,其特征在于:用于抗凝血材料、药物释放载体、固定化酶载体、人工皮肤、骨填充材料或防粘连材料。
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