CN113207601B - Method for improving nicotine yield of tobacco in unit land area - Google Patents
Method for improving nicotine yield of tobacco in unit land area Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01D91/00—Methods for harvesting agricultural products
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- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B1/00—Preparation of tobacco on the plantation
- A24B1/02—Arrangements in barns for preparatory treatment of the tobacco, e.g. with devices for drying
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the nicotine yield of tobacco in a unit land, which is characterized in that comprehensive management control is carried out on each stage of tobacco cultivation and a modulation drying stage, a series of measures of improving the nicotine content of tobacco, such as low ridging, high-density cultivation, no axillary bud removal during bud topping, up-to-down harvesting, rolling fixation and the like, are adopted to carry out optimization control, the synthesis and degradation rules of tobacco nicotine in the growth process and the modulation process are fully combined, the stable production of tobacco with high nicotine yield is realized, the transformation and diversified development of traditional tobacco production are realized, the international competitiveness of tobacco under new situation is improved, and a tobacco agricultural production industry chain under new situation is formed. The invention combines the production requirement of high-nicotine tobacco leaves, adopts high-mechanized production, reduces the labor investment in the tobacco production process, reduces the labor cost and greatly improves the production efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving the nicotine yield of tobacco in a unit land area.
Background
In recent years, with the rapid growth of heating non-combustible tobacco products and electronic cigarettes, the market size of new tobacco products will be further expanded, and new tobacco products will be rapidly grown worldwide.
The main products of the electronic cigarettes in the novel tobacco products at present mainly comprise heating cigarettes and steam type cigarettes, wherein the nicotine of the heating cigarettes mainly comes from tobacco sheets, and the sheets are originally made of waste tobacco leaves, so that the sheets contain the nicotine, but the taste of the sheets is not good as that of the traditional cigarettes, so that the situation of adding the nicotine additionally exists in a few heating cigarettes. The vapor type electronic cigarette requires completely new nicotine (nicotine). The part of nicotine is completely extracted from tobacco leaves. With the expected landing and rapid market growth of new tobacco policies, the demands of the industries such as tobacco, chemical industry, medicine and the like for nicotine are increased, and the price of nicotine is increased continuously.
Due to the particularity of tobacco production and planting in China, most of tobacco raw material production in a tobacco region aims at providing traditional cigarette raw materials for medium cigarettes, and the traditional tobacco has low nicotine content, so that the production and planting as the nicotine extraction raw material can cause excessive high tobacco planting cost and low profit. Therefore, the improvement of the nicotine output per unit land area, the maintenance of the international competitiveness of tobacco and the international market share of nicotine production in China are the problems to be solved urgently.
At present, a topping method is often adopted in agricultural production to improve the nicotine content of tobacco, but the improvement method is limited by various factors such as variety, cultivation conditions and the like. Because of the many factors affecting the nicotine content in tobacco leaves, controlling a single factor cannot guarantee stable tobacco quality. Therefore, it is important to research a low-cost and systematic cultivation management and modulation method to realize stable production of high-yield nicotine tobacco leaves.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for improving the nicotine yield of tobacco in unit land area.
The invention aims to realize the method for improving the nicotine output of tobacco in unit land area, which is to comprehensively manage and control each stage of tobacco cultivation and the modulation and drying stage, wherein the cultivation and management method comprises the following steps:
1) Land parcel selection: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises quickly, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots;
2) Soil preparation and tillage: removing weeds and sterilizing a field, deep ploughing and deep turning are carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then land parcels are leveled, the soil is crushed into fine rakes, the height and the filling are dug, the ground is leveled, and the soil parcels are finely crushed;
3) Fertilizing and ridging: ridging 17-20 days before tobacco seedling transplanting, and applying 3000-3500kg/hm in double strips before ridging 2 The farmyard manure is thoroughly decomposed, then the mechanical ridging is carried out, the specification of the ridging is 70-75cm in bottom width, and the height of the ridging is 8-15cm;
4) Mechanical transplanting, in which 1550-2500kg/hm is applied in pit before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 1800-2300 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and applying 1800-2200kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500-540kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulphate and 200kg/hm 2 Calcium superphosphate;
5) Topping and topdressing: bud picking and topping are carried out 55-60 d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 400-450kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 80-120kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate of (a); and applying 80-120kg/hm of the tobacco strain to heal the wound after topping for 5-7 days 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate;
6) Tobacco leafRepeatedly harvesting and supplementing fertilizer: after 95-115 days after tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and when the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished, 150-160kg/hm of the tobacco is applied 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 10-12 days, and applying 110-150kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 10-12 days; spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a cluster period and a vigorous period; when the ambient temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the bacteria-inhibiting medicament is sprayed in a supplementing way; the environmental temperature is lower than 25 ℃, and the fungus inhibiting medicine is sprayed in a supplementing way.
The method for preparing and drying comprises the following steps: after harvesting, flattening tobacco leaves, putting the tobacco leaves into a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to be 105-110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 1-2h, and then cooling to 55-60 ℃ to be baked, so that the moisture content of the dried tobacco leaves is 3.0-5.0% of the target value.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the invention provides a method for stably producing high-yield nicotine tobacco leaves aiming at dark tobacco, dry tobacco or flue-cured tobacco with high biomass and nicotine content, which fully combines the synthesis and degradation rules of tobacco nicotine in the growth process and the modulation process for the first time, realizes the stable production of the high-nicotine-yield tobacco leaves through the optimized control of a series of measures for improving the nicotine content of the tobacco leaves such as tobacco planting fields, ridging, fertilizing, topping, harvesting, modulation and the like, realizes the transformation and diversified development of the traditional tobacco leaf production, improves the international competitiveness of the tobacco in new situations, and forms a tobacco agricultural production industry chain in new situations.
2. The invention adopts a mode of combining reasonable high-density tobacco seedling transplanting and topping without bud inhibition treatment for the first time to improve the yield and the nicotine content of tobacco leaves, not only can ensure that the tobacco leaves obtain the maximum leaf number in unit area to obtain the maximum yield in unit area, but also directly improves the tobacco income of tobacco growers in unit area, so that the enthusiasm of tobacco growers is increased, and the invention is beneficial to popularization.
3. In the tobacco leaf modulating and drying stage, the roller de-enzyming and drying is adopted to rapidly dehydrate and dry the tobacco leaves, so that the loss of tobacco leaf nicotine in the de-enzyming process is greatly reduced, and the tobacco leaves are convenient to store and transport and subsequent nicotine extraction.
4. The invention combines the production requirements of high-nicotine tobacco leaves, adopts high-mechanized production, is simple and easy to operate, reduces the labor investment in the tobacco production process, reduces the labor cost, greatly improves the production efficiency, and meets the requirements of modern tobacco agriculture construction.
5. The method scientifically adopts targeted measures for multiple stages of tobacco growth and production, and finally realizes the stable production of large-yield nicotine, reduces the production cost and improves the income of tobacco farmers. Compared with the traditional method, the method has the advantages of good stability, low production cost, higher nicotine yield per unit land area and great popularization value.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated, but is not limited in any way, by the following examples, and any alterations or substitutions based on the teachings of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
The invention relates to a method for improving the nicotine output of tobacco in a unit land, which is used for comprehensively managing and controlling each stage of tobacco cultivation and a modulation drying stage, wherein the cultivation management method comprises the following steps:
1) Land parcel selection: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises quickly, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots;
2) Soil preparation and tillage: removing weeds and sterilizing a field, deep ploughing and deep turning are carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then land parcels are leveled, the soil is crushed into fine rakes, the height and the filling are dug, the ground is leveled, and the soil parcels are finely crushed;
3) Fertilizing and ridging: double-strip application of 3000-3500kg/hm before ridging 2 The decomposed farmyard manure of the formula (I) is used for promoting the exertion of fertilizer efficiency, the absorption of nutrients by root systems and the growth of tobacco plants and the accumulation of dry matters to the maximum extent;
mechanically ridging 17-20 days before tobacco seedling transplanting, wherein the specification of the ridge is 70-75cm in bottom width and 8-15cm in height;
4) Mechanical transplanting, in which 1550-2500kg/hm is applied in pit before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer to improve soil environment, increase biological diversity, provide various inorganic nutrition for the growth and development of tobacco plants, and enhance the comprehensive disease resistance of tobacco plants;
then adopting a mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 1800-2300 plants/mu, and after the transplanting is completed, avoiding the root system of the tobacco seedling, and applying 1800-2200 kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500-540kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulphate and 200kg/hm 2 The superphosphate is prepared by using a high nitrogen fertilizer to promote growth of tobacco leaves and thickening of the leaves, so that more dry matters are accumulated.
5) Topping and topdressing: bud topping is carried out 55-60 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted, but axillary buds are not removed, so that the tobacco plant is increased to generate more leaves, and the tobacco yield is improved. And ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is uniformly sprayed on the leaves at the end of topping so as to improve the endogenous ABA content of tobacco leaves, inhibit endogenous GA and IAA accumulation, and apply the humic acid organic fertilizer 400-450 kg/hm by utilizing the characteristic of high nitrogen fertilizer absorption rate when the tobacco plants are topping and injured 2 And 80-120kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate of (a); and applying 80-120kg/hm of the tobacco strain to heal the wound after topping for 5-7 days 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate to promote nicotine accumulation in the upper tobacco leaves.
6) Tobacco leaf is repeatedly harvested and fertilized: after 95-115 days after tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, so that the upper leaves with highest yield are harvested in the period of most abundant nicotine accumulation, and the specific method is as follows: harvesting upper leaf, and applying 150-160kg/hm when harvesting upper tobacco leaf is completed 2 Potassium nitrate to promote mid-lower leaf nicotine accumulation; harvesting middle leaves after 10-12 days, and applying 110-150kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate to promote mid-lower leaf nicotine accumulation; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 10-12 days; spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a cluster period and a vigorous period to prevent plant diseases and insect pests; if the ambient temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the bacteria inhibiting medicament is sprayed in a supplementing way, and if the ambient temperature is lower than 25 ℃, the fungus inhibiting medicament is sprayed in a supplementing way.
The total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient ratio of the humic acid organic fertilizer is 3:1.2:1.8, and the organic matter content is more than 60%.
In the step 4, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient ratio of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is 12:6:20-24, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient ratio of potassium nitrate is 26-30:0:5, and K is in potassium sulfate 2 The O content is more than or equal to 50 percent, and the content of effective phosphorus in the calcium superphosphate is more than or equal to 16 percent.
The nitrogen content of the potassium nitrate is more than or equal to 13.5 percent.
In the step 1, the soil is selected as clay loam, the organic matter content of a soil plough layer is 15.0-30.0 g/kg, and the total nitrogen content is 15.0-30.0 g/kg, so that the soil is favorable for tobacco leaf post-emergence.
In the step 6, the bacteria inhibiting agent comprises one or more of Paenibacillus polymyxa, copper thiabendazole, pseudomonas fluorescens, bordeaux mixture, kasugamycin, bacillus subtilis or metalaxyl-manganese zinc; the fungus inhibiting medicine is polyoxin or dimethachlon.
The method for preparing and drying comprises the following steps: flattening the tobacco leaves after harvesting, placing the tobacco leaves into a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to be 105-110 ℃ for fixation, rolling and drying for 1-2h, and then cooling to 55-60 ℃ until the tobacco leaves are dried, so that the moisture content of the dried tobacco leaves is 3.0-5.0% of the target value. Can greatly reduce the loss of tobacco nicotine in the de-enzyming process, and can ensure that the tobacco leaves can be stored and transported for a long time.
The tobacco variety in the invention is dark tobacco, dry tobacco or flue-cured tobacco with high biomass and nicotine content.
For flue-cured tobacco with high biomass and nicotine content, such as KRK26, K326 or NC71, the method of modulating and drying may also be as follows: and (3) airing the harvested tobacco leaves until the tobacco leaves turn into a yellowing end stage, transferring to a curing period stage of baking, baking until a tendon drying stage, and baking again to ensure that the tobacco leaves obtain the industrial availability of the primary flue-cured tobacco leaves and obtain higher nicotine yield.
Preferably, when the tobacco leaves are dried, the average temperature of a drying room is 20-35 ℃ and the average relative humidity is 65-70%.
Test example 1 factor test affecting tobacco leaf production quality, nicotine yield and cost
Except for the sixth influence factor, the test sites of other influence factor tests are all in Zhaobei county, wen mountain Zhuang nationality, yunnan province, and the tested tobacco varieties are dark cigarettes.
1. Influence of different cultivation conditions and measures on nicotine content of tobacco leaves
Orthogonal tests were performed at the 4-factor 3 level, with four factors: the tobacco planting soil A, the ridging height B, the tobacco planting density C, the topping time D and the test factors are shown in Table 1. Each factor was set at 3 levels and the orthogonal test assigned each factor level (see tables 1 and 2). Transplanting tobacco for 5 months and 1 day, removing buds, topping, and topping for primary flowers, wherein the topping time of flowers is 6 months and 20 days, 6 months and 30 days, and 7 months and 5 days respectively; the fertilization management is carried out according to the technical specification of the production of the high-quality tobacco leaves. Cultivation mode of 9 treatment combinations, each treatment combination is repeated for 3 times, and 27 cells.
TABLE 1 level of orthogonal experimental factors
TABLE 2 Allocation Table for factors of orthogonal test design
One week after topping, selecting a representative tobacco plant 5, timely measuring plant height, stem circumference, leaf length and leaf width, harvesting after leaf maturation, deactivating enzymes and drying tobacco leaves after harvesting, and measuring the nicotine content of tobacco leaves. Recording the weight of single leaf, the yield and measuring the nicotine content of tobacco leaves.
TABLE 3 dark color tobacco yield quality under different cultivation treatments
As is clear from Table 3, the tobacco planting soil which is the combination of the cultivation treatment adopted by the invention is clay loam, the ridging height is 8-15cm, and the tobacco planting density is 1800-2300 plants/hm 2 The topping mode is that the highest nicotine output per unit area is obtained by bud topping.
2. Effect of different axillary bud removing treatments on nicotine content of tobacco leaf
The tobacco planting soil is clay loam, and 3500 kg/hm is double-strip-applied before ridging 2 The ridging height of the decomposed farmyard manure is 15cm, and the planting tobacco density is 1800 plants/hm 2 The topping mode is bud topping, and fertilization management is carried out according to the technical specifications of high-quality tobacco leaf production. Designing two experimental treatments, wherein S1 is that the bud picking starts at the topping of the bud stage, and the axillary buds cannot exceed 3CM once every other day; s2 is topping but not removing axillary buds;
project observation and recording: one week after topping, selecting a representative tobacco plant 5, timely measuring plant height, stem circumference, leaf length and leaf width, harvesting after leaf maturity, deactivating enzymes after harvesting, drying tobacco leaves, recording single leaf weight, recording yield, and measuring nicotine content of the tobacco leaves.
TABLE 4 quality of dark tobacco products treated by different axillary bud removal methods
As can be seen from Table 4, the tobacco produced by the topping but without axillary bud removal method of the present invention has a relatively high tobacco yield and a higher nicotine content.
3. Effect of different growth regulators on Nicotine content of tobacco
The tobacco planting soil is clay loam, the ridging height is 8cm, and the tobacco planting density is 1800 plants/hm 2 The topping mode is bud topping, but axillary buds are not erased, 6 different growth regulators are arranged for treatment after topping, wherein CK: spraying pure water with the same amount; n1:20 mg/L IAA; n2:5 mg/L ABA; and N3:1 mmol/L JA; n4: 2 mmol/L Put; n5:20 mg/L GA 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the N6:5 mg/L6-BA, and fertilizer application management is carried out according to the technical specifications of high-quality tobacco leaf production. The fertilization management is carried out according to the technical specification of the production of the high-quality tobacco leaves.
Harvesting after the leaf is ripe, selecting a representative 5-plant tobacco plant by each treatment, deactivating enzymes and drying tobacco leaves after harvesting, and measuring the nicotine content of the tobacco leaf.
TABLE 5 quality of dark tobacco yield under treatment with different growth regulators
As can be seen from Table 5, in the method of the present invention, the highest tobacco nicotine yield was obtained by applying 5 mg/L ABA after topping the buds.
4. Influence of different fertilization measures on nicotine content of tobacco
The tobacco planting soil is clay loam, and 3500 kg/hm is double-strip-applied before ridging 2 The ridging height of the decomposed farmyard manure is 15cm, and the planting smoke density is 1800 plants/hm 2 The topping mode is bud topping, but axillary buds are not removed, and 5 mg/L ABA is evenly sprayed on the surface of tobacco leaves after topping.
Test fertilizer: commercial organic fertilizer (N: P: K=2:2:8, organic matter)>35%), rapeseed cake (N: P: K=3:1.2:1.8, organic matter>60 percent) and humic acid organic fertilizer (N: P2O 5: K2O=3:1.2:1.8, organic matter)>50 percent of special compound fertilizer for tobacco (N: P: K=12:6:24), potassium nitrate (nitrogen content is more than or equal to 13.5 percent), potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
The test method comprises the following steps: five treatments W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 were designed, fertilization conditions are shown in table 6, each treatment combination was repeated 3 times, project observations and recordings: one week after topping, selecting a representative tobacco plant 5, timely measuring plant height, stem circumference, leaf length and leaf width, harvesting after leaf maturity, deactivating enzymes after harvesting, drying tobacco leaves, recording single leaf weight, recording yield, and measuring nicotine content of the tobacco leaves.
TABLE 6 fertilizing conditions Table
TABLE 7 dark color tobacco yield quality under different fertilization treatments
As can be seen from tables 6 and 7, the application of nitrogen fertilizer is the most effective way to increase nicotine content, the presentThe fertilization mode adopted by the invention is 1550-2500kg/hm 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer+cyclic application 1800-2200kg/hm 2 Special compound fertilizer for tobacco with weight of +500-540kg/hm 2 400-450kg/hm of organic fertilizer for dressing smoke humic acid before potassium nitrate and topping 2 +80-120kg/hm 2 Topdressing 80-120kg/hm after potassium nitrate + topping 2 Potassium nitrate, the resulting nicotine content was highest.
5. Influence of different harvesting modes on nicotine content of tobacco leaves
The tobacco planting soil is clay loam, the ridging height is 8cm, and the tobacco planting density is 1800 plants/hm 2 The topping mode is that buds are topping but axillary buds are not removed, and 5mg/L ABA is evenly sprayed on the surfaces of tobacco leaves after topping; the fertilization management is (base fertilizer 1550 kg/hm) 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer+ring application 1800kg/hm 2 Special compound fertilizer for tobacco, 540kg/hm < 2 > potassium nitrate and 450kg/hm of organic fertilizer for dressing tobacco humic acid before topping 2 +80kg/hm 2 After topping, 80kg/hm2 of potassium nitrate was applied.
When tobacco leaves are picked, different picking modes are set, T1 is tobacco leaf picking from top to bottom (110 days after tobacco leaf transplanting, the upper leaves are picked first, 150kg/hm2 potassium nitrate is applied to the upper tobacco leaves after picking, 10 days apart, 110 kg/hm2 potassium nitrate is applied to the middle leaves after picking, 10 days apart, the lower leaves are picked after picking, T2 is baking with stems after 110 days to 6 disposable picking and baking, T3 is 120 days to 130 days after transplanting, and six upper leaves are picked at one time; t4 is harvesting according to a local conventional harvesting mode (the lower leaf is harvested firstly, the middle leaf is harvested, and the upper leaf is harvested finally); repeating each treatment for 3 times, deactivating enzymes and drying tobacco leaves after harvesting, and measuring the nicotine content of tobacco leaves.
TABLE 8 Effect of different harvesting modes on upper leaf nicotine content
As can be seen from Table 8, T1 employed in the present invention, i.e., the yield of nicotine per unit area of tobacco leaf harvested from top to bottom, is highest.
6. Influence of different modulated drying processes on tobacco nicotine yield
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco variety: KRK26 and dark color cigarette
The tobacco planting soil is clay loam, the ridging height is 8cm, and the tobacco planting density is 1800 plants/hm 2 The topping mode is that buds are topping but axillary buds are not removed, and 5mg/L ABA is evenly sprayed on the surfaces of tobacco leaves after topping; the fertilization management is (base fertilizer 1550 kg/hm) 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer+ring application 1800kg/hm 2 Special compound fertilizer for tobacco, 540kg/hm < 2 > potassium nitrate and 450kg/hm of organic fertilizer for dressing tobacco humic acid before topping 2 +80kg/hm 2 After topping, applying 80kg/hm2 potassium nitrate), harvesting the upper leaves 110 days after tobacco leaf transplanting, and applying 150kg/hm when the harvesting of the upper tobacco leaves is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 10 days, and applying 110kg/hm of the medium leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; the lower leaves were harvested after 10 days of middle leaf harvesting interval, the tobacco leaves after tobacco leaf harvesting were subjected to a modulated drying process screening experiment, four treatments M1, M2, M3 and M4 (see table 9) were set, each treatment was repeated 3 times, and the content of primary tobacco She Yanjian was measured.
Table 9 drying process screening test treatments
Table 10 effect of different modulation drying processes on nicotine content (%) of tobacco leaves
As can be seen from Table 10, the tobacco leaves treated by M3 (the tobacco leaves are flatly placed in a roller dryer, the temperature of the dryer is set to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling drying is carried out for 1-2h, then the temperature is reduced to 55-60 ℃ for fixation treatment, the moisture content of the dried tobacco shreds is 3.0-5.0%) and M4 (the tobacco leaves are flatly placed in a drying room with the average temperature of 33 ℃ and the average relative humidity of 65% for 168h after being collected, the tobacco leaves are placed in a curing room for transfer to a fixed-color stage of curing, and the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the curing room for curing to a rib stage is dried) are treated with KRK26 tobacco leaves with higher nicotine content, and dark color tobacco M3 (the tobacco leaves are flatly placed in the roller dryer, the temperature of the dryer is set to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling drying is carried out for 1-2h, then the temperature is reduced to 55-60 ℃ for drying, and the moisture content of the dried tobacco shreds is 3.0-5.0%) is subjected to treatment.
7. Effects of different pesticide applications on tobacco disease occurrence
The leaf surfaces of the plants are sprayed with Boldo liquid once in the period of the grazing and the vigorous long-term, 9 different medicaments are additionally applied, and the occurrence of brown spot, anthracnose and bacterial wilt are investigated every 7 days after 70 days of transplanting (3 times of investigation). Every time, a diagonal 5-point sampling method is adopted, each point is not less than 25 plants, and the application effect of nine supplementary application agents is investigated. The investigation method refers to YC/39-1996 of tobacco disease classification and investigation method.
Table 11 effects of nine supplementary administration agents
When the environmental temperature is higher than 25 ℃, bacterial diseases are easy to occur in tobacco fields, and the medicines for inhibiting bacteria are required to be sprayed in a supplementing way, and when the environmental temperature is lower than 25 ℃, most of the fungal diseases in tobacco fields are required to be sprayed in a supplementing way. As is clear from Table 11, polyoxin and dimethachlon have a good effect of controlling fungal diseases, while Paenibacillus polymyxa, copper thiabendazole, pseudomonas fluorescens, bordeaux mixture, kasugamycin, bacillus subtilis, metalaxyl-manganese-zinc have a good effect of controlling bacterial diseases.
8. Cost impact of manual and mechanical cultivation techniques
The tobacco planting soil is clay loam, the ridging height is 8cm, and the tobacco planting density is 1800 plants/hm 2 Setting two production mode comparison experiments, and carrying out conventional manual production on G1: g2 mechanized production (mechanical tillage, mechanical ridging, mechanical transplanting and mechanical harvesting).
And comparing the production efficiency and economic benefit under the two production modes.
Table 12 comparison of artificial and mechanical cultivation costs
As can be seen from Table 12, the mechanized production adopted by the invention not only greatly improves the production efficiency and saves labor, but also greatly saves cost.
The method of the invention comprehensively controls the factors influencing the tobacco leaf production quality, the nicotine yield and the cost, so as to achieve the purposes of greatly improving the tobacco leaf nicotine yield and reducing the cost.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco type: dry tobacco
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management: 1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip applying 3000kg/hm before ridging 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridges is 70cm in bottom width and 8cm in height.
3) Nest applying 1550kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 1800 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and applying 1800kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120 kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200 kg/hm2 superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 55d after the tobacco plant is transplanted, but axillary buds are not removed, and topping knots are carried out Uniformly spraying ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L on the leaves during the bundling, and dressing 400kg/hm of the organic fertilizer of the humic acid 2 And 80kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate of (a); and applying 80kg/hm of the composition to heal the wound of the 5d tobacco strain after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 150kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 11 days, and applying 110 kg/hm of the middle leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval of 10 days, and spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, wherein the Boerdosol needs to be sprayed once after each tobacco leaf collecting, so that disease breeding is prevented; and spraying Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and thiabendazole.
And (5) modulation and drying: and flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 105 ℃ for fixation, rolling and drying for 1h, and then cooling to 55 ℃ until the tobacco leaves are dried, so that the target value of the moisture content of the dried tobacco shreds is 4.2%.
Example 2
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco type: dark color cigarette
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management:
1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip fertilizing before ridging is 3200kg/hm 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridges is 72cm in bottom width and 12cm in ridge height.
3) Nest application of 2200kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanical close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 2000 plants/mu, and the transplanting is completedAfter the formation, avoiding the root system of the tobacco seedling, and applying 2000kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco and 520kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120 kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm 2 superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out at 57d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 450kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 100 kg potassium nitrate; and applying 90kg/hm of the tobacco strain to heal 6d of wounds after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 155kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 10 days, and applying 135kg/hm of the harvested middle leaves 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 12 days, and spraying the Boerdos liquid once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, wherein the Boerdos liquid needs to be sprayed once after each tobacco leaf collecting, so that disease breeding is prevented; and spraying Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bordeaux mixture.
And (5) modulation and drying: flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 1.5h, and then cooling to 57 ℃ to dryness, so that the water content target value of the tobacco shreds after drying is 3.8%.
Example 3
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco type: dark color cigarette
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management:
1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) TransplantingRidging is carried out 17 days before ridging, and 3500kg/hm are applied in double strips before ridging 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridge is 75cm in bottom width and 15cm in ridge height.
3) Nest application of 2500kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 2300 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and annularly applying 2200kg/hm 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 540kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 60d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 450kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 120kg of potassium nitrate; and 120kg/hm2 potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm2 potassium sulfate (K) are additionally applied when 7d tobacco plant wounds are healed after topping 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 160kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 12 days, and applying 150 kg/hm of the medium leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval of 10 days, spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, and spraying the Boerdosol once after each tobacco leaf collecting to prevent disease breeding; and spraying Pseudomonas fluorescens.
And (5) modulation and drying: and flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 2 hours, and then cooling to 60 ℃ to dry, so that the water content target value of the tobacco shreds after drying is 3.3%.
Example 4
Test site: jiuxi town of Yuxi city of Yunnan province
Test tobacco type: dry tobacco
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management: 1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip applying 3000kg/hm before ridging 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridges is 70cm in bottom width and 8cm in height.
3) Nest applying 1550kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 1800 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and applying 1800kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 55d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 400kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 90kg of potassium nitrate; and applying 80kg/hm of the composition to heal the wound of the 5d tobacco strain after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 150kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 11 days, and applying 110kg/hm of the middle leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 11 days, and spraying the Boerdos liquid once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, wherein the Boerdos liquid needs to be sprayed once after each tobacco leaf collecting, so that disease breeding is prevented; and spraying Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and thiabendazole.
And (5) modulation and drying: flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 1.5h, and then cooling to 57 ℃ to dryness, so that the water content target value of the tobacco shreds after drying is 3.7%.
Example 5
Test site: jiuxi town of Yuxi city of Yunnan province
Test tobacco type: dark color cigarette
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management:
1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip fertilizing before ridging is 3200kg/hm 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridges is 72cm in bottom width and 12cm in ridge height.
3) Nest application of 2200kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 2000 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of the tobacco seedling after the transplanting is completed, and applying 2000kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco and 520kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out at 57d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 400-450kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 100kg of potassium nitrate; and applying 90kg/hm of the tobacco strain to heal 6d of wounds after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 155kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 10 days, and applying 135kg/hm of the harvested middle leaves 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval of 10 days, and spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, wherein the Boerdosol needs to be sprayed once after each tobacco leaf collecting, so that disease breeding is prevented; and spraying Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bordeaux mixture.
And (5) modulation and drying: and flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 2 hours, and then cooling to 60 ℃ to dry, so that the water content target value of the tobacco shreds after drying is 5.0%.
Example 6
Test site: jiuxi town of Yuxi city of Yunnan province
Test tobacco type: dark color cigarette
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management:
1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip applying 3500kg/hm before ridging 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridge is 75cm in bottom width and 10cm in ridge height.
3) Nest application of 2500kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 2300 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and annularly applying 2200kg/hm 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 540kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 60d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 450kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 120kg of potassium nitrate; and applying 120kg/hm of the composition to the 7d tobacco strain after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm2 potassium sulphate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 160kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 12 days, and applying 150 kg/hm of the medium leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; middle leaf harvestCollecting lower leaves after 12 days of collection interval, spraying Boerdos liquid once on leaves in a mass period and a vigorous long period, and spraying Boerdos liquid once after each tobacco leaf collection to prevent disease breeding; and spraying Pseudomonas fluorescens.
And (5) modulation and drying: and flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 2 hours, and then cooling to 60 ℃ to dry, so that the water content target value of the tobacco shreds after drying is 3.2%.
Example 7
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco type: KRK26
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management: 1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip applying 3000kg/hm before ridging 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridges is 70cm in bottom width and 8cm in height.
3) Nest applying 1550kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 1800 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and applying 1800kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 55d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 400kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 90kg of potassium nitrate; and applying 80kg/hm of the composition to heal the wound of the 5d tobacco strain after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 150kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 11 days, and applying 110kg/hm of the middle leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 11 days, and spraying the Boerdos liquid once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, wherein the Boerdos liquid needs to be sprayed once after each tobacco leaf collecting, so that disease breeding is prevented; and spraying Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and thiabendazole.
And (5) modulation and drying: flattening the picked tobacco leaves in a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to 110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 1.5h, and then cooling to 57 ℃ to dryness, so that the water content target value of the tobacco shreds after drying is 3.7%.
Example 8
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco type: KRK26
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management:
1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip fertilizing before ridging is 3200kg/hm 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridges is 72cm in bottom width and 12cm in ridge height.
3) Nest application of 1600kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 2000 plants/mu, and after transplanting, avoiding the root system of the tobacco seedling, and applying 1800kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 57d after the tobacco plant is transplanted, butThe axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on the leaves when topping is finished, and 400kg/hm of the organic fertilizer of the humic acid is applied 2 And 100kg of potassium nitrate; and applying 90kg/hm of the tobacco strain to heal 6d of wounds after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 155kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 10 days, and applying 135kg/hm of the harvested middle leaves 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval of 10 days, and spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, wherein the Boerdosol needs to be sprayed once after each tobacco leaf collecting, so that disease breeding is prevented; and spraying Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bordeaux mixture.
And (5) modulation and drying: and flattening the picked tobacco leaves, airing the tobacco leaves in an airing room with the average temperature of 33 ℃ and the average relative humidity of 65% for 168 hours, and then transferring the tobacco leaves into a curing room to enter a curing period stage of curing until main veins of the tobacco leaves in the curing room are dried in a rib drying stage.
Example 9
Test site: zhuang nationality in Wen mountain of Yunnan province, zhuang nationality, zhuibei county
Test tobacco type: KRK26
The field: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises fast, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots.
And (3) cultivation management:
1) The weeds are shoveled out, the field is disinfected, deep ploughing and deep turning are firstly carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then the land is leveled, the upturned soil is crushed into fine harrows, the height is dug, the land is leveled, and the soil is finely crushed.
2) Ridging 17 days before transplanting, and double-strip applying 3500kg/hm before ridging 2 And (3) thoroughly decomposing farmyard manure, then mechanically ridging, wherein the specification of the ridge is 75cm in bottom width and 10cm in ridge height.
3) Nest application of 2500kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, and then adopting a mechanical close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is2300 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of the tobacco seedling after transplanting, and applying 1800kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 540kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate (K) 2 O is more than or equal to 50 percent) and 200kg/hm2 of superphosphate (available phosphorus is more than or equal to 16 percent).
4) Bud picking and topping are carried out 60d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 400kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 120kg of potassium nitrate; and applying 120kg/hm of the composition to the 7d tobacco strain after topping 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm2 potassium sulphate (K) 2 O≥50%)。
5) After 95 days of tobacco transplanting, tobacco mechanical harvesting is carried out from top to bottom, the upper tobacco is harvested first, and 150kg/hm of additional application is carried out after the harvesting of the upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 12 days, and applying 110 kg/hm of the medium leaves after harvesting 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 12 days, spraying the Boerdos liquid once on leaf surfaces in a mass period and a vigorous long period, and spraying the Boerdos liquid once after each tobacco leaf collecting to prevent disease breeding; and spraying Pseudomonas fluorescens.
And (5) modulation and drying: and flattening the picked tobacco leaves, airing the tobacco leaves in an airing room with the average temperature of 33 ℃ and the average relative humidity of 65% for 168 hours, and then transferring the tobacco leaves into a curing room to enter a curing period stage of curing until main veins of the tobacco leaves in the curing room are dried in a rib drying stage.
Comparative examples 1 to 9
Comparative examples 1 to 9 were cultivated and ripe harvested by the recommended cultivation method for local tobacco, the harvested tobacco leaves of comparative examples 1 to 7 were subjected to fixation and drying treatment (fixation at 105 ℃ for 1 hour and then drying at 60 ℃ to constant weight) using an oven, and the harvested tobacco leaves of comparative examples 8 to 9 were subjected to baking modulation according to the local main pushing baking mode. Comparative examples 1 to 9 were subjected to cultivation management and drying test simultaneously with examples 1 to 9, and other conditions such as test fields, test sites, test varieties and the like were in one-to-one correspondence with examples 1 to 9, except that the cultivation management method and the drying preparation method were not consistent.
Comparison test: comparison of tobacco yield quality and cost obtained by the cultivation and preparation method of the present invention (examples 1 to 9) and the conventional cultivation and preparation method of tobacco (comparative examples 1 to 9)
The test method comprises the following steps: after tobacco leaf harvesting, 100 tobacco plants with better field growth are selected for each treatment (examples 1-9 and comparative examples 1-9), and the plant height, stem circumference, leaf length, leaf width and disease condition of the tobacco plants cultivated and managed by each treatment are counted. After the tobacco leaves are prepared, the dry weight, the nicotine content and the cost of the tobacco leaves after baking are counted. The data sets treated in examples 1-9 and comparative examples 1-9 correspond to test 1-9 and control 1-9, respectively.
The test results are shown in Table 13.
TABLE 13 quality and cost contrast of tobacco leaf yield obtained by the inventive cultivation and modulation method and tobacco conventional cultivation and modulation method
As can be seen from Table 13, the tobacco leaves obtained by the conventional production method of the test groups 1-9 are substantially higher in the single leaf weight, tobacco yield and nicotine content after baking than those obtained by the conventional production method of the control groups 1-9, so that the method can effectively improve the nicotine yield per unit area, and compared with the conventional production method, the labor cost is greatly reduced, the disease control effect is also greatly improved, and the method is suitable for popularization and application.
Claims (7)
1. The method for improving the nicotine yield of the tobacco in the unit land is characterized by comprehensively managing and controlling each stage of tobacco cultivation and the modulation and drying stage, wherein the cultivation and management method comprises the following steps:
1) Land parcel selection: the soil is selected to be sticky, heavy, moderate in fertility and flat in topography, the illumination is sufficient, the ground temperature rises quickly, the soil is close to a water source, and the cultivation method is suitable for large-scale mechanical cultivation plots;
2) Soil preparation and tillage: removing weeds and sterilizing a field, deep ploughing and deep turning are carried out by adopting a large rotary cultivator, then land parcels are leveled, the soil is crushed into fine rakes, the height and the filling are dug, the ground is leveled, and the soil parcels are finely crushed;
3) Fertilizing and ridging: before tobacco seedling transplanting 17 Ridging for 20 days, and double-strip applying for 3000-3500kg/hm before ridging 2 The farmyard manure is thoroughly decomposed, then the mechanical ridging is carried out, the specification of the ridging is 70-75cm in bottom width, and the height of the ridging is 8-15cm;
4) Mechanical transplanting: nest application of 1550-2500kg/hm before transplanting 2 Humic acid organic fertilizer, then adopting mechanized close planting transplanting technology, wherein the transplanting density is 1800-2300 plants/mu, avoiding the root system of tobacco seedlings after transplanting, and applying 1800-2200kg/hm in a circular manner 2 Compound fertilizer special for tobacco, 500-540kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate, 120kg/hm 2 Potassium sulphate and 200kg/hm 2 Calcium superphosphate;
5) Topping and topdressing: bud picking and topping are carried out 55-60 d after tobacco plant transplanting, axillary buds are not removed, ABA with the concentration of 5mg/L is evenly sprayed on leaves after topping is finished, and 400-450kg/hm of tobacco humic acid organic fertilizer is applied 2 And 80-120kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate of (a); and applying 80-120kg/hm of the tobacco strain to heal the wound after topping for 5-7 days 2 Potassium nitrate and 50kg/hm 2 Potassium sulfate;
6) Tobacco leaf is repeatedly harvested and fertilized: after 95 days of tobacco transplanting, mechanically harvesting tobacco from top to bottom, harvesting upper tobacco, and applying 150-160kg/hm when the harvesting of upper tobacco is finished 2 Potassium nitrate; harvesting middle leaves after 10-12 days, and applying 110-150kg/hm 2 Potassium nitrate; collecting lower leaves after the middle leaf collecting interval is 10-12 days; spraying the Boerdosol once on leaf surfaces in a cluster period and a vigorous period; when the ambient temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the bacteria-inhibiting medicament is sprayed in a supplementing way; the ambient temperature is lower than 25 ℃, and the fungus inhibiting medicine is sprayed in a supplementing way;
The method for preparing and drying comprises the following steps: and (3) flattening the harvested tobacco leaves, putting the tobacco leaves into a roller dryer, setting the temperature of the dryer to be 105-110 ℃ for fixation treatment, rolling and drying for 1-2h, and then cooling to 55-60 ℃ until the tobacco leaves are dried, so that the target value of the moisture content of the dried tobacco leaves is 3.0-5.0%.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient ratio of the humic acid organic fertilizer is 3:1.2:1.8 and the organic matter content is more than 60%.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 4, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient ratio of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is 12:6:20-24, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient ratio of potassium nitrate is 26-30:0:5, and K is in potassium sulfate 2 The O content is more than or equal to 50 percent, and the content of effective phosphorus in the calcium superphosphate is more than or equal to 16 percent.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the potassium nitrate has a nitrogen content of greater than or equal to 13.5%.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, the soil selected in the field where the tobacco is planted is clay loam, the organic matter content of the soil cultivation layer is 15.0-30.0 g/kg, and the total nitrogen content is 15.0-30.0 g/kg.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein in step 6, the bacterial inhibition agent comprises one or more of paenibacillus polymyxa, copper thiabendazole, pseudomonas fluorescens, bordeaux mixture, kasugamycin, bacillus subtilis, or metalaxyl manganese zinc; the fungus inhibiting medicine is polyoxin or dimethachlon.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco type is dark smoke, dry tobacco, or flue-cured tobacco with high biomass and nicotine content.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103340085A (en) * | 2013-07-23 | 2013-10-09 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | Flue-cured tobacco cultivation method fitting in with geographical characteristics of fen-flavor tobacco producing area |
| CN106576791A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-04-26 | 中国烟草总公司广东省公司 | Planting method for improving tobacco leaf quality of China Tobacco 100 of flue cured tobacco variety |
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| CN109287423A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-02-01 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A method of high-nicotine tobacco leaf is cultivated using humic acid and water-soluble amino acid fertilizer |
| CN111543157A (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2020-08-18 | 红塔烟草(集团)有限责任公司 | Fertilizing method for improving tobacco quality of flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 116 |
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2021
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| CN103340085A (en) * | 2013-07-23 | 2013-10-09 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | Flue-cured tobacco cultivation method fitting in with geographical characteristics of fen-flavor tobacco producing area |
| CN106576791A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-04-26 | 中国烟草总公司广东省公司 | Planting method for improving tobacco leaf quality of China Tobacco 100 of flue cured tobacco variety |
| CN109258040A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-01-25 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A kind of fertilizing method improving junior tobacco leaf nicotine content |
| CN109287423A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-02-01 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A method of high-nicotine tobacco leaf is cultivated using humic acid and water-soluble amino acid fertilizer |
| CN111543157A (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2020-08-18 | 红塔烟草(集团)有限责任公司 | Fertilizing method for improving tobacco quality of flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 116 |
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| 等氮条件下有机无机肥配施对云烟85生长及品质的影响;桑应华;季泽顺;张转勇;黄云志;胡家田;韩博文;刘彦中;罗以贵;;江西农业学报(第03期);第30-34页 * |
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