CN113117659B - 花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于催化剂制备技术领域,涉及一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂及其制备方法和其应用,方法包括1)制备氟氧钛氢HTiOF3前驱体;2)在聚四氟乙烯容器中,将HTiOF3前驱体分散于NaOH中,搅拌;并将容器置于高压反应釜中反应、冷却至室温得到产物,并用HCl洗涤产物,直至滤液pH小于7;3)继续用无水乙醇和水洗涤,直至洗涤滤液pH为7,干燥得到花瓣状H2Ti3O7。本发明利用HTiOF3为前驱体,氢氧化钠为剥离剂,盐酸为离子交换剂,通过简单的水热法和离子交换法制备花瓣状的HTiOF3光催化剂;且制备的光催化剂对盐酸四环素、亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B具有优异的光催化降解活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂制备技术领域,涉及一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
目前,由印染工业的活动而造成的水污染是一个非常令人关注的问题,亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B是典型的阳离子染料已广泛用于造纸和纺织工业。亚甲基蓝会导致亨氏小体贫血 (Heinz-body anemia)、红细胞形态改变以及坏死性浓肿等症状,亚甲基蓝对不同水生动物的毒性具有一定差异,并且达到一定浓度时,稍有增加就会引发动物大量死亡;罗丹明B染料被摄取以及皮肤接触该物质均会造成急性和慢性的中毒伤害;罗丹明B对人身体的危害极大,可导致人皮肤、内脏红染、脑间血管轻度淤血,心肌纤维断裂,横纹模糊及消失等症状;人食入罗丹明B,出现肺水肿,即肺泡腔内见大量均质红染物,肾间质血管淤血,肾小管腔内有管型,长期食入将会导致死亡。因此,去除印染废水中的亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B显得格外重要。
盐酸四环素是一种典型的广谱四环素类抗生素,在人类疾病的治疗和动物饲养中广泛用作生长促进剂。但由于盐酸四环素结构中的萘酚环不能被人和动物完全代谢,大多数盐酸四环素通过粪便和尿液排泄到各种水体中,对生态环境产生威胁,因此,去除废水中的盐酸四环素是非常必要的。
光催化技术由于其经济、高效、环境清洁等特点被认为是有前途的水处理技术。光催化剂在其应用中起到至关重要的作用;三钛酸氢(H2Ti3O7)由于其高比表面积、化学惰性、高光反应性、无毒和光稳定性,被广泛用于有机污染物的吸附和光催化降解;目前,大多数H2Ti3O7是由TiO2作为前驱体所制备的,有H2Ti3O7纳米线、H2Ti3O7纳米带、H2Ti3O7纳米管等。然而,花瓣状H2Ti3O7的制备尚未见报道。
发明内容
本发明旨在公开一种花瓣状的HTiOF3光催化剂制备方法,利用氟氧钛氢(HTiOF3)为前驱体,氢氧化钠为形貌控制剂,盐酸为离子交换剂,通过简单的水热法和离子交换法制备花瓣状的HTiOF3光催化剂;且制备的光催化剂对盐酸四环素、亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B具有优异的光催化降解活性。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)制备氟氧钛氢HTiOF3前驱体,备用;
2)在聚四氟乙烯容器中,将制备的HTiOF3前驱体分散于NaOH溶液中,HTiOF3前驱体与NaOH摩尔比分别为1:11.25~13.75;搅拌均匀;并将容器置于高压反应釜中反应、冷却至室温得到产物,并用HCl溶液洗涤产物,直至滤液的酸碱度小于7,得到样品;
3)继续用无水乙醇和水洗涤样品,直至洗涤滤液酸碱度为7,样品干燥得到花瓣状H2Ti3O7。
进一步的,所述步骤2)中,所述NaOH溶液浓度为0.9~1.1mol/L。
进一步的,所述步骤2)中,反应温度为140~160℃,反应时间为2.5~3.5h。
进一步的,所述步骤2)中,HCl溶液浓度为0.4~0.6mol/L。
进一步的,所述步骤3)中,干燥温度为60~80℃。
进一步的,所述步骤1)中,氟氧钛氢HTiOF3前驱体的制备过程包括:
1.1)将冰乙酸CH3COOH和氢氟酸HF按照5:1的体积比加入至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液A;
1.2)以每秒两滴的速度将钛酸四丁酯TBOT加入到溶液A中,搅拌均匀,得到白色悬浮液;所述钛酸四丁酯TBOT与冰乙酸CH3COOH体积比为1:2;
1.3)将聚四氟乙烯内胆置于高压反应釜中,在温度170~190℃下,反应0.5~1h,得到的产物经冷却、洗涤、温度为60~80℃下干燥后得到HTiOF3。
一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂。
一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂在催化降解盐酸四环素中的应用。
一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂在催化降解亚甲基蓝中的应用。
一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂在催化降解罗丹明B中的应用。
本发明的有益效果是:
本发明利用氟氧钛氢HTiOF3为前驱体,氢氧化钠NaOH为形貌控制剂,盐酸HCl为离子交换剂,通过简单的水热法和离子交换法成功制备了花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂。HTiOF3光催化剂具有比表面积大、富含氧空位、稳定性好;利用该光催化剂对盐酸四环素、亚甲基蓝以及罗丹明B进行催化降解时,其性能优异,对印染废水中的罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝,其降解率分别可达到97%和95%以上,对抗生素废水中的盐酸四环素降解率为90%以上,降解性能优异;表明花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂具有比较好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的XRD图谱;
图2为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的SEM图谱;
图3为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的TEM和EDS图谱;
图4为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的BET曲线图;
图5为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的紫外光谱图;
图6为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的Tauc图;
图7为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的红外光谱图;
图8为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂的电子磁共振谱图;
图9为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂和HTiOF3前驱体对罗丹明B的催化降解图;
图10为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂和HTiOF3前驱体对亚甲基蓝的催化降解图;
图11为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂和HTiOF3前驱体对盐酸四环素的催化降解图;
图12为本发明制备的花瓣状HTiOF3光催化剂对亚甲基蓝的催化降解变化实物图。
具体实施方式
现结合附图以及实施例对本发明做详细的说明。
实施例1~实施例5
本实施例提供的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)通过一步水热法合成制备氟氧钛氢HTiOF3前驱体,备用;
1.1)将冰乙酸CH3COOH和氢氟酸HF按照体积比加入至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,25℃搅拌 5min,得到混合溶液A;
1.2)以每秒两滴的速度将钛酸四丁酯TBOT加入到溶液A中,25℃搅拌1h,得到白色悬浮液;钛酸四丁酯TBOT与冰乙酸CH3COOH体积比为1:2;
1.3)将聚四氟乙烯内胆置于高压反应釜中,反应得到的产物经冷却至25℃、用乙醇和超纯水洗涤、干燥后得到HTiOF3;
2)通过碱性水热法和离子交换法合成了花瓣状的H2Ti3O7;具体的,在聚四氟乙烯容器中,将制备的HTiOF3前驱体分散于NaOH溶液中,25℃搅拌1h;并将容器置于高压反应釜中反应、冷却至25℃得到产物,并用HCl溶液洗涤产物,直至洗涤滤液pH小于7,得到样品;
3)继续用无水乙醇和水洗涤样品,直至洗涤滤液pH为7,样品干燥得到花瓣状H2Ti3O7。
实施例1~实施例5提供的制备方法步骤相同,但是5个实施例中,各个步骤的制备参数有所不同,具体参数如表1所示。
表1实施例1~实施例5各制备参数
在实施例1~实施例5中,选择实施例1提供的参数制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,并对其性能进行试验研究,进一步说明本发明制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7性能优越性。
试验1 XRD和SEM
对实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,采用多晶X射线衍射仪(XD-3,北京普析通用仪器有限公司)进行X射线衍射分析,得到XRD图谱(如图1所示);采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(German Zeiss sigma 500)进行扫描电镜试验分析,得到SEM图谱(如图2所示)。
通过图1可知,在2θ=24.64°和48.37°处的衍射峰归因于H2Ti3O7的{202}和{114}晶面反射(JCPDS no.47-0561)。证实了我们制备出结晶度良好的H2Ti3O7。
通过图2可知,花瓣状H2Ti3O7由具有较小尺寸的纳米片(150-300nm)交错而成,具有有序介孔结构。它能有效地使TCH更容易吸附在其表面,有利于进一步光催化降解。
试验2 TEM和EDS
对实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,采用透射电子显微镜(FEI Tecnai G2 F20,USA)进行透射电镜分析,得到TEM图谱(如图3(a)和图3(b)所示)。采用X射线能谱分析仪(EDS;Bruker Xflash 6130)进一步进行面扫分析,得到EDS图。(如图3(c)、图3(d)和图3(e)所示)。
在图3(a)中,可以看到长度为150nm-300nm的H2Ti3O7纳米片交错排列。这与扫描电镜观察结果一致。图3(b)显示了间距为0.782nm的清晰晶格条纹对应于{200}面,表明{200}面暴露在H2Ti3O7表面。图3(b)中的插图清楚地显示了相邻晶格平面之间的面间距为0.361nm,对应于H2Ti3O7的{202}平面。图3(c)、图3(d)和图3(e)所示)中依次可以清楚的看出Ti、O、F元素在催化剂中均匀分布。
试验3 BET
对实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,采用高精度比表面积及孔径分析仪(JW-BK122W,北京精微高博科学技术有限公司)进行比表面积分析及BJH孔径分析试验,得到等温吸附脱附曲线及BJH孔径分布曲线,如图4所示。
从图4分析可知,根据IUPAC的分类,花瓣状H2Ti3O7显示出IV型等温线和H3型磁滞环,表明介孔结构的存在。这表明固体由形成狭缝状孔的颗粒聚集体组成。花瓣状H2Ti3O7比表面积为404.08m2/g,孔体积为0.46cm3/g,平均孔径为0.65nm等结论。
试验4紫外可见漫反射光谱
对实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,采用紫外可见分光光度计(Shimadzu UV-2600,Japan) 进行紫外分析试验,得到紫外反射光谱图,如图5所示。
从图5可知,花瓣状H2Ti3O7在400-500nm的可见光区域具有吸收带,说明该光催化剂具有一定的可见光吸收;同时根据图5得到的数据做出Tauc图,如图6所示。
在图6中,做出吸收光谱图的切线,从而得到花瓣状H2Ti3O7的禁带宽度为3.00eV,这说明该光催化剂具有较窄的带隙能使其具有对可见光响应。
试验5红外光谱
对实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,采用傅立叶红外光谱仪(Nicolet IS5Spectrometer,USA) 进行红外光谱分析试验,得到红外光谱图,如图7所示。
从图7分析可知,位于3250cm-1处的吸收峰可归因于O-H键的拉伸振动,这表明花瓣状H2Ti3O7中存在丰富的-OH基团,1628cm-1可归因于H-O-H的弯曲振动,这表明催化剂表面存在结构H-O-H键或物理吸附水。
试验6电子顺磁共振
对实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,采用电子顺磁共振谱仪进行电磁共振分析试验,得到电子顺磁共振图,如图8所示。
从图8分析可知,顺磁性Ov在花瓣状H2Ti3O7中的g值为2.002。众所周知,表面Ti3+在水或空气中的光照下不稳定,因为它容易氧化,这在g=2.02时显示出对应于O2 -的EPR 信号。因此,图8中没有这种峰表明Ov存在于本体中而不是表面上,这归因于其在水或空气中的高稳定性。
试验7催化降解
1)罗丹明B催化降解
分别取10mg/L、100mL罗丹明B溶液两份,并向两份溶液中分别加入实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂0.03g以及HTiOF3前驱体0.03g,待花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂以及HTiOF3前驱体分别与污染物在黑暗条件下达到吸附解吸平衡后,开启模拟太阳光分别在0min、10min、20min、30min、40min、50min和60min下检测两份溶液中的罗丹明B的含量,结果如图9所示。
从图9可知,采用本发明制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7,在30min光辐照后可使得罗丹明B的总降解率达到97%以上,而其HTiOF3前驱体仅对罗丹明B具有20%的降解率。
2)亚甲基蓝催化降解
分别取10mg/L、100mL亚甲基蓝溶液两份,并向亚甲基蓝两份溶液中分别加入实施例1 制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂0.03g以及HTiOF3前驱体0.03g,待花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂以及HTiOF3前驱体分别与污染物在黑暗条件下达到吸附解吸平衡后,开启模拟太阳光分别在 0min、10min、20min、30min、40min、50min和60min下检测两份溶液中的亚甲基蓝的含量,结果如图10所示。
从图10可知,花瓣状H2Ti3O7在60min光辐照后可使得亚甲基蓝的总降解率达到95%以上,其HTiOF3前驱体对亚甲基蓝几乎没有降解率。
同时分别观察降解时间对亚甲基蓝溶液颜色的影响,如图12所示,催化降解45min,亚甲基蓝溶液颜色从蓝色变为接近白透明色。
3)盐酸四环素催化降解
分别取20mg/L、100mL盐酸四环素溶液两份,并向两份溶液中分别加入实施例1制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂0.03g以及HTiOF3前驱体0.03g,待花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂以及HTiOF3前驱体分别与污染物在黑暗条件下达到吸附解吸平衡后,开启模拟太阳光分别在0min、 10min、20min、30min、40min、50min和60min下检测两份溶液中的盐酸四环素的含量,结果如图11所示。
从图11可知花瓣状H2Ti3O7在10min光辐照后可使得盐酸四环素的总降解率可达到90%以上,而其HTiOF3前驱体对盐酸四环素的60min光辐照后的总去除率仅为42%。
本发明制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7催化降解活性好是由于花瓣状H2Ti3O7具有大的比表面积,使得污染物可以迅速吸附在光催化剂表面,进一步,当模拟太阳光照射时,H2Ti3O7产生电子和空穴分离,H2Ti3O7中存在的氧空位捕获电子和空穴实现提升了载流子的分离效率,电子与氧气作用生成·O2 -,空穴与水作用生成·OH从而对污染物产生降解,对印染废水中的罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝,其降解率分别可达到97%和95%以上,对抗生素废水中的盐酸四环素降解率为90%以上,降解性能优异。
Claims (8)
1.一种花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)制备氟氧钛氢HTiOF3前驱体,备用;
2)在聚四氟乙烯容器中,将制备的HTiOF3前驱体分散于NaOH溶液中,HTiOF3前驱体与NaOH摩尔比分别为1:11.25~13.75;搅拌均匀;并将容器置于高压反应釜中反应、冷却至室温得到产物,并用HCl溶液洗涤产物,直至洗涤滤液pH小于7,得到样品;
3)继续用无水乙醇和水洗涤样品,直至洗涤滤液pH为6.8~7.2,样品干燥得到花瓣状H2Ti3O7;
所述步骤1)中,氟氧钛氢HTiOF3前驱体的制备过程包括:
1.1)将冰乙酸CH3COOH和氢氟酸HF按照5:1的体积比加入至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液A;
1.2)以每秒两滴的速度将钛酸四丁酯TBOT加入到溶液A中,搅拌均匀,得到白色悬浮液;所述钛酸四丁酯TBOT与冰乙酸CH3COOH体积比为1:2;
1.3)将聚四氟乙烯内胆置于高压反应釜中,在温度170~190℃下,反应0.5~1h,得到的产物经冷却、洗涤、温度为60~80℃下干燥后得到HTiOF3;
所述步骤2)中,反应温度为140~160℃,反应时间为2.5~3.5h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2)中,所述NaOH溶液浓度为0.9~1.1mol/L。
3.根据权利要求1所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2)中,HCl溶液浓度为0.4~0.6mol/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤3)中,干燥温度为60~80℃。
5.一种如权利要求1所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂的制备方法制备的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂。
6.如权利要求5所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂在催化降解盐酸四环素中的应用。
7.如权利要求5所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂在催化降解亚甲基蓝中的应用。
8.如权利要求5所述的花瓣状H2Ti3O7光催化剂在催化降解罗丹明B中的应用。
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